E Ink#Versions or models of E Ink

The notion of a low-power paper-like display had existed since the 1970s, originally conceived by researchers at Xerox PARC but had never been realized.{{Cite magazine|title = Digital Ink by Charles Platt|url = https://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/5.05/ff_digitalink_pr.html|magazine = Wired|access-date = 2015-11-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150907112321/http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/5.05/ff_digitalink_pr.html|archive-date = 2015-09-07|url-status = live|last1 = Platt|first1 = Charles}} While a post-doctoral student at Stanford University, physicist Joseph Jacobson envisioned a multi-page book with content that could be changed at the push of a button and required little power to use.{{cite web|title = Joseph Jacobson Spotlight {{!}} National Inventors Hall of Fame|url = http://invent.org/inductees/jacobson-joseph/|website = invent.org|access-date = 2015-11-27|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151205214035/http://invent.org/inductees/jacobson-joseph/|archive-date = 2015-12-05}}

Neil Gershenfeld recruited Jacobson for the MIT Media Lab in 1995, after hearing Jacobson's ideas for an electronic book. Jacobson, in turn, recruited MIT undergrads Barrett Comiskey, a math major, and J.D. Albert, a mechanical engineering major, to create the display technology required to realize his vision.

The initial approach was to create tiny spheres which were half white and half black, and which, depending on the electric charge, would rotate such that the white side or the black side would be visible on the display. Albert and Comiskey were told this approach was impossible by most experienced chemists and materials scientists and had trouble creating these perfectly half-white, half-black spheres; during his experiments, Albert accidentally created some all-white spheres.

Comiskey experimented with charging and encapsulating those all-white particles in microcapsules mixed in with a dark dye. The result was a system of microcapsules that could be applied to a surface and could then be charged independently to create black and white images. A first patent was filed by MIT for the microencapsulated electrophoretic display in October 1996.{{Cite patent|country=US|number=5930026|pubdate=1999-07-27|title=Nonemissive displays and piezoelectric power supplies therefor|assign1=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|inventor1-last=Jacobson|inventor1-first=Joseph M.|inventor2-last=Comiskey|inventor2-first=Barrett}}

The scientific paper was featured on the cover of Nature, something extremely unusual for work done by undergraduates. The advantage of the microencapsulated electrophoretic display and its potential for satisfying the practical requirements of electronic paper were summarized in the abstract of the Nature paper:

It has for many years been an ambition of researchers in display media to create a flexible low-cost system that is the electronic analogue of paper ... viewing characteristic[s] result in an "ink on paper" look. But such displays have to date suffered from short lifetimes and difficulty in manufacture. Here we report the synthesis of an electrophoretic ink based on the microencapsulation of an electrophoretic dispersion. The use of a microencapsulated electrophoretic medium solves the lifetime issues and permits the fabrication of a bistable electronic display solely by means of printing. This system may satisfy the practical requirements of electronic paper.{{Cite journal | title = An Electrophoretic Ink for All Printed Reflective Electronic Displays|journal = Nature |date = 1998-07-16| issn = 0028-0836| pages = 253–255| volume = 394| issue = 6690| doi = 10.1038/28349| first1 = Barrett| last1 = Comiskey| first2 = J. D.|last2 = Albert| first3 = Hidekazu| last3 = Yoshizawa| first4 = Joseph| last4 = Jacobson|bibcode = 1998Natur.394..253C |s2cid = 204998708 }}

A second patent was filed by MIT for the microencapsulated electrophoretic display in March 1997.{{Cite patent|country=US|number=5961804|pubdate=1999-10-05|title=Microencapsulated electrophoretic display|assign1=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|inventor1-last=Jacobson|inventor1-first=Joseph|inventor2-last=Comiskey|inventor2-first=Barrett|inventor3-last=Albert|inventor3-first=Jonathan}}

Subsequently, Albert, Comiskey and Jacobson along with Russ Wilcox and Jerome Rubin founded the E Ink Corporation in 1997, two months prior to Albert and Comiskey's graduation from MIT.

