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E language

{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan mixed language from Tai and Chinese}}

{{for-multi|the computer programming language|E (programming language)|the grammar theory|E-language}}

{{Original research|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox language

| name = E

| altname = Ei, Wuse

| nativename = {{lang|eee|Kjang E}}

| region = Guangxi

| speakers = 5,000

| date = 2016

| ref =

| familycolor = mixed

| family = mixed Tai–Pinghua

| iso3 = eee

| glotto = eeee1240

| glottorefname = E

| map = File:Guangxi in China (+all claims hatched).svg

| mapcaption = Guangxi, of which E is spoken in a small area

| pronunciation = {{IPA|[ɛ˥]}}, {{IPA|[kiaŋ˥ ɛ˥]}}

| states = China

}}

E ({{IPA|eee|ɛ˥}}), also known as Ei, Wuse, or Wusehua, ({{lang-zh|t=五色話|s=五色话|p=Wǔsèhuà|l=colored language}}) is a Tai–Chinese mixed language spoken primarily in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi, China. It contains features of both Tai and Chinese varieties, generally adopting Chinese vocabulary into Tai grammar. E is a tonal language—distinguishing between seven tones—and contains a few rare phonemes: voiceless versions of the more common nasal consonants and alveolar lateral approximant.

Etymology

The E language's unusual name, which is also an autonym, derives from the pinyin transliteration of the rare Mandarin syllable {{lang-zh|t=誒|s=诶|p=ê̄|labels=no}} ({{IPA|eee|ɛ˥}}), which conventionally denotes an expression of affirmation (and is distinguished from ē in pinyin by the use of a circumflex).{{sfn|Edmondson|1992|p=138}}{{sfn|Unihan Database|1991}} The language's speakers also refer to their language as Kjang E {{IPA|eee|kiaŋ˥ ɛ˥|}}.{{sfn|Edmondson|1992|p=138}} Wusehua is a derogatory name for E.{{sfn|Encyclopedia of Linguistics|2003|p=207}}

Geographical distribution

File:Guilin.jpg people in Guilin]]

In 1992, E was spoken by about 30,000 people,{{e18|eee}}{{sfn|Edmondson|1992|p=138}} but by 2008 this number had dwindled to 9,000.{{sfn|Greenhill|Blust|Gray|2008}} Gao (2016) reported that there were 5,000 speakers of E.Gao, Huan 高欢. 2016. Guangxi Ronghsui Aihua yanjiu 广西融水诶话研究. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社. Most E speakers are classified as Zhuang by the Chinese government. E speakers live in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County and border areas of Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County in Guangxi. In Rongshui County, the three main villages inhabited by E speakers are Xiatan 下覃村, Simo 四莫村, and Xinglong 兴隆村 in Yongle Township 永乐乡. E speakers' most commonly spoken other languages are the Liujia dialect (六甲话) of Yue Chinese and the Guiliu variant of Southwestern Mandarin.

Phonology

E's consonant and vowel inventories are mostly similar to those of its parent languages. However, it contains a few unusual consonants: the voiceless nasal consonants {{IPAblink|n̥}}, {{IPAblink|ŋ̥}}, {{IPAblink|m̥}}, and the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant {{IPAblink|l̥}}. All are voiceless versions of consonants that, in most languages, are always voiced. E allows syllabic consonants and diphthongs.{{sfn|Greenhill|Blust|Gray|2008}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+E consonants

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" |Labial

! colspan="2" |Dental/
Alveolar

! rowspan="2" |Palatal

! colspan="2" |Velar

! rowspan="2" |Glottal

{{small|plain}} || {{small|sibilant}}

!{{small|plain}} || {{small|labialized}}

rowspan="2" |Nasal

!{{Small|voiced}}

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|n}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|

|

{{small|voiceless}}

|{{IPA link|m̥}}

|{{IPA link|n̥}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|ŋ̥}}

|

|

rowspan="2" |Plosive

!{{small|unaspirated}}

|{{IPA link|p}}

|{{IPA link|t}}

|{{IPA link|t͡s}}

|

|{{IPA link|k}}

|{{IPA link|kʷ}}

|

{{small|aspirated}}

|{{IPA link|pʰ}}

|{{IPA link|tʰ}}

|{{IPA link|t͡sʰ}}

|

|{{IPA link|kʰ}}

|

|

colspan="2" |Fricative

|{{IPA link|f}}

|

|{{IPA link|s}}

|{{IPA link|ɕ}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|h}}

rowspan="2" |Approximant

!{{Small|voiced}}

|

|{{IPA link|l}}

|

|{{IPA link|j}}

|

|{{IPA link|w}}

|

{{small|voiceless}}

|

|{{IPA link|l̥}}

|

|

|

|

|

class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center"

|+E vowels

!

! colspan="2" |Front

!Central

!Back

Close

|{{IPA link|i}}

|{{IPA link|y}}

|

|{{IPA link|u}}

Mid

| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|e}}

|{{IPA link|ə}}

|{{IPA link|o}}

Open

| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɛ}}

|{{IPA link|a}}

|

Like most Southeast Asian languages, including Tai and the varieties of Chinese, E is tonal.{{sfn|Edmondson|1992|pp=135–144}} The language is described as having seven tones, with the seventh varying allophonically with the length of the vowel it is attached to. With numbers ranging from 1 to 5, with 1 being the lowest tone and 5 the highest, the contours of the various tones in E are as follows.{{sfn|Greenhill|Blust|Gray|2008}}

class="wikitable"

|+Tone contours

colspan="2" | Number

!Contour

!Tone letter

colspan="2" | 1.

|42

|˦˨

colspan="2" | 2.

|231

|˨˧˩

colspan="2" | 3.

|44

|˦

colspan="2" | 4.

|35

|˧˥

colspan="2" | 5.

|24

|˨˦

colspan="2" | 6.

|55

|˥

rowspan="2" | 7.

