ERV3

The human genome includes many retroelements including the human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), which compose about 7-8% of the human genome.{{cite journal | vauthors = Jern P, Coffin JM | s2cid = 9254616 | title = Effects of retroviruses on host genome function | journal = Annual Review of Genetics | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 709–32 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 18694346 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091501 }} ERV3, one of the most studied HERVs, is thought to have integrated 30 to 40 million years ago and is present in higher primates with the exception of gorillas. Taken together, the observation of genome conservation, the detection of transcript expression, and the presence of conserved ORFs is circumstantial evidence for a functional role. Similar endogenous retroviral Env genes like syncytin-1 have important roles in placental formation and embryonic development by enabling cell-cell fusion.{{cite journal | vauthors = Vargas A, Moreau J, Landry S, LeBellego F, Toufaily C, Rassart E, Lafond J, Barbeau B | display-authors = 6 | title = Syncytin-2 plays an important role in the fusion of human trophoblast cells | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 392 | issue = 2 | pages = 301–18 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19616006 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.025 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Mallet F, Bouton O, Prudhomme S, Cheynet V, Oriol G, Bonnaud B, Lucotte G, Duret L, Mandrand B | display-authors = 6 | title = The endogenous retroviral locus ERVWE1 is a bona fide gene involved in hominoid placental physiology | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 6 | pages = 1731–6 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 14757826 | pmc = 341840 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0305763101 | bibcode = 2004PNAS..101.1731M | doi-access = free }} Despite its origin as an Env gene, ERV3 has a premature stop codon that precludes any cell-cell fusion functionality.{{cite journal | vauthors = de Parseval N, Heidmann T | title = Physiological knockout of the envelope gene of the single-copy ERV-3 human endogenous retrovirus in a fraction of the Caucasian population | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 72 | issue = 4 | pages = 3442–5 | date = April 1998 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.72.4.3442-3445.1998 | pmid = 9525678 | pmc = 109847 }} However, it does have an immunosuppressive function that helps the fetus evade a damaging maternal immune response, which may explain its high expression in the placenta.{{cite journal | vauthors = Mangeney M, Renard M, Schlecht-Louf G, Bouallaga I, Heidmann O, Letzelter C, Richaud A, Ducos B, Heidmann T | display-authors = 6 | title = Placental syncytins: Genetic disjunction between the fusogenic and immunosuppressive activity of retroviral envelope proteins | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 104 | issue = 51 | pages = 20534–9 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18077339 | pmc = 2154466 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0707873105 | bibcode = 2007PNAS..10420534M | doi-access = free }}

There is speculation that ERV3 originally did have cell-cell fusion functionality in the placenta, but that it was eventually supplanted by other Env genes like syncytin, leading to a loss of this function.{{cite journal | vauthors = Chuong EB | title = Retroviruses facilitate the rapid evolution of the mammalian placenta | journal = BioEssays | volume = 35 | issue = 10 | pages = 853–61 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 23873343 | pmc = 4332834 | doi = 10.1002/bies.201300059 }}

Another functional role is suggested by the observation that downregulation of ERV3 is reported in choriocarcinoma.{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: ERV3 endogenous retroviral sequence 3 (includes zinc finger protein H-plk/HPF9)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2086}}