File:E_Ink_Corporation_Logo.jpg

E Ink Corporation (or simply "E Ink") is a subsidiary of E Ink Holdings (EIH), a Taiwanese Holding Company (8069.TWO) manufacturer. They are the manufacturer and distributor of electrophoretic displays, a kind of electronic paper, that they market under the name E Ink. E Ink Corporation is headquartered in Billerica, Massachusetts. The company was co-founded in 1997 by two undergraduates J.D. Albert and Barrett Comiskey, along with Joseph Jacobson (professor in the MIT Media Lab), Jerome Rubin (LexisNexis co-founder) and Russ Wilcox.{{cite journal| url=https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=2760| journal=Harvard Business School Alumni Bulletin| date=Sep 2009| title=E Ink's wild ride| access-date=2020-11-08| archive-date=2020-10-12| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012185437/https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=2760| url-status=live}} Two years later, E Ink partnered with Philips to develop and market the technology. Jacobson and Comiskey are listed as inventors on the original patent filed in 1996. Albert, Comiskey, and Jacobsen were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2016.{{Cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/national-inventors-hall-of-fame-announces-2016-inductees/| title=National Inventors Hall of Fame announces 2016 inductees| access-date=2016-12-21| archive-date=2017-01-29| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129183056/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/national-inventors-hall-of-fame-announces-2016-inductees/| url-status=live}} In 2005, Philips sold the electronic paper business as well as its related patents to one of its primary business partners, Prime View International (PVI), a Hsinchu, Taiwan-based manufacturer.

At the E Ink Corporation, Comiskey led the development effort for E Ink's first generation of electronic ink,{{cite web | title = The World Economic Forum Designates Technology Pioneers for 2002: Barrett Comiskey, Co-Founder of E Ink Corporation, Selected. - Free Online Library| url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+World+Economic+Forum+Designates+Technology+Pioneers+for+2002%253A...-a082284748| website = www.thefreelibrary.com| access-date = 2015-11-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160238/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+World+Economic+Forum+Designates+Technology+Pioneers+for+2002%253A...-a082284748| archive-date = 2015-12-08| url-status = live}} while Albert developed the manufacturing methods used to make electronic ink displays in high volumes.{{cite web | title = J.D. Albert Spotlight {{!}} National Inventors Hall of Fame| url = http://invent.org/inductees/albert-jd/| website = invent.org| access-date = 2015-11-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919165905/http://invent.org/inductees/albert-jd/| archive-date = 2016-09-19| url-status = dead}} Wilcox played a variety of business roles and served as CEO from 2004 to 2009.{{cite web | title = Russ Wilcox Steps Down at E Ink---Smart Energy Venture Next? {{!}} Xconomy| url = http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2010/03/01/russ-wilcox-steps-down-at-e-ink-smart-energy-venture-next/| website = Xconomy| date = March 2010| access-date = 2015-11-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208135613/http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2010/03/01/russ-wilcox-steps-down-at-e-ink-smart-energy-venture-next/| archive-date = 2015-12-08| url-status = live}}

On June 1, 2008, E Ink Corp. announced an initial agreement to be purchased by PVI (Prime View International, as seen from Company History) for $215 million, an amount that eventually reached US$450 million following negotiations.{{cite web| title = Russ Wilcox Steps Down at E Ink—Smart Energy Venture Next? Xconomy| url = http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2010/03/01/russ-wilcox-steps-down-at-e-ink-smart-energy-venture-next/| website = Xconomy| date = March 2010| access-date = 2015-12-09| archive-date = 2015-12-08| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208135613/http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2010/03/01/russ-wilcox-steps-down-at-e-ink-smart-energy-venture-next/| url-status = live}}{{cite web | url=http://www.fastcompany.com/blog/kit-eaton/technomix/e-ink-buy-out-clears-path-color-kindle-2010| title=E-Ink's Sale Clears Path for Color Kindle in 2010| work=Fast Company| date=June 2009| access-date=2020-04-23| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729064608/http://www.fastcompany.com/blog/kit-eaton/technomix/e-ink-buy-out-clears-path-color-kindle-2010| archive-date=2012-07-29| url-status=live}} E Ink was officially acquired on December 24, 2009. The purchase by PVI magnified the scale of production for the E Ink e-paper display, since Prime View also owned BOE Hydis Technology Co., Ltd and maintained a strategic partner relationship with Chi Mei Optoelectronics Corp. (now Chimei InnoLux Corporation, part of the Hon Hai-Foxconn Group). Foxconn is the sole ODM partner for Prime View's Netronix Inc., the supplier of E Ink panel e-readers, but the end-use products appear in various guises, e.g., as Bookeen, COOL-ER, PocketBook, etc.

