Edward Fredkin#Fredkin Professorship

{{Short description|American physicist and computer scientist (1934–2023)}}

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Edward Fredkin

| image = File:Ed Fredkin working on PDP-1.jpg

| caption = Fredkin working on PDP-1, c. 1960

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|10|2}}

| birth_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|6|13|1934|10|2}}

| death_place = Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.

| field = Computer science, physics, business

| work_institutions = Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Capital Technologies, Inc.

| alma_mater = California Institute of Technology

| doctoral_advisor =

| known_for = Fredkin gate
Fredkin's paradox
Billiard-ball computer
Second-order cellular automaton
Trie data structure

| prizes = Dickson Prize in Science 1984

}}

Edward Fredkin (October 2, 1934 – June 13, 2023){{cite news |last=Williams |first=Alex |title=Edward Fredkin, 88, Who Saw the Universe as One Big Computer, Dies - An influential M.I.T. professor and an outside-the-box scientific theorist, he gained fame with unorthodox views as a pioneer in digital physics. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/04/science/edward-fredkin-dead.html |date=4 July 2023 |work=The New York Times |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230705165856/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/04/science/edward-fredkin-dead.html |archivedate=5 July 2023 |accessdate=6 July 2023 }} was an American computer scientist, physicist and businessman who was an early pioneer of digital physics.See Fredkin's [http://www.digitalphilosophy.org Digital Philosophy web site.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729191558/http://www.digitalphilosophy.org/ |date=2017-07-29 }}

Fredkin's primary contributions included work on reversible computing and cellular automata. While Konrad Zuse's book, Calculating Space (1969), mentioned the importance of reversible computation, the Fredkin gate represented the essential breakthrough.{{cite web|title=Information about Edward Fredkin|url=http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Edward+Fredkin|access-date=15 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191129/http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Edward+Fredkin|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}} In more recent work, he used the term digital philosophy (DP).

During his career, Fredkin was a professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a Fairchild Distinguished Scholar at Caltech, a distinguished career professor at Carnegie Mellon University, and a Research Professor of Physics at Boston University.

Early life and education

Fredkin's mother and father were both Russian-Jewish immigrants who met in Los Angeles, and he was the youngest child of four.{{Cite journal |last=Wolfram |first=Stephen |date=August 22, 2023 |title=Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories |url=https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/08/remembering-the-improbable-life-of-ed-fredkin-1934-2023-and-his-world-of-ideas-and-stories/ |journal=Stephen Wolfram Writings |language=en |access-date=January 29, 2025}} His mother was a concert pianist, although she did not perform professionally. She died from cancer when he was 11. His father was a businessman but had lost everything in the 1929 stock market crash and as a result, the family was relatively poor. At times he lived with other families or with his older sister. Eventually, his father remarried, and he and his sister moved back in. As a child, he was both entrepreneurial and interested in science and how things work. He did various weekend and after-school things to earn money, eventually handling a large newspaper delivery route. At age 10 he bought chemistry supplies and made his own fireworks, which were then illegal in Los Angeles. He did poorly in school because he didn't do homework. He graduated from John Marshall High School a semester early so that he could earn money for Caltech tuition and living expenses. Caltech later told him he had been admitted with the worst high school grades they had ever seen. He quit Caltech partway through his sophomore year.{{cite web |last1=Hendrie |first1=Gardner |title=Oral History of Ed Fredkin |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102630504-05-01-acc.pdf |website=computerhistory.org |publisher=Computer History Museum |access-date=6 July 2023}}

In 1952, he joined the United States Air Force (USAF) to become a fighter pilot avoid being drafted into the Korean War.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/04/27/1021714/tomorrows-computer-yesterday/ |title=Tomorrow's computer, yesterday: Four decades ago at Endicott House, an MIT professor convened a conference that launched quantum computing. |author=Simson Garfinkel |magazine=MIT News |page=10 |date=April 27, 2021}} His computer career started in 1956 when the Air Force assigned him to MIT Lincoln Laboratory where he worked on the SAGE computer.{{cite web|title=PDP-1|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/pdp-1/ed-fredkin/|publisher=Computer History Museum|access-date=6 March 2012}}

Career

Fredkin worked with a number of companies in the computer field and held academic positions at a number of universities. He was a computer programmer, a pilot, an advisor to businesses and governments, and a physicist. His main interests concerned digital computer-like models of basic processes in physics.{{cite web|url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~raj-symposium/fredkin.html |title=ED FREDKIN Bio|publisher=CMU |access-date=7 March 2012}}

Fredkin's initial focus was physics; however, he became involved with computers in 1956 when he was sent by the Air Force, where he had trained as a jet pilot, to the MIT Lincoln Laboratory.{{cite web |title=Projects |url=http://www.iment.com/maida/tv/computer/johncocke.htm#ed |access-date=2 March 2012}} On completing his service in 1958, Fredkin was hired by J. C. R. Licklider to work at the research firm, Bolt Beranek & Newman (BBN). After seeing the PDP-1 computer prototype at the Eastern Joint Computer Conference in Boston, in December 1959, Fredkin recommended that BBN purchase the very first PDP-1 to support research projects at BBN. The new hardware was initially delivered with no software whatsoever.

