Edward Tufte#Sparkline

Edward Rolf Tufte was born in 1942 in Kansas City, Missouri, to Virginia Tufte (1918–2020) and Edward E. Tufte (1912–1999). He grew up in Beverly Hills, California, where his father was a longtime city official. He graduated from the public Beverly Hills High School.Reynolds, Christopher. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524192943/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/238716911.html?dids=238716911:238716911&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+14,+2002&author=Christopher+Reynolds&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=ART%3B+Onward+means+going+upward%3B+Edward+Tufte+has+spent+his+career+fighting+the+visually+dull+and+flat.+Even+his+sculpture+is+a+leap.&pqatl=google "ART; Onward means going upward; Edward Tufte has spent his career fighting the visually dull and flat. Even his sculpture is a leap."], Los Angeles Times, November 14, 2002. Accessed April 23, 2008. "[Edward Tufte], who shares {{convert|20|acre|m2}} in Cheshire, Conn., with his wife, graphic design professor Inge Druckrey, and three golden retrievers, is a 1960 graduate of Beverly Hills High School."

Tufte received a BS and a MS in statistics from Stanford University, and a Doctor of Philosophy in political science from Yale University. His dissertation was completed in 1968 and titled The Civil Rights Movement and Its Opposition.{{Cite web |title=THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT AND ITS OPPOSITION - ProQuest |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/302390941 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=ProQuest |id={{ProQuest|302390941}} |language=en}}

Tufte was hired in 1967 by the Woodrow Wilson School of Princeton University as a lecturer in politics and public affairs, where he steadily moved up to the rank of full Professor in 1972.https://arnold.scholar.princeton.edu/sites/g/files/toruqf3796/files/documents/Evolution%20of%20SPIA%20Faculty%2C%201960-2021%20ARNOLD%202022%2011%2001.pdf He taught courses there in political economy and data analysis while publishing three quantitatively inclined political science books.

In 1975, while at Princeton, Tufte was asked to teach a statistics course to a group of journalists who were visiting the school to study economics. He developed a set of readings and lectures on statistical graphics, which he further developed in joint seminars he taught with renowned statistician John Tukey, a pioneer in the field of information design. These course materials became the foundation for Tufte's first book on information design, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information.{{Citation | first1 = Mark | last1 = Zachry | first2 = Charlotte | last2 = Thralls | url = http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/s15427625tcq1304_5.pdf | title = An interview with Edward R. Tufte | journal = Technical Communication Quarterly | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 447–462 | year = 2004| doi = 10.1207/s15427625tcq1304_5 | s2cid = 144937435 }}.{{Sfn | Tufte | 2001}}

In 1977, Tufte left Princeton University for Yale University, where he accepted an appointment as Professor of Political Science, Statistics, and Computer Science, as well as a Senior Critic at the Yale School of Art.{{Citation |last=Tufte |first=Edward |title=Resume, Edward R. Tufte |date=2014-12-01 |url=https://www.edwardtufte.com/files/ETresume.pdf |access-date=2023-12-04}}[https://www.edwardtufte.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/ETresume.pdf]

After negotiations with major publishers failed, Tufte decided to self-publish the book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information in 1982, working closely with graphic designer Howard Gralla. Tufte financed the work by taking out a second mortgage on his home. The book quickly became a commercial success and secured Tufte's transition from political scientist to information expert.

In 1999, after 22 years of service at Yale University, his professorship at Yale was made Emeritus.

On March 5, 2010, President Barack Obama appointed Tufte to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act's Recovery Independent Advisory Panel "to provide transparency in the use of Recovery-related funds".{{Citation | url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/president-obama-announces-more-key-administration-posts-3510 | title = President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts | publisher = White House Office of the Press Secretary | date = March 5, 2010}}.

Tufte is an expert in the presentation of infographics such as charts and diagrams, and is a fellow of the American Statistical Association. He has held fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences.

{{stack|Image:Minard.png's 1869 graphic of Napoleonic France's invasion of Russia as what "may well be the best statistical graphic ever drawn", noting that it captures six variables in two dimensions.{{cite web |last1=Corbett |first1=John |title=Charles Joseph Minard: Mapping Napoleon's March, 1861 |url=http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/58 |publisher=Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030619011958/http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/58 |archive-date=2003-06-19 |url-status=usurped}} ([http://csiss.ncgia.ucsb.edu/ CSISS website has moved]; use archive link for article)]]}}

Tufte's writing is important in such fields as information design and visual literacy, which deal with the visual communication of information. He coined the word chartjunk to refer to useless, non-informative, or information-obscuring elements of quantitative information displays. Tufte's other key concepts include what he calls the lie factor, the data-ink ratio, and the data density of a graphic.{{cite journal |last = Mulrow | first = EJ |year= 2002 | title = The Visual Display of Quantitative Information | journal = Technometrics | volume =44|issue=4|page =400 |doi=10.1198/tech.2002.s78| s2cid = 30430506 }}

Tufte uses the term "data-ink ratio" to argue against using excessive decoration in visual displays of quantitative information.{{cite book |title=Graph design for the eye and mind |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen Michael | author-link =Stephen Kosslyn| publisher = Oxford University Press |year=2006 |page=126 |isbn= 978-0-19-531184-6}} In Visual Display, Tufte explains, "Sometimes decoration can help editorialize about the substance of the graphic. But it is wrong to distort the data measures—the ink locating values of numbers—in order to make an editorial comment or fit a decorative scheme."{{Sfn | Tufte | 2001 | p=59}}