PVI renamed itself E Ink Holdings Inc. after the purchase. In December 2012, E Ink acquired SiPix, a rival electrophoretic display company.{{cite web | url=http://www.einkgroup.com/about_us.php?recordId=195| title=E Ink Holdings - About Us| website=www.einkgroup.com| access-date=2017-01-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216141924/http://www.einkgroup.com/about_us.php?recordId=195| archive-date=2016-12-16| url-status=dead}}{{cite web| url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/08/04/e-ink-acquires-sipix-may-dominate-e-paper-universe/| title=E Ink acquires SiPix, may dominate e-paper universe| website=Engadget| date=4 August 2012| access-date=2017-01-13| archive-date=2017-01-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113171457/https://www.engadget.com/2012/08/04/e-ink-acquires-sipix-may-dominate-e-paper-universe/| url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://www.digitimes.com/news/a20120806PD219.html |title=EIH to acquire SiPix Technology |publisher=Digitimes.com |date=2012-08-06 |access-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808205359/http://www.digitimes.com/news/a20120806PD219.html |archive-date=2012-08-08 |url-status=live }}

Image:Bouquin électronique iLiad en plein soleil.jpg e-book reader equipped with an e-paper display visible in the sunlight]]

E Ink is made into a film and then integrated into electronic displays, enabling novel applications in phones, watches, magazines, wearables and e-readers, etc.{{cite web|title = Watches E Ink: Customer Showcase|url = http://www.eink.com/customer_showcase_watches.html|website = www.eink.com|access-date = 2015-11-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151225213151/http://www.eink.com/customer_showcase_watches.html|archive-date = 2015-12-25|url-status = dead}}{{cite web|title = Cell Phones E Ink|url = http://www.eink.com/customer_showcase_cell_phones.html|website = www.eink.com|access-date = 2015-11-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151212074338/http://www.eink.com/customer_showcase_cell_phones.html|archive-date = 2015-12-12|url-status = dead}}{{cite web|title=All-new Kindle - Now with a Built-in Front Light - Amazon Official Site|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07DLPWYB7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225014724/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07DLPWYB7|archive-date=2019-12-25|access-date=2020-01-01|website=www.amazon.com}}

The Motorola F3 was the first mobile phone to employ E Ink technology in its display to take advantage of the material's ultra-low power consumption. In addition, the Samsung Alias 2 uses this technology in its keypad in order to allow varying reader orientations.{{cite press release |url=http://www.eink.com/press/releases/pr96.html |title=Motofone Makes Its Global Debut Introducing Stylish Connectivity For Everyone |website=E Ink Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012010432/http://eink.com/press/releases/pr96.html |archive-date=12 October 2007}}

The October 2008 limited edition North American issue of Esquire was the first magazine cover to integrate E Ink. This cover featured flashing text. It was manufactured in Shanghai and was shipped refrigerated to the United States for binding. The E Ink was powered by a 90-day integrated battery supply.[http://www.esquire.com/the-side/video/e-ink-cover-video Esquire's E-Ink Cover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029080906/http://www.esquire.com/the-side/video/e-ink-cover-video |date=2014-10-29 }}, Esquire.com website, September 8, 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-23.{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=28680 |title=Esquire Becomes First Magazine To Merge Digital Technology With Printed Pages | Ford Motor Company Newsroom |publisher=Media.ford.com |date=2008-07-21 |access-date=2012-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021061123/http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=28680 |archive-date=2011-10-21 |url-status=live }}

