EF Education First

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{{Infobox company

| name = EF Education First

| logo = EF Education First logo.svg

| logo_size = 150px

| logo_caption = Logo originally designed by Paul Rand

| industry = Education

| type = Private

| foundation = 1965

| founder = Bertil Hult

| hq_location = Zurich, Switzerland

| key_people = Philip Hult, Chairman
Eddie Hult, CEO

| num_employees = 52,000{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.ef.com/wwen/about-us/our-company/ |website=EF Education First |access-date=26 March 2019}}

| homepage = {{URL|www.ef.com}}

}}

EF Education First (abbreviated as EF) is an international education company that specialises in language training, educational travels, academic degree programmes, and cultural exchanges. The company was founded in 1965 by Bertil Hult in the Swedish university town of Lund. The company is privately held by the Hult family.

As of 2017, EF had approximately 52,000 employees in 116 countries.{{cite news|title=EF Education First named No. 1 on list of largest Mass. companies|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/specials/top-places-to-work/2017/11/16/education-first-named-list-largest-mass-companies/634LaZrMUXaynD0P699omI/story.html|work=The Boston Globe|date=November 16, 2017|first=Sarah |last=Shemkus}}

History

= 1965–1979 =

Bertil Hult dropped out of college to launch EF's initial product: English immersion trips to the UK for Swedish students.{{cite news |last1=Johnston |first1=Katie |title=Education First Aims to Bridge Barriers with Exchange |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/02/03/founder-bertil-hult-sees-education-first-breaking-down-global-barriers/KK6hpFwDqvocR73w0Xf9jO/story.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=Boston Globe |date=February 2, 2013}} He had struggled to learn English in school, but while interning for a shipbroker in London, he found he picked English up more easily.{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Andrew |title=A billionaire with no master plan for his family business |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3ed2d028-258f-11ea-9305-4234e74b0ef3 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Forbes |date=February 2, 2020}} He came to believe that “learning by doing” could be as effective as traditional classroom methods.{{cite news |last1=Jedeur-Palmgren |first1=Max |title=Meet The Billionaire College Dropout Who's Teaching The World English |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maxjedeurpalmgren/2018/08/23/meet-the-billionaire-college-dropout-whos-teaching-the-world-english/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Forbes |date=August 23, 2018}}

In the 1970s, EF opened language schools and expanded sales across Western Europe and Asia. In 1972, EF opened its first school in Japan, just as English language keyboards were introduced there. In 1979, the company introduced its first cultural exchange programme: EF High School Exchange Year.{{cite web |title=EF High School Exchange Year |date=25 May 2016 |url=https://www.csiet.org/advisory-list/ef-high-school-exchange-year/ |publisher=Council on Standards for International Educational Travel |access-date=19 February 2024}}

= 1980–1995 =

In the 1980s, EF began organising educational travel and immersion programmes for North Americans with no language learning component, including EF Explore America, EF Educational Tours, and EF Go Ahead Tours.{{cite web |last1=Keller |first1=Courtney |title=We are EF Go Ahead Tours |url=https://www.goaheadtours.com/travel-blog/articles/we-are-ef-go-ahead-tours |publisher=EF Go Ahead Tours |access-date=19 February 2024}} The company also launched an au pair programme in 1988, EF Au Pair, today Cultural Care Au Pair, which is regulated by the U.S. Department of State.{{cite web |last1=Fougere |first1=David |title=Company History |url=https://davidffougere.wordpress.com/company-history/ |website=Cultural Care Au Pair, Speaking from the heart |date=5 August 2009 |access-date=19 February 2024}}{{cite web |title=Au Pair |url=https://j1visa.state.gov/programs/au-pair |website=BridgeUSA |publisher=US Department of State Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs |access-date=19 February 2024}}