Fredkin wrote a PDP-1 assembler language called FRAP (Free of Rules Assembly Program, also sometimes called Fredkin's Assembly Program), and its first operating system (OS). He organized and founded the Digital Equipment Computer Users' Society (DECUS) in 1961, and participated in its early projects. Working directly with Ben Gurley, the designer of the PDP-1, Fredkin designed significant modifications to the hardware to support time-sharing via the BBN Time-Sharing System. He invented and designed the first modern interrupt system, which Digital called the "Sequence Break".{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} He went on to become a contributor in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI).{{cite web|title=PDP-1|url=http://pdp-1.computerhistory.org/pdp-1/index.php?f=showitem&id=26.44&l=1&popupwin=1|publisher=Computer History Museum|access-date=7 March 2012|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185406/http://pdp-1.computerhistory.org/pdp-1/index.php?f=showitem&id=26.44&l=1&popupwin=1|url-status=dead}}

In 1962, he founded Information International, Inc., an early computer technology company which developed high-precision film-to-digital scanners, as well as other leading-edge hardware. The company became publicly traded and Fredkin became a millionaire.

In 1968, Marvin Minsky (who he had met at BBN) recruited Fredkin to work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as a full professor despite the fact that he had never graduated from college. From 1971 to 1974, Fredkin was the Director of Project MAC at MIT.{{cite web|title=Calteches Library - Robotics PDF |url=http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/360/3/robotics.pdf |publisher=Caltech|access-date=7 March 2012}} (Project MAC was renamed the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science in 1976.{{Cite web|url=https://libraries.mit.edu/mithistory/research/labs/lcs/#:~:text=By%201967%20Project%20MAC%20had,for%20Computer%20Science%20in%201976.|title = Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) | MIT History}}) He spent a year at Caltech as a Fairchild Distinguished Scholar, teaching Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman about computing and learning quantum mechanics from him. Then he was a Professor of Physics at Boston University for six years.{{cite web|title=About Edward|url=http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/050126.html|publisher=Stanford|access-date=2 March 2012}}

Fredkin had formal and informal associations with Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) over several decades. His later{{when|date=February 2022}} academic interests were in the area of digital mechanics, which is the study of discrete models of fundamental process in physics.{{cite web|title=Basic Biography|url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/Web/news/dls/fredkin.html|publisher=CMU|access-date=7 March 2012}} Fredkin has been a Distinguished Career Professor of Computer Science at CMU, and also a visiting scientist at MIT Media Laboratory.{{cite web|title=MIT Visiting Scientist|url=http://www.media.mit.edu/events/lecture-fredkin.html|publisher=MIT|access-date=2 March 2012}} {{as of|2022}}, he was Distinguished Career Professor of Robotics at CMU.{{cite web |title=Visitors and Post-Doctoral Associates |url=https://www.isri.cmu.edu/people/other-faculty.html |website=- Institute for Software Research - Carnegie Mellon University |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University |access-date=2022-02-01 |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619024016/https://www.isri.cmu.edu/people/other-faculty.html |url-status=dead }}

Fredkin served as the founder or CEO of a diverse set of companies, including Information International, Three Rivers Computer Corporation, New England Television Corporation (owner of Boston's then CBS affiliate WNEV on channel 7), and The Reliable Water Company (manufacturer of advanced sea water desalination plants).{{cite web|title= Channel 7|url=http://www.bostonradio.org/stations/72145|publisher=Boston Radio|access-date=11 March 2012}}

Fredkin was broadly interested in computation, including hardware and software. He was the inventor of the trie data structure, radio transponders for vehicle identification, the concept of computer navigation for automobiles, the Fredkin gate, and the Billiard-Ball Computer Model for reversible computing.{{cite web|url=https://www.csail.mit.edu/news/edward-fredkin-mit-professor-and-project-mac-luminary-dies-88 |title=Edward Fredkin, MIT professor and Project MAC luminary, dies at 88|publisher=MIT CSAIL |access-date=8 Aug 2023}} He has also been involved in computer vision, chess, and other areas of Artificial Intelligence research.

Fredkin also worked at the intersection of theoretical issues in the physics of computation with computational models of physics. He invented the SALT Cellular Automata family.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} Dan Miller designed and programmed the Busy Boxes implementation of Salt, with assistance from Suresh Kumar Devanathan. The early SALT models are 2+1 dimensional quasi-physical, reversible, universal cellular automata, that are second order in time, and that follow rules that model CPT reversibility.{{harv|Miller|Fredkin|2005}}

Fredkin's version of digital philosophy

Digital Philosophy (DP) is one type of digital physics/pancomputationalism, a school of philosophy which claims that all the physical processes of nature are forms of computation or information processing at the most fundamental level of reality. Pancomputationalism is related to several larger schools of philosophy: atomism, determinism, mechanism, monism, naturalism, philosophical realism, reductionism, and scientific empiricism.