In July 2015, New South Wales Road and Maritime Services installed road traffic signs using E Ink in Sydney, Australia. The installed e-paper traffic signs represent the first use of E Ink in traffic signage.{{Cite news|url=http://www.digitalsignagetoday.com/news/sydney-launches-worlds-first-e-paper-traffic-signs/|title=Sydney launches 'world's first' e-paper traffic signs|date=2015-07-17|newspaper=www.digitalsignagetoday.com|access-date=2017-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222014733/http://www.digitalsignagetoday.com/news/sydney-launches-worlds-first-e-paper-traffic-signs/|archive-date=2016-12-22|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2015/07/28/australia-e-ink-signs/|title='World first' electronic ink traffic signs trialled in Australia|last=Bogle|first=Ariel|website=Mashable|date=28 July 2015|access-date=2017-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106102841/http://mashable.com/2015/07/28/australia-e-ink-signs/|archive-date=2017-01-06|url-status=live}} Transport for London made trials of E Ink displays at bus stops to offer timetables, route maps and real-time travel information.{{Citation|title=London bus stops embrace e-paper|work=BBC News|date=2015-12-22|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35162689|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226022340/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35162689|archive-date=2017-02-26|url-status=live}} A Whole Foods store opened in 2016 with E Ink shelf labels that can update product info remotely.{{Cite news|url=http://www.pamplinmedia.com/lor/48-news/314796-193219-thoughtfully-simple|title=Thoughtfully simple|newspaper=Oregon Local News|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107033856/http://www.pamplinmedia.com/lor/48-news/314796-193219-thoughtfully-simple|archive-date=2017-01-07|url-status=live}} E Ink Prism was announced in January 2015 at International CES and is the internal name for E Ink's bistable ink technology in a film that can dynamically change colors, patterns and designs with architectural products.{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150106005842/en/Ink-Launches-Prism-World%E2%80%99s-Dynamic-Architecture-Product|title=E Ink Launches Prism, the World's First Dynamic Architecture Product Incorporating Color Changing Electronic Ink Technology {{!}} Business Wire|website=www.businesswire.com|date=6 January 2015|access-date=2017-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106173217/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150106005842/en/Ink-Launches-Prism-World%E2%80%99s-Dynamic-Architecture-Product|archive-date=2017-01-06|url-status=live}} E Ink displays can also be made flexible.{{cite web |url=https://www.e-ink-info.com/tags/flexible |title=Flexible | E-Ink-Info |access-date=2020-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330165043/http://www.e-ink-info.com/tags/flexible |archive-date=2016-03-30 |url-status=live }}

E Ink has since partnered with various companies, including Sony, {{ill|Ledger (company)|lt=Ledger|qid=Q65770312}}, Motorola and Amazon. E Ink's "Vizplex" technology is used by Sony Reader, MOTOFONE F3, Barnes & Noble Nook, Kindle, txtr Beagle, and Kobo eReader. E Ink's "Pearl" technology is claimed to have a 50% better contrast ratio. It is used by 2011-2012 Kindle models, Barnes & Noble Nook Simple Touch, Kobo Touch, and Sony PRS-T1. E Ink's "Carta" technology is used by reMarkable, Kindle Paperwhite (2nd and 3rd generation), Kindle Voyage, Kobo Glo HD, Kobo Aura H2O, and Kindle Oasis.

Image:Kindle 3 microcapsules.png

{{Timeline of release years

| title =

| subtitle = Monochrome display generations

| align =

| compressempty =

| range1 = 2007 –

| range1_color = #D8D8D8 #F5F5F5

| 2007 = Vizplex

| 2010 = Pearl

| 2013 = Carta

| 2014 = Carta HD

| 2021 = Carta 1200

| 2023 = Carta 1300

}}

E Ink Vizplex is the first generation of the E Ink displays. Vizplex was announced in May 2007.{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Paul|date=2007-05-10|title=E Ink Corp. announces "Vizplex" tech to speed, brighten displays|url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/05/10/e-ink-corp-announces-vizplex-tech-to-speed-brighten-displays/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091450/http://www.engadget.com/2007/05/10/e-ink-corp-announces-vizplex-tech-to-speed-brighten-displays|archive-date=2012-01-14|access-date=2012-05-11}}