In 1988, EF served for the first time as the official language training services provider for the Seoul Olympic Games, giving free language training services to judges, athletes, volunteers, and host country residents.{{cite news |last1=Johnston |first1=Katie |title=Mass. team will help Brazil learn English for 2016 Olympics |url=http://c.o0bg.com/business/2014/04/08/teaching-olympic-themed-english-million-brazilians/upEuSkCD7sXWzDpive9uCK/story.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=Boston Globe |date=April 9, 2014}} The company went on to serve in the same capacity for Beijing 2008, Sochi 2014, Rio 2016, PyeongChang 2018, Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022.{{cite magazine |last1=Lapowsky |first1=Issy |title=How Brazil Plans to Teach a Million People English Before the Rio Olympics |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/12/education-first-brazil/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=Dec 8, 2014}}{{cite web |last1=Morgan |first1=Liam |title=Education First announced as sponsor of Pyeongchang 2018 |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1031450/education-first-announced-as-sponsor-of-pyeongchang-2018 |website=Inside the Games|date=5 November 2015 }}{{cite web |title=Tokyo 2020 Welcomes EF Education First Japan Ltd. as an Official Partner |url=https://www.infobae.com/aroundtherings/ioc/2021/07/12/tokyo-2020-welcomes-ef-education-first-japan-ltd-as-an-official-partner/ |website=Around the Rings |date=12 July 2021 |access-date=19 February 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Palmer |first1=Dan |title=EF Education First become first official exclusive supplier of Beijing 2022 |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1087758/beijing-2022-education-first-official |website=Inside the Games |date=20 August 2019 |access-date=19 February 2024}}

In 1993, EF opened its first office in China.{{cite news |last1=Werdigier |first1=Julia |title=Bring in People Who Are Better Than You |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/09/business/international/bring-in-people-who-are-better-than-you.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=New York Times |date=December 9, 2013}} The company's network of English language schools in China grew quickly. It differentiated itself from competitors by marketing its international footprint and hiring native English-speaking teachers from abroad. It selected its expansion locations by looking for cities with a university, a McDonald's, and more than 1 million residents. Also in 1993, EF hired graphic designer Paul Rand to redesign its logo.{{cite web |title=Education First |url=https://www.paulrand.design/work/Education-First.html |website=Paul Rand |access-date=19 February 2024}}

= 1996–2005 =

In 1996, the company launched EF Englishtown, now EF English Live, which was among the first online English schools.{{cite web |title=EF English Live has been helping millions of students learn English online for 25 years |url=https://englishlive.ef.com/en/blog/press/news/25-years-ef-english-live/ |website=EF English Live |access-date=19 February 2024}} In 1997, EF sponsored two teams in the Whitbread Round the World Race – a men's team (EF Language) that won the competition, and the race's first fully female-helmed team (EF Education).{{cite web |title=A racer's life: EF Education in the 1997-98 Whitbread round the world race |url=https://www.yachtingworld.com/voyages/great-sailing-images-ef-education-1997-98-whitbread-round-the-world-race-97861 |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=October 18, 2016}}

In 2002, the Hult family purchased the Arthur D. Little School of Management, which was subsequently renamed Hult International Business School.{{cite web |last1=Baron |first1=Ethan |title=Hult: A Powerhouse Or A Pariah? |url=https://poetsandquants.com/2014/09/03/hult-international-business-school-a-rising-powerhouse-or-a-pariah/ |website=Poets&Quants |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=September 3, 2014}} Hult is one of the few triple-accredited business schools in the United States.{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Breiknah |title=Here's How Hult International Business School Landed Triple Crown Accreditation |url=https://www.businessbecause.com/news/in-the-news/5216/hult-international-business-school-triple-crown-accreditation |website=www.businessbecause.com |access-date=19 February 2024 |language=en |date=23 April 2018}}

