Edward Skoyles
{{Short description|British civil servant (1923–2008)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
Edward Skoyles (14 March 1923 – 30 July 2008) was the first quantity surveyor employed in the UK to research costs and practices in the construction industry. He did his research from 1960 until 1984 at the Building Research Establishment. Among his research projects was developing a new type of tendering for construction projects called operational bills.Skoyles ER. (1966) Examples from operational bills {{OCLC|61861509}}Skoyles ER. (1967) Preparation of an operational bill. Building Research Station {{ISBN|978-0-85125-019-9}} {{OCLC|271085985}}Skoyles ER. (1968) Introducing bills of quantities: (Operational format). Building Research Station. {{OCLC|61864680}}Skoyles ER. (1969) Examples from bills of quantities (Operational format). {{OCLC|43131569}} He also started the study of the actual amount of waste in the construction industry,Skoyles ER. Materials wastage: a misuse of resources. Building Research and Practice, CP 67/76, Oct. 1976. {{OCLC|18228749}}Skoyles ER. (1978) Site accounting for waste of building materials, BRE Current Paper CP 5 /78, London: HMSO. {{OCLC|4953995}}Skoyles ER. (1981) Waste of building materials, BRE Digest Number 247, London: HMSO. {{OCLC|35383817}}Skoyles ER. Skoyles JR. (1987) Waste Prevention on Site, Mitchell Publishing, London. {{ISBN|0-7134-5380-X}} and investigated the varying methods of cost estimation practices used in different countries.Skoyles ER. (1982). Waste and the estimator. Chartered Institute of Building {{OCLC|61865272}}Skoyles ER. (1985) International Building Practice Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-419-11770-4}} His contributions are still widely discussed in the academic literature particularly upon operational bills,Shanley LF. (1970). Report on pilot project on operational bills. An Foras Forbartha (Irish National Institute for Physical Planning and Construction Research) {{ISBN|978-0-9501356-0-1}}England Symposium on Operational Bills (1967). Symposium on Operational Bills discussion. Report on a Symposium on Operational Bills held at the Building Research Station, 8 March. {{ASIN|B000X8332G}}Royal Institute of Surveyors (Republic of Ireland Branch) (1970). The bill of quantities and the operational bill: Seminar, Dublin, March. An Foras Forbartha (Irish National Institute for Physical Planning and Construction Research) {{ISBN|978-0-900115-01-1}}Lal H. (2002). Quantifying and Managing Disruption Claims. Thomas Telford. {{ISBN|978-0-7277-3165-4}}.Dmaidi, N. (2003). [http://www.najah.edu/researches/254.pdf The State of the Art in Integration of Cost and Time Models] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529184701/http://www.najah.edu/researches/254.pdf |date=29 May 2010 }}. An-Najah University Journal of Research. 17(1). 99-122.Ashworth, A. (2002). Pre-contract studies: development economics, tendering and estimating. Edition: 2. Wiley-Blackwell. {{ISBN|978-0-632-06472-4}} p.332.Jaggar D. Ross A. Smith J. Love P. (2002). Building Design Cost Management. Edition: 2. Wiley-Blackwell. {{ISBN|978-0-632-05805-1}} pp147-148 and building wasteFellows, R. Langford, D. Newcombe, R. Urrypp. S. (2002). Construction Management in Practice. Wiley-Blackwell. {{ISBN|978-0-632-06402-1}} pp.180-181Hellingsworth, B. Best, R., de Valence, G. (2002). Design and Construction: Building in Value. Butterworth-Heinemann {{ISBN|978-0-7506-5149-3}} p. 266
Operational bills
Tendering in the UK construction industry is traditionally based upon Bills of quantities in which the estimation of costs is based on the combined cost of materials, building plant and labour in the completed works. Edward Skoyles proposed a new form of tendering, operational bills in which such tendering was based around building tasks.Skoyles ER. (1970). Bills of quantities, or the operational bill? Architects' Journal (28 Jan.) 233-240.Skoyles ER. (1981). Production orientated tendering: a resume and re-examination for the early eighties of the issues involved. Quantity surveyor, 37, (6) 110-113. This allowed for the separate costing of materials, plant and labour. This offered several advantages including a more accurate ability to cost a proposed project, better communication between design and production and ease in creating critical-path analysis for the contractor. A refinement of this was "bills of quantities (operations)” in which the operations are described in terms of the rules of the standard method of measurement rather than labour and materials. Priced-activity schedules of the NEC Engineering and Construction Contract are a modern descendant of operational bills.Potts, K. (2008). Construction Cost Management: Learning from Case Studies, Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-44286-2}}
Building waste
Traditionally, the estimates for normal waste on construction sites has been 2.5-5%, however, empirical observational research done by Skoyles on 280 sites found that this underestimated it by roughly half—equivalent annually to the materials needed to build a town the size of Colchester. Further considerable variability existed between sites suggesting an opportunity for improvement. This work led to allowances for materials waste to be more accurately allowed for in cost estimates. As Fellows and coauthors note his work was important since: "It is interesting to postulate the possible consequences of an estimate including only one-half of the requisite materials wastage allowance, especially during a period of slump, when small profit margins prevail … anticipated profit [of 2%] is almost entirely eroded". Further, this research highlighted the need for improved education in site practices: "In the constructions industry, Skoyles was the first to recognize that the problem of material wastage was more dependent upon the attitudes and behavioral tendencies of individuals involved than upon the technical processes employed".
Footnotes
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Skoyles, Edward}}
Category:Alumni of London South Bank University
Category:Alumni of the University of Westminster
Category:British Army personnel of World War II
Category:British civil servants
Category:Deaths from abdominal aortic aneurysm