Dyakonov surface wave

Dyakonov surface waves (DSWs) are surface electromagnetic waves that travel along the interface in between an isotropic and an uniaxial-birefringent medium. They were theoretically predicted in 1988 by the Russian physicist Mikhail Dyakonov.{{cite journal| last = Dyakonov| first = M. I.| title = New type of electromagnetic wave propagating at an interface| url = http://www.jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/dn/e_067_04_0714.pdf| format = Free PDF download| journal = Soviet Physics JETP| volume = 67| issue = 4| pages = 714| date = April 1988| bibcode = 1988JETP...67..714D| access-date = 2013-07-30| archive-date = 2018-07-13| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180713161426/http://www.jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/dn/e_067_04_0714.pdf| url-status = dead}} Unlike other types of acoustic and electromagnetic surface waves, the DSW's existence is due to the difference in symmetry of materials forming the interface. He considered the interface between an isotropic transmitting medium and an anisotropic uniaxial crystal, and showed that under certain conditions waves localized at the interface should exist. Later, similar waves were predicted to exist at the interface between two identical uniaxial crystals with different orientations.{{cite journal| last = Averkiev| first = N. S. and Dyakonov, M. I.| title =Electromagnetic waves localized at the interface of transparent anisotropic media |journal =Optics and Spectroscopy (USSR)| volume =68| issue = 5|pages =653|date = 1990| bibcode = 1990OptSp..68..653A}}

The previously known electromagnetic surface waves, surface plasmons and surface plasmon polaritons, exist under the condition that the permittivity of one of the materials forming the interface is negative, while the other one is positive (for example, this is the case for the air/metal interface below the plasma frequency). In contrast, the DSW can propagate when both materials are transparent; hence they are virtually lossless, which is their most fascinating property.

In recent years, the significance and potential of the DSW have attracted the attention of many researchers: a change of the constitutive properties of one or both of the two partnering materials – due to, say, infiltration by any chemical or biological agent – could measurably change the characteristics of the wave. Consequently, numerous potential applications are envisaged, including devices for integrated optics, chemical and biological surface sensing, etc.

{{cite journal

| last = Torner

| first = L., Artigas, D., and Takayama, O.

| s2cid = 120465632

| title =Dyakonov Surface Waves

| journal =Optics and Photonics News

| volume =20

| page =25

| year =2009

| doi = 10.1364/OPN.20.12.000025|issue = 12|bibcode = 2009OptPN..20...25T }}

However, it is not easy to satisfy the necessary conditions for the DSW, and because of this the first proof-of-principle experimental observation of DSW{{cite journal

| last = Takayama

| first = O., Crassovan, L., Artigas D., and Torner, L.

| title =Observation of Dyakonov Surface Waves

| format = Free PDF download

| url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Observation+of+Dyakonov+Surface+Waves&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C22&as_sdtp=

| journal =Phys. Rev. Lett.

| volume =102

| page =043903

| year =2009

| bibcode = 2009PhRvL.102d3903T

| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.043903

| pmid = 19257419

| issue = 4| s2cid = 14540394

| url-access = subscription

}}

was reported only 20 years after the original prediction.