= 2006–2015 =

EF and Hult International Business School started the Hult Prize in 2010, which challenges young people to solve the planet's pressing issues through social entrepreneurship. The Hult family donates $1M USD in annual seed capital to the winning team.{{cite news |last1=Bahree |first1=Megha |title=A million dollars to solve the world's problems |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2015/01/11/ozy-million-dollars-solve-world-problems/21501745/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=USA TODAY |date=November 1, 2015}}

In 2011, EF introduced the EF English Proficiency Index, an annual ranking of countries by their English skills.{{cite news |last1=Greene |first1=Robert Lane |title=Who speaks English? |url=https://www.economist.com/johnson/2011/04/05/who-speaks-english |access-date=19 February 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |date=April 5, 2011}} In 2014, EF launched the EF Standard English Test – a free, certifying English test designed for non-native English speakers.{{cite news |last1=Abkowitz |first1=Alyssa |last2=Murphy |first2=Colum |title=Upstart English-Testing Services Take Aim at Longtime Market Leaders |url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/upstart-english-testing-services-take-aim-at-longtime-market-leaders-1410559082 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=WSJ |date=September 12, 2014}}{{cite news |last1=Kilbanoff |first1=Eleanor |title=Take A New Test Aimed At The World's English-Language Learners |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/10/01/352983784/take-a-new-test-aimed-at-the-worlds-english-language-learners |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=NPR |date=October 1, 2014}} In the same year, EF partnered with Community Boating, Inc., the oldest public sailing centre in the United States, to help people with physical and cognitive disabilities learn how to sail.{{cite news |last1=Luna |first1=Taryn Luna |title=Community Boating raises pinks sails in new partnership with EF Education First - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/07/29/pinksails/3s5dUhZWwOv0C0ypjGsBdO/story.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Boston Globe |date=29 July 2014}}

EF celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2015 with a series of events in Boston including “A Day with World Leaders” with speakers including Bill Clinton, Gordon Brown, Steve Wozniak, and Priyanka Chopra.{{cite news |last1=Shanahan |first1=Mark |title=EF Education First bash draws Bill Clinton, others - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/names/2015/02/15/education-anniversary-bash-attracts-bill-clinton-other-leaders/OySWnGuHrRzboIuD5DGmON/story.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Boston Globe |date=February 15, 2015}} The same year, EF reconstructed the Jalapa Devi HSS School in Sindhupalchowk following an earthquake in Nepal.{{cite web |title=The road to recovery through education in Nepal ‹ We are EF ‹ We are EF |url=https://we-are-ef.ef.com/road-recovery-education-nepal/ |website=We are EF |language=en}}

= 2016–present =

In 2016, EF became the educational sponsor of the Nobel Prize Museum in Stockholm, Sweden.{{cite web |title=Nobel Prize Museum Partners |url=https://nobelprizemuseum.se/en/about-us/nobel-museum-partners/ |website=Nobel Prize Museum |access-date=19 February 2024}} The two organisations collaborated to publish a textbook, Nobel Journeys, which presents the lives and accomplishments of Nobel Laureates.{{cite web |title=Nobel Laureates Can Teach Kids to Persevere |url=https://www.edutopia.org/blog/nobel-laureates-can-teach-kids-to-persevere-suzie-boss |website=Edutopia |language=en}}

In 2017, EF purchased the EF Education–EasyPost professional men's cycling team.{{cite web |last1=Fretz |first1=Caley |title=Cannondale-Drapac secures new title sponsor EF Education First |url=https://velo.outsideonline.com/news/cannondale-becomes-ef-education-first-drapac/ |website=Velo |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=9 September 2017}} In 2023, EF launched a women's professional cycling team, EF Education – Cannondale.{{cite web |last1=Hurford |first1=Molly |title=EF Pro Cycling Is Doubling Down, Announcing Their Own Women's WorldTour Team |url=https://www.bicycling.com/racing/a44154364/ef-pro-cycling-announcing-womens-worldtour-team/ |website=Bicycling |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=9 June 2023}}