!{{small|short}}

|24

|˨˦

{{small|long}}

|22

|˨

Grammar and lexicon

E is usually classified as a mixed language deriving ultimately from the Tai-Kadai and Sino-Tibetan families, which both inhabit southern China and Southeast Asia.{{sfn|Encyclopedia of Linguistics|2003|p=207}} Some non-Chinese scholars, however, consider it a Tai-Kadai language with Chinese influence.{{sfn|Moseley|2012|p=72}} Whatever its classification, the grammar resembles that of the Tai branch of Tai-Kadai. E's grammatical features appear to be a mix of Northern Zhuang, Mulam, and Kam.{{sfn|Edmondson|1992|pp=135–144}} The Caolan language of Vietnam also displays many similarities with E.{{sfn|Edmondson|1992|pp=135–144}}

The vocabulary, however, is mostly Chinese, based on Guiliu and the Tuguai variant of Pinghua.{{sfn|Edmondson|1992|pp=135–144}} Out of the 2,000 most commonly used E words, only about 200 are of Tai-Kadai origin.{{sfn|Sun|Hu|Huang|2007|pp=2596–2620}} E also inherits elements of these Chinese dialects' phonology and compound word formation. E morphology is primarily analytic, with concepts such as negation expressed with auxiliary words (pat6, m2) and no pronominal agreement.{{sfn|Greenhill|Blust|Gray|2008}}

In its pronouns, E distinguishes for person between first, second, and third; in number between singular and plural; and, in the case of the first-person plural, between inclusive and exclusive we. E does not, however, make distinctions for grammatical gender.{{sfn|Greenhill|Blust|Gray|2008}}

{{col-begin}}

{{col-2}}

class="wikitable"

|+Pronouns

Person

!Singular

!Plural

1.

|ku1

|lau2 (incl.)
kju1 (excl.)

2.

|ŋ2

|su1

3.

|mo5

|mo5 kjau1

{{col-2}}

class="wikitable"

|+Numbers

No.

!E

!No.

!E

1

|je꞉t6

!6

|l̥ok6
lok7

2

|soŋ1
ŋ̥i5

!7

|tshat6

3

|sam1

!8

|pe꞉t6

4

|si4

!9

|kjəu3

5

|ŋ̥a3
ŋo3

!10

|tɕəp7
ɕəp7

{{col-3}}

{{col-end}}

Notes

{{reflist}}

References

{{Portal|China|Languages}}

{{refbegin}}

  • {{Cite book |last=Edmondson |first=Jerold A. |title=The Language Game: Papers in Memory of Donald C. Laycock |date=1992 |publisher=Australian National University |editor-last=Dutton |editor-first=Tom |location=Canberra |pages=135–144 |language=en |chapter=Fusion and Diffusion in E, Guangxi Province, China |hdl=1885/145788 |author-link=Jerold A. Edmondson |editor-last2=Ross |editor-first2=Malcolm |editor-last3=Tyron |editor-first3=Darrell |hdl-access=free}}
  • Gao, Huan 高欢. 2016. Guangxi Ronghsui Aihua yanjiu 广西融水诶话研究. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
  • {{Cite web |last=Greenhill |first=S. J. |last2=Blust |first2=R. |last3=Gray |first3=R. D. |date=2008 |title=The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics – Language: Wusehua (Rongshui) |url=http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=935 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413010724/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=935 |archive-date=2017-04-13 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=University of Auckland |language=en}}
  • {{Cite book |title=Zhōngguó de yǔyán |date=2007 |publisher=Shangwu yinshuguan |isbn=978-7100043632 |editor-last=Sun |editor-first=Hongkai 孙宏开 |language=zh |script-title=zh:中国的语言 |trans-title=The Languages of China |editor-last2=Hu |editor-first2=Zengyi 胡增益 |editor-last3=Huang |editor-first3=Xing 黄行}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Moseley |first=Christopher |title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |date=2012 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-0-956-60524-5 |language=en}}
  • {{Cite book |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE–Esperanto |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-195-16783-2 |volume=1 |language=en |ref={{sfnref|Encyclopedia of Linguistics|2003}}}}
  • {{Cite web |title=Unihan Data for U+8A92 |url=https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=8A92 |access-date=November 23, 2014 |publisher=Unicode.org |language=en |ref={{sfnref|Unihan Database|1991}}}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Wei |first=Maofan 韦茂繁 |date=2011 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |isbn=978-7-105-11365-1 |location=Beijing Shi |language=zh |script-title=zh:五色话研究 |trans-title=A Study of Wusehua}}

{{refend}}

{{Languages of China}}

{{Tai-Kadai languages}}

Category:Analytic languages

Category:Isolating languages

Category:Languages of Guangxi

Category:Liuzhou

Category:Mixed languages

Category:Chinese-based pidgins and creoles

Category:Tai languages

Category:Tonal languages