A large number of theoretical work appeared dealing with various aspects of this phenomenon, see the detailed review.{{cite journal| last = Takayama| first = O., Crassovan, L. C., Mihalache, D., and Torner, L.| title = Dyakonov Surface Waves: A Review|journal =Electromagnetics| volume =28|pages =126–145|date = 2008| doi = 10.1080/02726340801921403| issue = 3| s2cid = 121726611}} In particular, DSW propagation at magnetic interfaces,{{cite journal| last = Crassovan| first = L. C., Artigas, D., Mihalache, D., and Torner, L.| title = Optical Dyakonov surface waves at magnetic interfaces|journal =Opt. Lett. | volume =30|pages =3075–7|date = 2005| bibcode = 2005OptL...30.3075C| doi = 10.1364/OL.30.003075| pmid = 16315726| issue = 22}} in left-handed materials,{{cite journal| last = Crassovan| first = L. C., Takayama, D., Artigas, D., Johansen, S. K., Mihalache, D., and Torner, L.| title =Enhanced localization of Dyakonov-like surface waves in left-handed materials |journal =Phys. Rev. B | volume =74|pages =155120|date = 2006| bibcode = 2006PhRvB..74o5120C|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.155120| issue = 15|arxiv = physics/0603181 | s2cid = 119439238}} in electro-optical,{{cite journal| last = Nelatury| first = S. R., Polo jr., J. A., and Lakhtakia, A.| title =Electrical Control of Surface-Wave Propagation at the Planar Interface of a Linear Electro-Optic Material and an Isotropic Dielectric Material|journal =Electromagnetics| volume =28|pages =162–174|date = 2008|arxiv=0711.1663|doi = 10.1080/02726340801921486| issue = 3| citeseerx = 10.1.1.251.6060| s2cid = 10301459}}{{cite journal| last = Nelatury| first = S. R., Polo jr., J. A., and Lakhtakia, A.| title =On widening the angular existence domain for Dyakonov surface waves using the Pockels effect|journal =Microwave and Optical Technology Letters| volume =50|pages =2360–2362|date = 2008| bibcode = 2008arXiv0804.4879N| arxiv = 0804.4879| doi = 10.1002/mop.23698| issue = 9| s2cid = 6024041}} and chiral{{cite journal|last1=Gao|first1=Jun|last2=Lakhtakia|first2=Akhlesh|last3=Lei|first3=Mingkai|title=On Dyakonov-Tamm waves localized to a central twist defect in a structurally chiral material|journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America B|date=2009|volume=26|issue=12|pages=B74–B82|doi=10.1364/JOSAB.26.000B74|bibcode = 2009JOSAB..26B..74G }} materials was studied. Resonant transmission due to DSW in structures using prisms was predicted,{{cite journal| last = Takayama| first = O., Nikitin, A. Yu., Martin-Moreno, L., Mihalache, D., Torner, L., and Artigas, A.|title = Dyakonov surface wave resonant transmission|journal =Optics Express |volume =19|pages =6339–47|date = 2011| doi = 10.1364/OE.19.006339| pmid = 21451661| issue = 7|bibcode = 2011OExpr..19.6339T | hdl = 10261/47330|url = https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/47330/1/430E4346-9F34-E268-395ED8DFA9217494_210915.pdf|doi-access = free}} and combination and interaction between DSW and surface plasmons (Dyakonov plasmons){{cite journal| last = Guo| first = Yu.. Newman, W., Cortes, C. L. and Jacob, Z.|title =Review Article: Applications of Hyperbolic Metamaterial Substrates|journal =Advances in OptoElectronics|volume =2012|pages =1–9|date = 2012|doi=10.1155/2012/452502|arxiv =1211.0980| doi-access = free}}{{cite journal| last = Jacob| first = Z. and Narimanov, E. E.|title =Optical hyperspace for plasmons: Dyakonov states in metamaterials|journal =Appl. Phys. Lett.| volume =93|pages =221109|date = 2008| bibcode = 2008ApPhL..93v1109J| doi = 10.1063/1.3037208| issue = 22| s2cid = 39395734}}{{cite journal| last = Takayama| first = O., Artigas, D., and Torner, L.|title =Coupling plasmons and dyakonons|journal =Optics Letters| volume =37|pages =1983–5|date = 2012| bibcode = 2012OptL...37.1983T|doi = 10.1364/OL.37.001983| pmid = 22660095| issue = 11}} was studied and observed.{{cite journal| last = Takayama| first = O., Shkondin, E., Bogdanov A., Panah, M. E., Golenitskii, K., Dmitriev, P., Repän, T., Malureanu, R., Belov, P., Jensen, F., and Lavrinenko, A.|title =Midinfrared surface waves on a high aspect ratio nanotrench platform|journal =ACS Photonics| volume =4|pages =2899–2907|date = 2017|doi = 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00924| issue = 11| s2cid = 126006666| url = https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/138578323/acsphotonics.7b00924.pdf}}{{cite journal| last = Takayama| first = O., Dmitriev, P., Shkondin, E., Yermakov, O., Panah, M., Golenitskii, K., Jensen, F., Bogdanov A., and Lavrinenko, A.|title =Experimental observation of Dyakonov plasmons in the mid-infrared|journal =Semiconductors| volume =52|pages =442–6|date = 2018|doi = 10.1134/S1063782618040279| bibcode = 2018Semic..52..442T| issue = 4| s2cid = 255238679| url = https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/146179625/10.1134_2FS1063782618040279.pdf}}