In 2020, following the 2015 merger of Hult International Business School with Ashridge Business School,{{cite news |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Della |title=Transatlantic alliance steers smooth course |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7e199ea8-5251-11e5-8642-453585f2cfcd |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Financial Times |date=6 September 2015}} EF began offering executive training for international organisations,{{cite web |last1=Dommett |first1=Dina |title=Building the world's most relevant business school: The Hult Ashridge story |url=https://www.globalfocusmagazine.com/building-the-worlds-most-relevant-business-school-the-hult-ashridge-story/ |website=Global Focus Magazine |date=25 May 2022}} including via Amazon's Career Choice programme.{{cite web |title=Hult EF Corporate Education Selected by Amazon as Education Partner for Career Choice Program |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/hult-ef-corporate-education-selected-120000957.html |website=Yahoo Finance |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=14 March 2023}} The same year, EF began working with the Mastercard Foundation and the Rwandan Development Board to help Rwandan youth improve their English to access professional opportunities and support the country's hospitality industry.{{cite web |title=Public-Private Partnership to boost Rwanda's Tourism & Hospitality Industry |url=https://rdb.rw/rdb-mastercard-foundation-and-ef-education-first-partner-to-provide-language-and-skills-training-to-the-tourism-and-hospitality-industry-in-rwanda/ |website=Rwanda Development Board |access-date=19 February 2024}}

The COVID-19 pandemic presented significant challenges to EF's travel-oriented businesses;{{cite news |title=UK language trainer to use job scheme for already planned redundancies |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bac8f316-5d37-4ea1-a85d-429cc16d0f38 |access-date=11 June 2024 |work=The Financial Times}} however, it also led to growth in the company's online programmes.{{cite web |last1=Minji |first1=Yao |last2=Youyang |first2=Zhong |title=Education industry quickly moving online |url=https://www.shine.cn/news/metro/2003033289/ |website=SHINE |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=3 March 2020}}

In 2022, the company opened a new campus in Pasadena, California to support enrollment growth in its private boarding school product, EF Academy.{{cite news |title=EF Academy Opens 16-acre Campus, Brings Unique Global Mission and Vision to Pasadena – Pasadena Now |url=https://www.pasadenanow.com/main/ef-academy-opens-16-acre-campus-brings-unique-global-mission-and-vision-to-pasadena |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Pasadena Now |date=15 September 2022}} The following year, EF served as the Official Language Training Services Supplier for the 2023 Rugby World Cup.{{cite web |title=EF Education First selected as official language training services supplier for Rugby World Cup France 2023 ｜ Rugby World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/642116/ef-education-first-selected-as-official-language-training-services-supplier-for-rugby-world-cup-france-2023 |website=www.rugbyworldcup.com |language=en |date=9 June 2021}}

In the summer of 2024, EF Education First was declared an “undesirable organization” in Russia.{{cite web|url=https://ovd.info/express-news/2024/08/05/nemeckiy-fond-imeni-konrada-adenauera-i-esche-tri-organizacii-priznali|title=Немецкий Фонд имени Конрада Аденауэра и еще три организации признали «нежелательными» в России|work=OVD-Info|date=August 5, 2024|language=ru}}

In 2024, EF Education First was adopted by the São Paulo Department of Education (SEDUC-SP) as a platform of the São Paulo Media Center, being called "SPeak".{{Cite web |last=São Paulo State Government |date=2024-04-29 |title=PLATAFORMA EDUCATION FIRST (EF) – ENGLISH – PRIMEIROS ACESSOS – ALUNOS A PARTIR DO 8º ANO (ANOS FINAIS) ATÉ 3ª SÉRIE (ENSINO MÉDIO) |url=https://decentro.educacao.sp.gov.br/plataforma-education-first-ef-english-primeiros-acessos-alunos-a-partir-do-8o-ano-anos-finais-ate-3a-serie-ensino-medio/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Education Directory -- Central Region |language=pt-BR}}{{Cite web |last=São Paulo State Government |last2=State Department of Education |last3=Education Department -- North Region 2 |date=2024-08-23 |title=Orientações pedagógicas a partir do uso da plataforma SPEAK |url=https://midiasstoragesec.blob.core.windows.net/001/2024/08/rede431.pdf |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=SEDUC-SP |language=pt-BR}}

