Eastern Front (Sudan)
{{Short description|Coalition of rebel groups operating in eastern Sudan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Citations|date=October 2024}}
{{infobox war faction
|name=Eastern Front
|native_name=
|native_name_lang=
|war=Second Sudanese Civil War
|image=250px
|caption=Flag of the Eastern Front
|active=
|ideology=
|leaders=Musa Mohamed Ahmed (Chairman)
|clans=SPLA
Beja Congress
Rashaida Free Lions
JEM
FAES
|headquarters=
|area=Eastern Sudan
|size=
|partof=
|predecessor=
|successor=
|allies={{Flag|Eritrea}}
|opponents={{Flag|Sudan}}
|battles=Second Sudanese Civil War
|url=
}}
The Eastern Front ({{Langx|ar|الجبهة الشرقية|translit=al-Jabhah al-Sharqīyah}}) was a coalition of rebel groups operating in eastern Sudan along the border with Eritrea, particularly the states of Red Sea and Kassala. The Eastern Front's Chairman is Musa Mohamed Ahmed. While the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) was the primary member of the Eastern Front, the SPLA was obliged to leave by the January 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement that ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. Their place was taken in February 2004 after the merger of the larger Beja Congress with the smaller Rashaida Free Lions, two tribal based groups of the Beja and Rashaida people, respectively.[http://www.unmis.org/English/documents/mmr/MMR2006/MMR-jan04.pdf "UNMIS Media Monitoring Report, 4 January 2006 (By Public Information Office)]," United Nations Mission in Sudan The Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), a rebel group from Darfur in the west, then joined.
File:Eastern Front (sudan) 2.PNG, Al Qadarif, and the Red Sea states (in red), all of which border Eritrea (in light blue). The Red Sea is marked in blue]]
Demands
Both the Free Lions and the Beja Congress stated that government inequity in the distribution of oil profits was the cause of their rebellion.{{cn|date=October 2024}} They demanded to have a greater say in the composition of the national government, which has been seen as a destabilizing influence on the agreement ending the conflict in Southern Sudan.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The Eastern Front was strengthened after 17 Beja rioters were killed by police in Port Sudan in late January 2005 and angry young Beja men began to join rebel camps in Eritrea.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The Eritrean government in Asmara supported the Eastern Front apparently in retaliation for Sudanese support to the Eritrean Islamist factions.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Meanwhile, the JEM has formed an alliance with the Eastern Front and moved troops into the region apparently in an attempt to position itself as a national movement, rather than one limited to its Darfur homeland.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The Eastern Front also demand the liberation of Hala'ib Triangle from Egyptian occupation and its restitution to Sudanese sovereignty, as was the case prior to the 1990s.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
Sudanese government response
The Eastern Front had threatened to block the flow of crude oil, which travels from the oil fields of the south-central regions to outside markets through Port Sudan.{{cn|date=October 2024}} A government plan to build a second oil refinery near Port Sudan was also threatened.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The government was reported to have three times as many soldiers in the east to suppress the rebellion and protect vital infrastructure as in the more widely reported Darfur region.{{cn|date=October 2024}} There were also rumors that the government is considering unleashing militias, similar to the Janjaweed of the Darfur conflict, against the Rashaida and Beja.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
Peace talks and agreement
The Eritrean government in mid-2006 dramatically changed their position on the conflict.{{cn|date=October 2024}} From being the main supporter of the Eastern Front they decided that bringing the Sudanese government around the negotiating table for a possible agreement with the rebels would be in their best interests.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The International Crisis Group suggests this is because they want to avoid any conflict on their Sudanese border in case of war with Ethiopia.[http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3858&CFID=369252&CFTOKEN=88007739 "Sudan: Saving Peace in the East"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016233044/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3858&CFID=369252&CFTOKEN=88007739 |date=16 October 2006 }}, International Crisis Group, 5 January 2006
They were successful in their attempts and on 19 June 2006, the two sides signed an agreement on declaration of principles.{{cite web|url=http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_005181.html |title=Sudanese government and East Sudan Front sign document on action program regarding the signing of security and military agreement |publisher=Eritrean Ministry of Information |date=2006-07-03 |accessdate=2006-10-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719151254/http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_005181.html |archivedate=19 July 2006 |url-status=dead }} This was the start of four months of Eritrean-mediated negotiations for a comprehensive peace agreement between the Sudanese government and the Eastern Front, which culminated in signing of the Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement on 14 October 2006, in Asmara.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
The agreement covers security issues, power sharing at a federal and regional level, and wealth sharing in regard to the three Eastern states Kassala, Red Sea and Al Qadarif.{{cite web|url=http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_005582.html |title=Sudanese Government of National Unity and East Sudan Front sign Historic Peace Agreement in Asmara |publisher=Eritrean Ministry of Information |date=2006-10-14 |accessdate=2006-10-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028170535/http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_005582.html |archivedate=28 October 2006 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=55962|title=SUDAN: Gov't, eastern rebels sign peace agreement|publisher=IRIN|date=2006-10-16|accessdate=2006-10-16|archive-date=28 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128085952/http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=55962|url-status=dead}} It also established an Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council to enhance coordination and cooperation between the three states.{{Cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/Eastern_Sudan_Peace_Agreement.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 February 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930022307/http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/Eastern_Sudan_Peace_Agreement.pdf |url-status=dead }}
On 8 January 2011 the Federal Alliance of Eastern Sudan (FAES), a splinter group of the former rebel Eastern Front, merged with the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM).{{cn|date=October 2024}}
See also
Notes and references
{{reflist}}
External links
- {{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4118678.stm|title=Q&A: Sudan's eastern rebellion|publisher=BBC News|date=2005-06-23|accessdate=2006-10-15}}
- [http://peacemaker.un.org/node/403 Full text of the Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement], UN Peacemaker
- [http://www.janpronk.nl/index120.html 'A breakthrough: Peace in Eastern Sudan.'], blog post by UN envoy to Sudan Jan Pronk, 21 October 2006
- [http://members.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/SD_INS.htm?v=in_detail Crisis briefing on east Sudan's insurgency]{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from Reuters AlertNet
Category:Rebel groups in Sudan
Category:Military history of Sudan