Edith Williams
{{About|the Canadian veterinarian|others with the same name|Edith Williams (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Edith Williams
| image = Edith_Bickerton_Williams.jpg
| alt =
| caption = 1941 graduation photograph
| birth_name = Edith Bickerton Williams
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1899|06|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = York, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1979|11|24|1899|06|24|df=y}}
| death_place = Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| nationality = Canadian
| other_names = Bud Williams
| occupation = farmer, veterinarian
| years_active = 1927-1976
| known_for = archive of letters with her partner Frieda Fraser
| notable_works =
}}
Edith Williams (24 June 1899 – 24 November 1979) was a Canadian veterinarian, the second woman from the country to complete her training at the Ontario Veterinary College and life partner of Dr Frieda Fraser. Initially entering university in 1916, Williams dropped out after one year. After a three-year trip abroad while she worked as a clerk in a bank and the Canadian immigration office, she returned to Toronto and took up farming on a farm she had inherited. After ten years of raising livestock, Williams was accepted into veterinary school and graduated in 1941. For the next twenty-five years, she had a private small-animal veterinary practice in Toronto. During the periods when Fraser and Williams were separated, they wrote letters daily. Their correspondence was preserved and donated after Fraser's death to the University of Toronto libraries. It is a unique portrait of lesbian life in the early twentieth century, as few such records have survived.
Early life
Edith Bickerton Williams, was born on 24 June 1899 in York, Toronto, Ontario, Canada to Mary Jane (née Mitchell) and Arthur Robins Williams.{{sfn|Archives of Ontario|1899|p=165}}{{sfn|Fraser Family fonds|1992}} Her father was originally from Birmingham, England{{sfn||Archives of Ontario|1921}} and worked as an insurance clerk.{{sfn|Duder|2011|p=6}} She had two older sisters, Mary and Betty and was early on given the nickname "Bud", possibly because her parents had hoped for a son,{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=6}} or possibly because a niece or nephew had trouble pronouncing Edith.{{sfn|Butcher|2009|p=50}} Williams attended a private girls' school, Glen Mawr, in Toronto for ten years before enrolling in University College in 1916.{{sfn|Fraser Family fonds|1992}} Joining the Kappa Alpha Theta sorority, Williams met Frieda Fraser in 1917, beginning a relationship that would last through her lifetime.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=189}}{{sfn|Kappa Alpha Theta Magazine|1917|p=207}} After attending only one year, she dropped out but continued to see Fraser{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=6}} and exchanged letters with her whenever they were apart.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=72}} After her father's death in 1921,{{sfn||Archives of Ontario|1921}} Williams' family increasingly pressed her to find a husband. In 1925, concerned that the two women were spending too much time together, the family sent her to England to care for two aging aunts.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=6}}{{sfn|Wencer|2016}}
Career
Arriving in England, Williams initially took a position in a bank{{sfn|Wencer|2016}} in London. After some time, she began working as a clerk in the London branch of the Ontario Immigration Department, processing emigration forms for people wanting to move to Canada.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=6}} During this time, the letters which she and Fraser exchanged became more intense and were an almost daily occurrence. In the letters they solidified their relationship discussing their parents' objections, their devotion to each other, their work,{{sfn|Duder|2011|p=38}} and their dreams. They hoped to live together and raise a child, or even a set of twins.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|pp=226-227, 237}} After nearly three years abroad, Williams returned to Canada initially settling in with her mother while she applied to the Ontario School of Agriculture, but was denied admittance. She had received an inheritance from a relative of a farm near Aurora, Ontario and wanted to gain knowledge about husbandry.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|pp=252-253}} For the next several years, she and Fraser lived apart but within a 30-minute walk from each other at various residences,{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=255}} while Williams repeatedly applied for admittance to the agricultural college and Ontario Veterinary College (OVC) and raised poultry on her farm.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=7}}
In 1933, Williams moved to the farm full-time, returning to Toronto only on weekends to sell her produce and see Fraser. Her mother lived with her and they rented the Toronto family home to earn money.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|pp=255-256}} Finally in 1937, Williams was accepted at the Veterinary College and began attending classes{{sfn|Perdue|2014|pp=7, 266-267}} and that same year Fraser's mother died, finally opening a path for the couple to live together.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=267}} Though the only woman in her class, Williams believed that being a female veterinarian would be an advantage because many pet owners of small animals were women and saw her as empathetic.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|pp=265-266}} Williams graduated in 1941 and after completing a short internship in Montreal, returned to Toronto and opened her own practice.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|pp=7, 266-267}} When she graduated, she was only the second Canadian woman who had been graduated with a veterinary degree from OVC.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=7}}