E Ink Pearl, announced in July 2010, is the second generation of E Ink displays. The updated Amazon Kindle DX was the first device announced to use the screen.{{cite web|title=E Ink explains the new Pearl display used in the updated Kindle DX|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/07/01/e-ink-explains-the-new-pearl-display-used-in-the-updated-kindle/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221619/http://www.engadget.com/2010/07/01/e-ink-explains-the-new-pearl-display-used-in-the-updated-kindle/|archive-date=2016-03-03|access-date=2017-08-26|website=Engadget|date=July 2010 }} Amazon used this display technology in new Kindle models until the Paperwhite 2 refresh in 2013.{{ cite web| url=https://blog.the-ebook-reader.com/2013/10/03/kindle-paperwhite-2-has-much-improved-frontlight-but-difference-with-carta-screen-is-marginal/ | title=Kindle Paperwhite 2 Has Much Improved Frontlight, But Difference with Carta Screen is Marginal| date=3 October 2013}} The basic Kindle with touch continued to use Pearl until 2022 when the Kindle 11 was upgraded past 167 dpi.{{cite web | url=https://www.theverge.com/23409106/amazon-kindle-2022-e-reader-review-test-price-specs-features | title=The new entry-level Kindle is the one to buy | date=18 October 2022 }} Sony also included this technology into its 2010 models of the Sony Reader PRS series.{{cite web|title=Reader Touch Edition|url=http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?storeId=10151&catalogId=10551&langId=-1&productId=8198552921666257815#specifications|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616023539/http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?storeId=10151&catalogId=10551&langId=-1&productId=8198552921666257815#specifications|archive-date=2011-06-16|access-date=2020-04-23}} This display is also used in the Nook Simple Touch,{{cite web|last=Noble|first=Barnes &|title=NOOK eReader and Tablets|url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/b/nook/_/N-1pbl|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102121530/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/b/nook/_/N-1pbl|archive-date=2020-01-02|access-date=2020-01-01|website=Barnes & Noble}} Kobo eReader Touch,{{cite web|last=Store|first=Rakuten Kobo eReader|title=Rakuten Kobo eReader Store|url=https://us.kobobooks.com/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730184916/https://us.kobobooks.com/|archive-date=2018-07-30|access-date=2018-07-15|website=Rakuten Kobo eReader Store}} Kobo Glo, Onyx Boox M90,{{cite web|title=Domena onyx-boox.com jest utrzymywana na serwerach nazwa.pl|url=http://www.onyx-boox.com/onyx-boox-m90/specifications|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321112154/http://www.onyx-boox.com/onyx-boox-m90/specifications|archive-date=2012-03-21|access-date=2020-04-23|website=www.onyx-boox.com}} X61S{{cite web|title=Onyx Boox X61S review (in Polish)|url=https://www.tips51.com/onyx-boox-x61s-review-in-polish/|access-date=2020-05-05|archive-date=2020-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930022825/https://www.tips51.com/onyx-boox-x61s-review-in-polish/|url-status=live}} and Pocketbook Touch.{{cite web|title=The PocketBook Touch model is a device for reading which combines all the best and most important characteristics of a modern reader|url=http://www.pocketbook-int.com/au/products/pocketbook-touch#specifications|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605195949/http://www.pocketbook-int.com/au/products/pocketbook-touch#specifications|archive-date=2015-06-05|access-date=2015-05-29|work=pocketbook-int.com}}

E Ink Mobius is an E Ink display using a flexible plastic backplane, so it can resist small impacts and some flexing.{{cite web|title=Types of displays of e-book readers|url=http://e-ink-reader.ru/display_en.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303125301/http://e-ink-reader.ru/display_en.html|archive-date=2015-03-03|access-date=2014-02-24}} Products using this include Sony Digital Paper DPT-S1,{{cite web|title=Sony's found the perfect use for its $1,100 Digital Paper: HR forms|date=22 April 2014 |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/04/22/sony-digital-paper-hr-dept/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531201315/http://www.engadget.com/2014/04/22/sony-digital-paper-hr-dept/|archive-date=2016-05-31|access-date=2017-08-26}} Pocketbook CAD Reader Flex,{{cite web|title=$574 Pocketbook CAD Reader Delayed Until Next Year, Will Have a 13.3" Mobius E-ink Screen|date=17 June 2014 |url=http://the-digital-reader.com/2014/06/17/574-pocketbook-cad-reader-delayed-next-year-will-mobius-screen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215060147/http://the-digital-reader.com/2014/06/17/574-pocketbook-cad-reader-delayed-next-year-will-mobius-screen/|archive-date=2014-12-15|access-date=2014-12-04}} Dasung Paperlike HD and Onyx Boox MAX 3.

