Echinoderma asperum

First described by the eminent 19th-century mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon as Agaricus asper, the freckled dapperling has been through several taxonomical name changes. Lucien Quélet moved it to genus Lepiota and since then it has long been known as Lepiota aspera (Pers.) Quel. For a time it was placed with the other "spiny" Lepiota species into a separate sub-genus called Echinoderma, and in 1978 Marcel Bon put it into Cystolepiota. Then in 1991 Bon created the new genus Echinoderma for this and similar brownish warty species, and the new name Echinoderma asperum is almost universally accepted in more recent publications.

This same species was described by Weinmann in 1824 as Agaricus acutesquamosus and by Wilhelm Gottfried Lasch in 1828 as Agaricus friesii, giving rise to corresponding synonyms in genera Lepiota and Echinoderma. Although most authorities now consider all these names to be synonyms, Meinhard Michael Moser separated the acutesquamosum form from the asperum form as different species, on the basis that the latter has forking gills and the former not.

The species name is the Latin adjective "asper" (with feminine: "aspera" and neuter "asperum"), meaning "rough".

The cap is oval at first, becoming convex (or campanulate) with age. It is uniform reddish/brown or brown at the centre, breaking up into erect pyramidal scales on a paler ground; it is up to {{Convert|10|cm|frac=4}} wide.{{Cite book |last=Audubon |title=Mushrooms of North America |publisher=Knopf |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-593-31998-7 |pages=562}} The stem is paler, around 10 cm in length, and has sparse brown scales below the ring. The ring itself is large and cottony, sometimes adhering to the cap perimeter, and often taking brownish scales from there; these are seen at its edge. The gills have a tendency to fork and are free, crowded, and white, with the spore print being white also. The flesh is white, and is said to smell of rubber, earth balls (Scleroderma citrinum), or the mushroom Lepiota cristata.

The brownish scales on the cap and the lower part of the stem and the white gills make the genus Echinoderma quite distinctive, but E. asperum could be confused with other members, such as E. calcicola (which has warts the same colour as the background and non-forking gills which are less crowded) and the rare E. hystrix (which is darker and has dark gill-edges).

Echinoderma asperum appears during autumn in deciduous woodland, or in parks and gardens where wood chip mulch has been used. It has been recorded widely in northern temperate zones – varying between common and quite rare in Europe and North Africa, it occurs in North America, and it has been reported in Japan, Australia and New Zealand.

A study on the diversity of L. aspera species in northern Thailand, conducted between 2007-2010 in the Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces, reported the collection of approximately 73 Lepiota mushrooms representing 33 species. These species were distributed as follows: 11 in the Stenosporae group, 8 in Ovisporae, 6 in Lepiota, 5 in Liliaceae, and 3 in Echinacea. The highest diversity was observed in the Stenosporae group, which contributed to a diversity index of 2.20.

Although sometimes listed as edible, this mushroom has been shown to cause alcohol intolerance and may be poisonous. It also resembles some species of the Amanita genus, which includes some deadly species.{{cite book|last1=Miller Jr.|first1=Orson K.|title=North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi|last2=Miller|first2=Hope H.|publisher=FalconGuide|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7627-3109-1|location=Guilford, CN|pages=55}}

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{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite web |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/asper#Latin |title=asper |work=Wiktionary |publisher=Wikimedia |access-date=2017-05-26}}

{{cite book | author = Regis Courtecuisse and Bernard Duhem | year = 1995 | title = Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe | publisher = Harper Collins | isbn = 978-0-00-220025-7}}

{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://eol.org/pages/11456343/overview |title=Echinoderma asperum page |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Life |access-date=2017-05-23}} But the EOL also treats Lepiota aspera as if it were a separate species.

{{cite book |author1=Eyssartier, G. |author2=Roux, P. |title=Le guide des champignons France et Europe |language=French |publisher=Belin |year=2013 |page=340 |isbn=978-2-7011-8289-6 }}

{{cite book |editor-first1=H. |editor-last1=Knudsen |editor-first2=J. |editor-last2=Vesterholt |title=Funga Nordica Agaricoid, boletoid and cyphelloid genera |publisher=Nordsvamp |location=Copenhagen |year=2008 |page=536 |isbn=978-87-983961-3-0}} This work wrongly gives the species name as "aspera".

See the [https://www.gbif.org/species/5243011 Global Biodiversity Information Facility page], which gives the current name and shows the geographical distribution.

{{cite journal | pmid = 21370948 | doi=10.3109/15563650.2011.554840 | volume=49 | issue=2 | title=Case series: Alcohol intolerance with Coprine-like syndrome after consumption of the mushroom Lepiota aspera (Pers.:Fr.) Quél., 1886 (Freckled Dapperling) | date=February 2011 | journal=Clin Toxicol | pages=113–4 | last1 = Haberl | first1 = B | last2 = Pfab | first2 = R | last3 = Berndt | first3 = S | last4 = Greifenhagen | first4 = C | last5 = Zilker | first5 = T| s2cid=43434106 }}

{{cite book | author = Marcel Bon |author-link =Marcel Bon | year = 1987 | title = The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North Western Europe | page = 282 | publisher = Hodder and Stoughton | isbn = 978-0-340-39935-4}}

See {{cite book |author =Meinhard Moser |author-link =Meinhard Moser |translator = Simon Plant|title=Keys to Agarics and Boleti |publisher=Roger Phillips |location=London |year=1983 |page=242 |isbn=978-0-9508486-0-0}}

{{cite web |url=https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0001487131 |title=Lepiota aspera page |work=National Biodiversity Network |access-date=2017-05-23}} This page states that the accepted name for Lepiota aspera is Echinoderma asperum.

{{cite book | author = Roger Phillips | year = 2006 | title = Mushrooms | publisher = Pan MacMillan | isbn = 978-0-330-44237-4}} Or alternatively {{cite book | author = Roger Phillips | year = 2006 | title = Mushrooms | publisher = Pan MacMillan | isbn = 978-0-330-44237-4}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/GSDSpecies.asp?RecordID=354364 |title=Echinoderma asperum page |work=Species Fungorum |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2017-05-23}}

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Category:Agaricaceae

Category:Fungi of Europe

Category:Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon

Category:Fungus species