Williams established her practice at St. Clair and Mount Pleasant in Toronto and she and Fraser rented a house nearby on Heathdale Road.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=267}} That same year, 1941, they took in a child, a war refugee from Britain named Jenny Rodd, who remained with them until the war ended.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|pp=266-267}} Williams specialized as a surgeon for small animals and preferred working with dogs and cats.{{sfn|Coates|1954|p=3}}{{sfn|Butcher|2009|p=43}} Recognizing the biases men had against women working as veterinarians,{{sfn|Wencer|2016}} she took on other women as assistants or partnered her clinic with them, helping such women as Frances M. Gage, Suzanne Morrow Francis and Audrey Ellen Martin, establish their careers.{{sfn|Butcher|2009|p=43}}{{sfn|The Winnipeg Free Press|1962|p=16}}{{sfn|''The Brandon Sun|2015|p=29}}
In her 40s, Williams developed the hobby of mountaineering, but she had always enjoyed the out-of-doors, frequently taking camping or canoeing trips with groups of other women friends.{{sfn|Wencer|2016}} She and Fraser had a wide circle of friends, including such women as Frances Loring and Florence Wyle, for whom she also served as doctor for their cats.{{sfn|Butcher|2009|p=50}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2014|p=11}} In 1959, the couple purchased a house located on Burlington Crescent, near Edith's clinic and lived there until their retirement. At that time, they sold their home and moved to the family farm of Fraser in the town of Burlington, Ontario.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=7}} The farm was located on the Niagara Escarpment, near the Bruce Trail and was in a very scenic setting. Fraser enjoyed gardening and the grounds were well tended. Williams was an outstanding cook, who enjoyed cooking for their frequent guests.{{sfn|Butcher|2009|p=137}}
Death and legacy
Williams had a severe stroke in December 1976 and never fully recovered from it, requiring repeated hospitalizations at Queen Elizabeth Hospital. Fraser drove in daily from Burlington to visit Williams{{sfn|Kennedy|2014|p=11}} until her death on 24 November 1979, after two additional strokes.{{sfn|Fraser Family fonds|1992}} Upon her death, friends collected funds and established a bursary bearing Williams' name at the University of Guelph to be awarded to undergraduate students studying veterinary medicine in financial need.{{sfn|Guelph Alumnus|1982|p=11}}
After Fraser's death, her family donated the couple's letters to the University of Toronto archives. The correspondence covers the period from 1925 to 1941, the period when the couple was separated. A closed archive, it can be accessed with family permission.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=2}} The archive contains nearly 1000 letters and is "one of the largest known collections detailing the experiences of women's same-sex sexuality in early twentieth century North America".{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=3}} The two women did not refer to themselves as lesbian, though they were familiar with the term. Given the cultural norm of their time which depicted same-sex couples as diseased, they referred to themselves as "devoted women", making the distinction that they were not depraved, but had chosen their partnership.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=70}} They used their letters to create and define their relationship and frankly discuss not only other same-sex partnerships,{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=136}}{{sfn|Duder|2000|p=266}} but to evaluate what they believed about their attraction. Both dismissed Freud and pseudo-scientific theories which argued for a natural order that governed human actions,{{sfn|Perdue|2014|pp=162-163}} instead believing that their attraction was biological and innate, and not influenced by promiscuous living or self-loathing.{{sfn|Perdue|2014|pp=168-169, 180}} The collection of letters is an important archive for the historical study of how sexual identity is developed and acknowledged within the contemporary context of an epoch{{sfn|Perdue|2014|p=282-284}}{{sfn|Duder|2000|p=280}} and is a unique collection in that most such archives have not survived.{{sfn|Rynor|1996|p=3}}
References
=Citations=
{{Reflist|20em}}
=Bibliography=
{{refbegin|30em}}
- {{cite book|last=Butcher|first=Alan D.|title=Unlikely Paradise: The Life of Frances Gage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDv6S8TPtZ4C&pg=PA43|year=2009|publisher=Dundurn Press|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|isbn=978-1-77070-616-3}}
- {{cite news|last1=Coates|first1=Richard|title=Dog Owners and Their Pets Eventually Look Alike, Claims Lady Veterinarian|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11229269/the_ottawa_journal/|access-date=27 May 2017|publisher=The Ottawa Journal|date=4 September 1954|location=Ottawa, Ontario, Canada|page=3|via = Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