E Ink Triton, announced in November 2010, is a color display that is easy to read in high light. The Triton is able to display 16 shades of gray, and 4,096 colors.{{Citation|title=Triton|url=http://www.eink.com/Triton_Press_Release_Final.pdf|type=press release|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212064348/https://www.eink.com/Triton_Press_Release_Final.pdf|publisher=E Ink|access-date=2020-04-23|archive-date=2019-12-12|url-status=live}} E Ink Triton is used in commercially available products such as the Hanvon color e-reader,{{cite news|last=Taub|first=Eric A|date=November 7, 2010|title=Color Comes to E Ink Screens|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/08/technology/08ink.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208151406/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/08/technology/08ink.html|archive-date=February 8, 2017}} JetBook Color made by ectaco and PocketBook Color Lux made by PocketBook.

E Ink Triton 2 is the last generation of E Ink Triton color displays. The e-readers featuring it appeared in 2013. They include Ectaco Jetbook Color 2 and Pocketbook Color Lux.{{Citation|last=Kozlowski|first=Michael|title=Hands on with E-Ink Triton 2 and Prototype Front Lite Technology|url=http://goodereader.com/blog/e-reader/hands-on-with-e-ink-triton-2-and-prototype-front-lite-technology|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225131839/http://goodereader.com/blog/e-reader/hands-on-with-e-ink-triton-2-and-prototype-front-lite-technology|publisher=good ereader|access-date=2013-12-24|archive-date=2013-12-25|url-status=live}}{{Citation|last=Kozlowski|first=Michael|title=Review of the Pocketbook Color Lux eReader|url=http://goodereader.com/blog/electronic-readers/review-of-the-pocketbook-color-lux-ereader|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225131527/http://goodereader.com/blog/electronic-readers/review-of-the-pocketbook-color-lux-ereader|publisher=Good ereader|access-date=2013-12-24|archive-date=2013-12-25|url-status=live}}

E Ink Carta, announced in January 2013 at International CES, features 768 by 1024 resolution on 6-inch displays, with 212 ppi pixel density.{{Citation|title=E Ink's future foretold at CES: Next-gen will be high-res, support color|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/2024917/e-inks-future-foretold-at-ces-next-gen-will-be-high-res-support-color.html|newspaper=PC world|type=video|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119141103/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2024917/e-inks-future-foretold-at-ces-next-gen-will-be-high-res-support-color.html|access-date=2020-04-23|archive-date=2017-01-19|url-status=live}} Named Carta, it is used in the Kindle Paperwhite 2 (2013), the Pocketbook Touch Lux 3 (2015),{{cite web|title=PocketBook Touch Lux 3 retains all flagship e-reader's traits, and has achieved an important enhancement – the latest E Ink Carta display with HD resolution (1024x758 pixels).|url=http://www.pocketbook-int.com/au/products/pocketbook-touch-lux-3#specifications|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529044424/http://www.pocketbook-int.com/au/products/pocketbook-touch-lux-3#specifications|archive-date=2015-05-29|publisher=Pocketbook}} and the [https://nz.kobobooks.com/products/kobo-nia#tab-2 Kobo Nia] (2020).