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• {{cite journal | vauthors = Sasaki T | title = [Integration and expression of human endogenous retrovirus] | journal = [Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi] the Hokkaido Journal of Medical Science | volume = 66 | issue = 6 | pages = 794–803 | date = November 1991 | pmid = 1783368 }}
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• {{cite journal | vauthors = Kato N, Larsson E, Cohen M | title = Absence of expression of a human endogenous retrovirus is correlated with choriocarcinoma | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 380–5 | date = March 1988 | pmid = 3346101 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.2910410310 | s2cid = 46353425 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Cohen M, Kato N, Larsson E | title = ERV3 human endogenous provirus mRNAs are expressed in normal and malignant tissues and cells, but not in choriocarcinoma tumor cells | journal = Journal of Cellular Biochemistry | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 121–8 | date = February 1988 | pmid = 3356751 | doi = 10.1002/jcb.240360203 | s2cid = 24591624 }}
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• {{cite journal | vauthors = O'Connell CD, Cohen M | title = The long terminal repeat sequences of a novel human endogenous retrovirus | journal = Science | volume = 226 | issue = 4679 | pages = 1204–6 | date = December 1984 | pmid = 6505687 | doi = 10.1126/science.6505687 | bibcode = 1984Sci...226.1204O }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Venables PJ, Brookes SM, Griffiths D, Weiss RA, Boyd MT | title = Abundance of an endogenous retroviral envelope protein in placental trophoblasts suggests a biological function | journal = Virology | volume = 211 | issue = 2 | pages = 589–92 | date = August 1995 | pmid = 7645262 | doi = 10.1006/viro.1995.1442 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Larsson E, Andersson AC, Nilsson BO | title = Expression of an endogenous retrovirus (ERV3 HERV-R) in human reproductive and embryonic tissues--evidence for a function for envelope gene products | journal = Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences | volume = 99 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–20 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7716822 | doi = 10.3109/03009739409179354 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Andersson AC, Merza M, Venables P, Pontén F, Sundström J, Cohen M, Larsson E | title = Elevated levels of the endogenous retrovirus ERV3 in human sebaceous glands | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology | volume = 106 | issue = 1 | pages = 125–8 | date = January 1996 | pmid = 8592062 | doi = 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12329612 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Larsson E, Venables P, Andersson AC, Fan W, Rigby S, Botling J, Oberg F, Cohen M, Nilsson K | title = Tissue and differentiation specific expression on the endogenous retrovirus ERV3 (HERV-R) in normal human tissues and during induced monocytic differentiation in the U-937 cell line | journal = Leukemia | volume = 11 | pages = 142–4 | date = April 1997 | issue = Suppl 3 | pmid = 9209323 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Sibata M, Ikeda H, Katumata K, Takeuchi K, Wakisaka A, Yoshoki T | title = Human endogenous retroviruses: expression in various organs in vivo and its regulation in vitro | journal = Leukemia | volume = 11 | pages = 145–6 | date = April 1997 | issue = Suppl 3 | pmid = 9209324 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Andersson AC, Svensson AC, Rolny C, Andersson G, Larsson E | title = Expression of human endogenous retrovirus ERV3 (HERV-R) mRNA in normal and neoplastic tissues | journal = International Journal of Oncology | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 309–13 | date = February 1998 | pmid = 9458354 | doi = 10.3892/ijo.12.2.309 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = de Parseval N, Heidmann T | title = Physiological knockout of the envelope gene of the single-copy ERV-3 human endogenous retrovirus in a fraction of the Caucasian population | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 72 | issue = 4 | pages = 3442–5 | date = April 1998 | pmid = 9525678 | pmc = 109847 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.72.4.3442-3445.1998}}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Rasmussen HB, Clausen J | title = Large number of polymorphic nucleotides and a termination codon in the env gene of the endogenous human retrovirus ERV3 | journal = Disease Markers | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 127–33 | date = November 1998 | pmid = 10427470 | doi = 10.1155/1998/958379 | pmc = 3850859 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Lin L, Xu B, Rote NS | title = The cellular mechanism by which the human endogenous retrovirus ERV-3 env gene affects proliferation and differentiation in a human placental trophoblast model, BeWo | journal = Placenta | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 73–8 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10692254 | doi = 10.1053/plac.1999.0443 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Kim H, Crow TJ, Hyun BH | title = Assignment of the endogenous retrovirus HERV-R (ERV3) to human chromosome 7q11.2 by radiation hybrid mapping | journal = Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics | volume = 89 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 10 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10894926 | doi = 10.1159/000015579 | s2cid = 85042388 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Andersson AC, Venables PJ, Tönjes RR, Scherer J, Eriksson L, Larsson E | title = Developmental expression of HERV-R (ERV3) and HERV-K in human tissue | journal = Virology | volume = 297 | issue = 2 | pages = 220–5 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12083821 | doi = 10.1006/viro.2002.1428 | doi-access = free }}

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• {{MeshName|ERV3+protein,+human}}

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Category:Transcription factors

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