Corporate affairs

= Governance =

Following their father's retirement, two of Bertil Hult's sons took over management of EF – Philip Hult as global chairman{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0oXyiNsteE |title=Looking back at 60 years of EF |date=2025-02-11 |last=EF Education First |access-date=2025-06-02 |via=YouTube}} and Edward Hult as chief executive officer.{{Cite web |last=First |first=EF Education |title=EF Education First Recognized on Forbes 2024 World's Best Employers and Top Companies for Women Lists |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ef-education-first-recognized-on-forbes-2024-worlds-best-employers-and-top-companies-for-women-lists-302329274.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=EF Education First {{!}} Company Overview & News |url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/ef-education-first/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Forbes |language=en}}

= Locations =

EF has offices and schools in more than 100 countries.{{Cite news |last=Hill |first=Andrew |date=2020-02-02 |title=A billionaire with no master plan for his family business |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3ed2d028-258f-11ea-9305-4234e74b0ef3 |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=Financial Times}} The company’s hubs are in Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England; and Zurich, Switzerland. In 2014, EF opened a new North American headquarters facility on the Charles River in Cambridge, Massachusetts.{{Cite web |last=Luna |first=Taryn |title=EF Education First headquarters debuts in Cambridge - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/10/15/education-first-headquarters-debuts-cambridge/5825AXYaiEiGELj5FkmlfK/story.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=BostonGlobe.com |language=en-US}} The building is centered around a 10-story spiral staircase abutting a “glass waterfall.”{{Cite web |title=EF Education First's Cambridge Headquarters Sports a Ten-Story Glass "Waterfall" |url=https://metropolismag.com/projects/ef-education-first-cambridge-headquarters-sports-ten-story-glass-waterfall/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Metropolis |language=en-US}} In 2019, EF opened a new global headquarters facility in Zurich, Switzerland in the former Swiss Stock Exchange building, Neue Börse, after extensive renovation.{{Cite web |title=Inside Neue Börse - |url=https://www.swiss-architects.com/de/architecture-news/meldungen/inside-neue-borse |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Swiss-Architects |language=de-ch}} EF employs a global director of architecture and design and a team of in-house designers to plan all offices and schools.https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/10/15/education-first-headquarters-debuts-cambridge/5825AXYaiEiGELj5FkmlfK/story.html

EF is also the owner of historic facilities at which it delivers its programs, including the Custom House{{Cite web |title=The Custom House (Grade II listed) |url=https://www.tc-consult.co.uk/case-study/custom-house/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=www.tc-consult.co.uk |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |title=EF Language Schools Ltd - Bristol :: Independent Schools Inspectorate |url=https://www.isi.net/institutions/pfe/ef-language-schools-ltd---bristol-8313 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=www.isi.net}} and Ashridge{{Cite web |last=Dommett |first=Dina |last2=Delves |first2=Roger |last3=Delves |first3=Dina Dommett and Roger |date=2022-05-25 |title=Building the world’s most relevant business school: The Hult Ashridge story |url=https://globalfocusmagazine.com/building-the-worlds-most-relevant-business-school-the-hult-ashridge-story/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Global Focus Magazine |language=en-US}} in England and the former Marymount College, Tarrytown campus in New York.{{Cite web |title=Marymount History |url=https://forever.fordham.edu/s/1362/18/interior.aspx?sid=1362&gid=1&pgid=415 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=forever.fordham.edu |language=en}} In 1989, EF bought a piece of the Berlin Wall and placed it on the Hult International Business School Boston campus to represent the company’s mission of “opening the world through education.”{{Cite web |title=Boston, MA – EF Headquarter {{!}} The Wall Net |url=https://en.the-wall-net.org/boston-ma/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |language=en-US}} It is one of several segments on display in Massachusetts.