E Ink Carta HD features a 1080 by 1440 resolution on a 6" screen with 300 ppi. It is used in many eReaders including all new Kindle model lines since 2014 (Voyage, Oasis, Scribe) as well as the Paperwhite 3 (2015) and newer, Tolino Vision 2 (2014), Kobo Glo HD (2015),{{cite news|url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/190376-amazon-unveils-high-res-e-ink-kindle-voyage-new-fire-tablet-for-kids-updated-hdx|title=Amazon unveils high-res e-ink Kindle Voyage, new Fire tablet for Kids, updated HDX|publisher=ExtremeTech|date=September 18, 2014|access-date=December 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217220709/http://www.extremetech.com/computing/190376-amazon-unveils-high-res-e-ink-kindle-voyage-new-fire-tablet-for-kids-updated-hdx|archive-date=December 17, 2014|url-status=live}} Nook Glowlight Plus{{cite web|url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/h/nook/glowlight-vs-kindle-paperwhite-voyage/|title=NOOK Gowlight vs Kindle Paperwhite|last=Noble|first=Barnes &|website=Barnes & Noble|access-date=2016-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001212001/http://www.barnesandnoble.com/h/nook/glowlight-vs-kindle-paperwhite-voyage/|archive-date=2016-10-01|url-status=live}} (2015), Cybook Muse Frontlight, PocketBook Touch HD{{cite news|url=https://goodereader.com/blog/electronic-readers/pocketbook-touch-hd-review|title=Pocketbook Touch HD Review|publisher=goodereader.com|date=July 31, 2017|access-date=March 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323220237/https://goodereader.com/blog/electronic-readers/pocketbook-touch-hd-review|archive-date=March 23, 2018|url-status=live}} (2016), PocketBook Touch HD 2 (2017), and the Kobo Clara HD{{cite web|url=https://us.kobobooks.com/products/kobo-clara-hd|title=Kobo Clara HD|last=Store|first=Rakuten Kobo eReader|website=Rakuten Kobo eReader Store|language=en|access-date=2018-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715211011/https://us.kobobooks.com/products/kobo-clara-hd|archive-date=2018-07-15|url-status=live}} (2018).

The original E Ink Carta display was renamed to Carta 1000, and refinements in Carta 1100 and Carta 1200 improved response times and display contrast.{{cite web |title=Electronic Ink Film |url=https://www.eink.com/e-ink-film.html |website=E Ink |access-date=1 December 2022}} A later refinement in Carta 1250 improved response times and contrast again.{{cite web |title=E Ink, Wacom and Linfiny Announce Next-Generation Digital eNote Solutions With Android OS, Wacom's EMR Technology and the Latest E Ink Carta™ 1250 |url=https://www.eink.com/news/detail/E-Ink,-Wacom-and-Linfiny-Announce-Next-Generation-Digital-eNote-Solutions-With-Android-OS,-Wacom%E2%80%99s-EMR-Technology-and-the-Latest-E-Ink-Carta%E2%84%A2-1250|website=E Ink |access-date=12 April 2024}}

E Ink Carta and Carta HD displays support Regal waveform technology, which reduces the need for page refreshes.Nate Hoffelder (September 4, 2013) [http://the-digital-reader.com/2013/09/04/e-ink-announces-new-4th-gen-screen-tech-carta/ E-ink Announces New (4th-Gen) Screen Tech – Carta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012032512/http://the-digital-reader.com/2013/09/04/e-ink-announces-new-4th-gen-screen-tech-carta/ |date=2016-10-12 }}

The overall contrast in a product depends on the entire panel stack, including touch sensor and front light (when provided).{{cite web

|url=https://blog.the-ebook-reader.com/2021/06/26/is-kobo-elipsas-new-e-ink-carta-1200-screen-just-a-marketing-gimmick/

|accessdate=24 August 2023

|title=Is Kobo Elipsa's New E Ink Carta 1200 Screen Just a Marketing Gimmick?

|last1=Groezinger

|first1=Nathan

|date=26 June 2021

|website=the-ebook-reader.com

|publisher=Nathan Groezinger as sole proprietor

}}

E Ink Spectra is a three pigment display. The display uses microcups, each of which contains three pigments.{{cite web|url=https://www.eink.com/electronic-ink.html|title=Technology, Electronic Ink|website=E Ink|access-date=22 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223051209/https://www.eink.com/electronic-ink.html|archive-date=23 February 2018|url-status=live}} It is available for retail and electronic shelf tag labels. It is currently produced with black, white and red or black, white and yellow pigments.{{cite web|url=https://www.eink.com/color-technology.html|title=Technology, Color|website=E Ink|access-date=22 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223051010/https://www.eink.com/color-technology.html|archive-date=23 February 2018|url-status=live}}