- {{cite book|last=Duder|first=Cameron|title=Awfully Devoted Women: Lesbian Lives in Canada, 1900-65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQno0D49rH0C&pg=PA36|year=2011|publisher=UBC Press|location=Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada|isbn=978-0-7748-1740-0}}
- {{cite book|last1=Duder|first1=Karen|editor-last1=Montigny|editor-first1=Edgar-André|editor-last2=Chambers|editor-first2=Anne Lorene|title=Ontario Since Confederation: A Reader|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSfenc15ISUC&pg=PA260|year=2000|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|isbn=978-0-8020-8234-3|chapter='That Repulsive Abnormal Creature I Heard of in That Book': Lesbians and Families in Ontario, 1920-1965|pages=260–283}}
- {{cite magazine|last1=Kennedy|first1=John|title=Mom Didn't Approve|url=https://issuu.com/pinktrianglepress/docs/xo267 |access-date=29 February 2020 |magazine=Capital Xtra |issue=267 |date=15 May 2014|location=Ottawa, Ontario, Canada|page=11}}
- {{cite thesis|last=Perdue|first=Katherine Anne|date=June 2014|title=Writing Desire: The Love Letters of Frieda Fraser and Edith Williams—Correspondence and Lesbian Subjectivity in Early Twentieth Century Canada|type=PhD|publisher=York University|url=https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/28211/Perdue_Katherine__A_2014_PhD.pdf?sequence=2 |access-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525175945/https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/28211/Perdue_Katherine__A_2014_PhD.pdf?sequence=2|archive-date=25 May 2017|location=Toronto, Canada}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Rynor|first1=Michah|title=Afterlife: The work of an archivist is a journey into the hitherto untold|journal=The Bulletin|date=25 November 1996|volume=50|issue=8|page=3|url=https://archive.org/stream/v50bulletin19961125#page/n2/mode/1up/search/Frieda+Fraser|access-date=26 May 2017|publisher=University of Toronto|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada}}
- {{cite news|last1=Wencer|first1=David|title=Historicist: A 'System of Partnership' That Lasted a Lifetime|url=http://torontoist.com/2016/06/historicist-frieda-bud/|access-date=26 May 2017|publisher=The Torontoist|date=18 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619140449/http://torontoist.com/2016/06/historicist-frieda-bud/|archive-date=19 June 2016|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|url-status=dead}}
- {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Guelph Alumnus|1982}}|author=|title=Dr. Edith B. Williams Memorial Bursary|journal=Guelph Alumnus|date=Winter 1982|volume=15|issue=1|pages=10–11|url=https://issuu.com/uofguelph/docs/1982winter|access-date=29 May 2017|publisher=University of Guelph Alumni Association|location=Guelph, Ontario, Canada}}
- {{cite news|ref={{harvid|The Winnipeg Free Press|1962}}|author=|title=Former Skating Champion Returns to First Love|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/susun-wilkinson-celebrity-clipping-jul-14-1962-288372/|access-date=27 May 2017|newspaper=The Winnipeg Free Press|date=14 July 1962|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada|page=16|via = Newspaperarchive.com}} {{open access}}
- {{cite web|ref={{harvid|Fraser Family fonds|1992}}|author=|title=Fraser Family fonds|url=https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/fraser-family-fonds;isad?sf_culture=fr|website=Discover Archives|publisher=University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services|access-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525172125/https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/fraser-family-fonds%3Bisad?sf_culture=fr|archive-date=25 May 2017|location=Toronto, Canada|date=1992|url-status=dead}}
- {{cite news|ref={{harvid|The Brandon Sun|2015}}|author=|title=Martin, Audrey Ellen |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/susun-wilkinson-obituarydeath-record-clipping-nov-07-2015-288374/|access-date=27 May 2017|publisher=The Brandon Sun|date=7 November 2015|location=Brandon, Manitoba, Canada|page=29|via = Newspaperarchive.com}} {{open access}}
- {{cite web|ref={{harvid|Archives of Ontario|1899}}|author=|title=Ontario Births, 1869-1912: County of York: Williams|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:939J-DXS7-8V?mode=g&i=170&cc=1784212|website=FamilySearch|publisher=Archives of Ontario|access-date=26 May 2017|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|page=165|date=24 June 1899|id=Record Group #80, Microfilm MS-929, certificate #003206}}
- {{cite web|ref={{harvid|Archives of Ontario|1921}}|author=|title=Ontario Deaths, 1869-1937:Arthur Robins Williams|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DCXQ-1Z5?mode=g&cc=1307826|website=FamilySearch|publisher=Library and Archives of Canada|access-date=26 May 2017|location=Ottawa, Ontario, Canada|page=115|date=11 January 1921|id=FHL microfilm #1863412, certificate #1344}}
- {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Kappa Alpha Theta Magazine|1917}}|author=|title=Sigma—University of Toronto|journal=Kappa Alpha Theta Magazine|date=January 1917|volume=31|issue=2|pages=105–248|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433075998827;view=1up;seq=235|access-date=25 May 2017|publisher=Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Chapter|location=Lawrence, Kansas}}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Edith}}
Category:20th-century Canadian farmers
Category:20th-century women farmers
Category:20th-century Canadian women
Category:Canadian veterinarians
Category:People from York, Toronto