Physical properties

The simplest configuration considered in Ref. 1 consists of an interface between an isotropic material with permittivity {{math|ε}} and a uniaxial crystal with permittivities {{math|ε₀}} and {{math|ε_e}} for the ordinary and the extraordinary waves respectively. The crystal C axis is parallel to the interface. For this configuration, the DSW can propagate along the interface within certain angular intervals with respect to the C axis, provided that the condition of {{math|ε_e > ε > ε₀}} is satisfied. Thus DSW are supported by interfaces with positive birefringent crystals only ({{math|ε_e > ε₀}}). The angular interval is defined by the parameter

: $\eta = \frac{\epsilon_e}{\epsilon_0} - 1$ .

The angular intervals for the DSW phase and group velocities ({{math|Δθ_ph}} and {{math|Δθ_gr}}) are different. The phase velocity interval is proportional to {{math|η²}} and even for the most strongly birefringent natural crystals is very narrow {{math|Δθ_ph ≈ 1°}} (rutile) and {{math|Δθ_ph ≈ 4°}} (calomel).{{cite journal|author=Takayama, O.|title=Dyakonov Surface Waves: A Review. |journal=Electromagnetics|volume=28 |pages=126–145 |date=2008|last2=Crasovan, L. C. |first2=Johansen, S. K. |last3=Mihalache, D |first3=Artigas, D. |last4=Torner, L. |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/02726340801921403 |s2cid=121726611 }} However the physically more important group velocity interval is substantially larger (proportional to {{math|η}}). Calculations give {{math|Δθ_gr ≈ 7°}} for rutile, and {{math|Δθ_gr ≈ 20°}} for calomel.

Perspectives

A widespread experimental investigation of DSW material systems and evolution of related practical devices has been largely limited by the stringent anisotropy conditions necessary for successful DSW propagation, particularly the high degree of birefringence of at least one of the constituent materials and the limited number of naturally available materials fulfilling this requirement. However, this is about to change in light of novel artificially engineered metamaterials{{cite journal|author=Takayama, O.|title=Photonic surface waves on metamaterial interfaces. |journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|volume=29 |pages=463001 |date=2017|last2= Bogdanov, A. A. |first2=Lavrinenko, A. V. |issue=46 |doi=10.1088/1361-648X/aa8bdd |pmid=29053474 |bibcode=2017JPCM...29T3001T }} and revolutionary material synthesis techniques.

The extreme sensitivity of DSW to anisotropy, and thereby to stress, along with their low-loss (long-range) character render them particularly attractive for enabling high sensitivity tactile and ultrasonic sensing for next-generation high-speed transduction and read-out technologies. Moreover, the unique directionality of DSW can be used for the steering of optical signals.{{cite journal|author=Takayama, O.|title=Lossless directional guiding of light in dielectric nanosheets using Dyakonov surface waves. |journal=Nature Nanotechnology|volume=9 |pages=419–424 |date=2014|last2=Artigas, D. |first2=Torner, L. |issue=6 |doi=10.1038/nnano.2014.90 |pmid=24859812 |bibcode=2014NatNa...9..419T }}

References

Category:Condensed matter physics

Category:Surface science

Category:Surface waves

Dyakonov surface wave

Physical properties

Perspectives

See also

References