Advanced Color ePaper (ACeP) was announced at SID Display Week in May 2016. The display contains four pigments in each microcapsule or microcup thereby eliminating the need for a color filter overlay. The pigments used are cyan, magenta, yellow and white, enabling display of a full color gamut and up to 32,000 colors. Initially targeted at the in-store signage market, with 20-inch displays with a resolution of 1600 by 2500 pixels at 150 ppi with a two-second refresh rate,{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160524006209/en/Ink-Announces-Advanced-Color-ePaper-Breakthrough-Technology|title=E Ink Announces Advanced Color ePaper, a Breakthrough Technology for Color EPD Applications|author=Diaz, Jon|date=2016-05-24|access-date=2016-05-24|publisher=BusinessWire|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525115140/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160524006209/en/Ink-Announces-Advanced-Color-ePaper-Breakthrough-Technology|archive-date=2016-05-25|url-status=live}} it began shipping for signage purposes in late 2018.{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/8/28/17791382/e-ink-advanced-colored-epaper-acep-kindle |website=The Verge |title=Colored E Ink is now shipping, but it still has a long way before it hits e-readers |date=28 August 2018 |access-date=2019-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118010727/https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/8/28/17791382/e-ink-advanced-colored-epaper-acep-kindle |archive-date=2019-11-18 |url-status=live }} It is also being commercially manufactured for e-readers under the name E Ink Gallery 3. The first readers started shipping in 2023, however some planned e-readers were later postponed due to supply issues.{{cite web |title=Bunte Aussichten für 2023: PocketBook Viva mit neuester Farbtechnologie |url=https://pocketbook.de/de_de/news/bunte-aussichten-fuer-2023-pocketbook-viva-mit-neuester-farbtechnologie |website=PocketBook.de |language=German |date=2022-12-17}}

E Ink Kaleido, originally announced in December 2019{{cite web |url=https://blog.the-ebook-reader.com/2019/12/18/e-ink-releasing-new-color-screens-print-color-e-ink/ |title=E Ink Releasing New "Print-Color" Screens for eReaders and Notebooks | The eBook Reader Blog |publisher=Blog.the-ebook-reader.com |date= 18 December 2019|accessdate=2022-02-14 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414014105/https://blog.the-ebook-reader.com/2019/12/18/e-ink-releasing-new-color-screens-print-color-e-ink/ |url-status=live }} as "Print Color", is the first of a new generation of color displays based on one of E Ink's greyscale displays with a color filter layer. E Ink Kaleido uses a plastic color filter layer, unlike the glass filter layer used in the E Ink Triton family of displays.{{cite web |url=https://www.eink.com/color-technology.html |title=E Ink │ Color |website=www.eink.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427102113/https://www.eink.com/color-technology.html |archive-date=27 April 2020 |url-status=dead}} Kaleido Plus and Kaleido 3 were released in 2021{{cite web |title=E Ink Releases Latest Generation Print Color Display: E Ink Kaleido™ Plus |url=https://www.eink.com/news/detail/E-Ink-Releases-Latest-Generation-Print-Color-Display:-E-Ink-Kaleido%E2%84%A2-Plus |website=www.eink.com |access-date=1 May 2023}} and 2023{{cite web |title=E Ink Launches E Ink Kaleido™ 3 Outdoor ePaper Technology |url=https://www.eink.com/news/detail/E-Ink-Launches-E-Ink-Kaleido-3-Outdoor-ePaper-Technology |website=www.eink.com |access-date=1 May 2023}} respectively, further improving performance and pixel density.

• Comparison of e-readers
• Plastic Logic

{{reflist}}

• [http://www.eink.com/ Official Site] of E Ink Corporation
• [http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/e-ink.htm Howstuffworks review on Electronic Ink]
• [http://vimeo.com/36255307 Interview with Russ Wilcox], E Ink co-founder, vice-president and (from 2003 to 2010) CEO. 89 minutes.

{{Display technology}}

{{Writing}}

Category:Display technology

Category:Electronic paper technology

Category:Display technology companies

Category:Electronics companies of the United States

Category:Companies based in Billerica, Massachusetts