Controversy

EF has been criticised in several instances by students taking its courses.

In 2019, seven of its English teachers in Xuzhou allegedly tested positive for drugs. The case ignited discussions about EF's hiring practices, leading to its suspension from the China Association for Non-Government Education.{{cite web |title=EF Suspended From Education Association Following Teachers' Drug Offenses |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/ht_news/1004446/ef-suspended-from-education-association-following-teachers-drug-offenses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816160733/https://www.sixthtone.com/ht_news/1004446/ef-suspended-from-education-association-following-teachers-drug-offenses |archive-date=16 August 2019 |website=Sixth Tone}}

In 2020, a former teacher of EF was charged for exploiting a previous pupil in China. The defendant, an American national, threatened to post video footage of the student's sexually explicit conduct online unless she sent him more images and a video of herself engaged in similar acts. EF said the alleged crime happened after the man returned to the US when his contract in China had already been terminated for violating the company's code of conduct. The company's spokesperson declined to explain the specifics of the violation. He has pled guilty in a Missouri court to sexual exploitation of a minor and to receiving and distributing child pornography.{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Qi'an |title=EF Under Fire After Former Teacher Admits to Sexual Blackmail |date=23 October 2020 |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006340 |website=Sixth Tone}}

On 17 February 2022 Claudio Mandia, an Italian student participating in the IB Diploma programme of the EF Academy in New York, took his life following his expulsion after being caught cheating repetitively.{{Cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title=Claudio Mandia, studente suicida a New York: i genitori denunciano la scuola |url=https://www.vanityfair.it/article/claudio-mandia-studente-suicida-new-york-genitori-denunciano-scuola |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Vanity Fair Italia |language=it-IT}} The school has always denied the circumstance that the young man was in a state of confinement, the room "was not locked" and "could have social interaction", was the reply of the Academy of New York Thornwood to the accusations of Claudio's family members.{{Cite web |last=Niro |first=Carmine Di |date=2023-01-12 |title=Claudio Mandia, il processo per lo studente morto suicida nel college di New York rischia di spostarsi in Svizzera |url=https://www.ilriformista.it/claudio-mandia-il-processo-per-lo-studente-morto-suicida-nel-college-di-new-york-rischia-di-spostarsi-in-svizzera-338329/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Il Riformista |language=it-IT}}

The Italian television show "Chi l'ha visto?" has brought to light many testimonies from students who participated in the EF language study trips. Among the testimonies, there are cases of students being hosted by drunk parents and one host parent who shot a neighbour.{{Cite web |last=reports |first=6 News staff |date=2021-08-17 |title=Council Bluffs Police give details of foreign exchange coordinator sentencing |url=https://www.wowt.com/2021/08/17/council-bluffs-police-give-details-foreign-exchange-coordinator-sentencing/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.wowt.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Chi l'ha visto? 2022/23 - Claudio Mandia suicida in Usa: le testimonianze di altri studenti della "EF Academy" - 11/01/2023 - Video |url=https://www.raiplay.it/video/2023/01/Claudio-Mandia-suicida-in-Usa-le-testimonianze-di-altri-studenti-della-EF-Academy---Chi-lha-visto---11012023--fac9c2f0-c606-403d-be0e-e7fcd3cfec33.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=RaiPlay |language=it}}{{Cite web |first=Lorenzo|last=Drigo |date=2023-01-11 |title=Suicidio Claudio Mandia/ Racconti contro EF Italia: "Il mio ospite sparò al vicino" |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/suicidio-claudio-mandia-racconti-contro-ef-italia-il-mio-ospite-sparo-al-vicino/2470564/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=IlSussidiario.net |language=it}}