Pancomputationalists believe that biology reduces to chemistry which reduces to physics which reduces to the computation of information. Fredkin's career and achievements had much of their motivation in digital philosophy, a particular type of "pancomputationalism" described in Fredkin's papers, including "Introduction to Digital Philosophy", "On the Soul", "Finite Nature", "A New Cosmogony", and "Digital Mechanics".{{cite web|url=http://wn.com/Ed_Fredkin |title=Fredkin's papers|publisher=World News |access-date=21 March 2012}}

Fredkin's digital philosophy contains several fundamental ideas:{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

Everything in physics and physical reality must have a digital informational representation.
All changes in physical nature are consequences of digital informational processes.
Nature is finite and digital.
The traditional Judaeo-Christian concept of the soul has a counterpart in a static/dynamic soul defined in terms of digital philosophy.

Later projects

=PDP-1 Restoration Project=

Fredkin chaired the PDP-1 Restoration Project, which was able to restore and reactivate the Computer History Museum's PDP-1 computer after seven months of work.{{cite web|title=PDP-1 Restoration Project|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/pdp-1/restoration/|date=19 May 2004|access-date=29 June 2016}}{{cite web|title=The Mouse That Roared: PDP-1 Celebration Event|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8zU8WQO-PY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/J8zU8WQO-PY| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|publisher=YouTube.com|date=1 August 2012|access-date=29 June 2016}}{{cbignore}}

Death

Fredkin died in Brookline, Massachusetts, on June 13, 2023, at the age of 88.{{cite news |title=Local obituary: Edward Fredkin, 88, 'visionary' scientist and fighter pilot |url=https://www.boston.com/news/massachusetts-obituaries/2023/06/21/obituary-edward-fredkin-brookline-ma/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |publisher=Boston.com |date=21 June 2023}}

Awards and honors

In 1984, Fredkin was awarded the Carnegie Mellon University Dickson Prize in Science, given annually to the person who has been judged to have made the most progress in a scientific field in the United States during that year.{{cite web|title= Dickson Prize Winners| url=http://www.cmu.edu/dickson-prize/past-winners/|publisher=Carnegie Mellon University |access-date=2 March 2012}} In 1999, CMU established the Fredkin professorship.{{cite web |title=Computer Science Professor Tom Mitchell Named Carnegie Mellon's Fredkin Professor of AI and Learning |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~./scsnews/mitchell.html |website=Public Relations Office, School of Computer Science |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University |access-date=2022-02-01 |date=8 April 1999}}

Cultural references

A profile of Fredkin, along with a readable explanation of some of his theories, can be found in the first part of Three Scientists and Their Gods by Robert Wright (1988). The section of the book covering Fredkin was excerpted in The Atlantic Monthly in April 1988.{{cite web|title=Three Scientists and Their Gods in The Atlantic Monthly|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/flashbks/unifiedtheory.htm| publisher=The Atlantic|access-date=16 March 2012}}

According to biographer Robert Wright, the character Stephen Falken in the film WarGames was modeled after Fredkin.{{cite web|title=War Games|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1988/10/15/in-the-country-of-the-blind/|publisher=Stanford Crimson Article|access-date=14 March 2012}}

References

=Works cited=

{{citation |contribution=Two-state, Reversible, Universal Cellular Automata in Three Dimensions |first1=Daniel B. |last1=Miller |first2=Edward |last2=Fredkin |title=Proc. 2nd Conf. on Computing Frontiers |publisher=ACM |year=2005 |location=Ischia, Italy |pages=45–51 |doi=10.1145/1062261.1062271 |arxiv=nlin/0501022 |isbn=1-59593-019-1|s2cid=14082792 }}.

External links

[http://www.digitalphilosophy.org/ Digital Philosophy.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729191558/http://www.digitalphilosophy.org/ |date=2017-07-29 }}
[https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/88apr/wright.htm Did the Universe Just Happen?] The Atlantic Monthly, by Robert Wright, 1988.
[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1062261.1062271 Two-state, Reversible, Universal Cellular Automata in Three Dimensions] by Edward Fredkin,
Information International, Inc.
[https://imgur.com/gallery/DJJ0oq7 Fredkin Prize World Champion team 1997 and Chess Pioneers]

Category:1934 births

Category:2023 deaths

Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent

Category:American philosophers of technology

Category:21st-century American philosophers

Category:20th-century American philosophers

Category:Ontologists

Category:Cellular automatists

Category:American computer scientists

Category:California Institute of Technology alumni

Category:Boston University faculty

Category:Carnegie Mellon University faculty