Tufte encourages the use of data-rich illustrations that present all available data. When such illustrations are examined closely, every data point has a value, but when they are looked at more generally, only trends and patterns can be observed. Tufte suggests these macro/micro readings be presented in the space of an eye-span, in the high resolution format of the printed page, and at the unhurried pace of the viewer's leisure.{{fact|date=November 2023}}

Tufte uses several historical examples to make his case. These include John Snow's cholera outbreak map, Charles Joseph Minard's Carte Figurative, early space debris plots, Galileo Galilei's Sidereus Nuncius, and Maya Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial. For instance, the listing of the names of deceased soldiers on the black granite of Lin's sculptural memorial is shown to be more powerful as a chronological list rather than as an alphabetical one. The sacrifice each fallen individual has made is thus highlighted within the overall time scope of the war.{{Sfn | Tufte | 2001b | pp = 43–44}} In Sidereus Nuncius, Galileo presents the nightly observations of the moons of Jupiter in relation to the body itself, interwoven with the two-month narrative record.{{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward R | author-mask = 3 | year = 2006 | title = Beautiful Evidence | place = Cheshire, CT | publisher = Graphics Press | isbn = 0-9613921-7-7| bibcode = 2006beev.book.....T }}

Tufte has criticized the way Microsoft PowerPoint is typically used. In his essay "The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint", Tufte criticizes many aspects of the software:{{fact|date=November 2023}}

• Its use as a way to guide and reassure a presenter, rather than to enlighten the audience;
• Its unhelpfully simplistic tables and charts, a design decision holdover from the low resolution of early computer displays;
• The outliner's causing ideas to be arranged in an artificially deep hierarchy, itself subverted by the need to restate the hierarchy on each slide;
• Enforcement of the audience's lockstep linear progression through that hierarchy (whereas with handouts, readers could browse and relate items at their leisure);
• Poor typography and chart layout, from presenters who are poor designers or who use poorly designed templates and default settings (in particular, difficulty in using scientific notation);
• Simplistic thinking—from ideas being squashed into bulleted lists; and stories with a beginning, middle, and end being turned into a collection of disparate, loosely disguised points—presenting a misleading façade of objectivity and neutrality that people associate with science, technology, and "bullet points".

Tufte cites the way PowerPoint was used by NASA engineers in the events leading to the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster as an example of PowerPoint's many problems. The software style is designed to persuade rather than to inform people of technical details. Tufte's analysis of a NASA PowerPoint slide is included in the Columbia Accident Investigation Board’s report -- including an engineering detail buried in small type on a crowded slide with six bullet points, that if presented in a regular engineering white paper, might have been noticed and the disaster prevented.{{Cite web |title=PowerPoint Does Rocket Science--and Better Techniques for Technical Reports |url=https://www.edwardtufte.com/notebook/powerpoint-does-rocket-science-and-better-techniques-for-technical-reports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918045530/https://www.edwardtufte.com/notebook/powerpoint-does-rocket-science-and-better-techniques-for-technical-reports/ |archive-date=2024-09-18 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Edward Tufte}}{{Citation | url = http://anon.nasa-global.speedera.net/anon.nasa-global/CAIB/CAIB_lowres_chapter7.pdf | publisher = Columbia Accident Investigation Board | title = Report | volume = 1 | date = August 2003 | page = 15 | access-date = 2008-08-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724080703/http://anon.nasa-global.speedera.net/anon.nasa-global/CAIB/CAIB_lowres_chapter7.pdf | archive-date = 2011-07-24 | url-status = dead }}.

Instead, Tufte argues that the most effective way of presenting information in a technical setting, such as an academic seminar or a meeting of industry experts, is by distributing a brief written report that can be read by all participants in the first 5 to 10 minutes of the meeting. Tufte believes that this is the most efficient method of transferring knowledge from the presenter to the audience and then the rest of the meeting is devoted to discussion and debate.

One method Tufte encourages to allow quick visual comparison of multiple series is the small multiple, a chart with many series shown on a single pair of axes that can often be easier to read when displayed as several separate pairs of axes placed next to each other. He suggests this is particularly helpful when the series are measured on quite different vertical (y-axis) scales, but over the same range on the horizontal x-axis (usually time).{{fact|date=November 2023}}

{{stack|File:Screenshot of Sparklines in Medved QuoteTracker, 1998.png}}

Sparklines are a condensed way to present trends and variation, associated with a measurement such as average temperature or stock market activity, often embedded directly in the text; for example: The Dow Jones index for February 7, 2006 File:Sparkline dowjones new.svg.{{cite web|last=Oppenheimer|first=Diego|title=Sparklines in Excel|url = http://blogs.office.com/b/microsoft-excel/archive/2009/07/17/sparklines-in-excel.aspx?PageIndex=2 |work= The Microsoft Office Blog|publisher=Microsoft |access-date=2011-03-20}}{{cite web|last = Rimlinger |first=Fabrice|title= Project Summary|url= http://sourceforge.net/projects/sparklinesforxl/ | work = Sparklines for Microsoft Excel|publisher=SourceForge|access-date=2011-03-20}} These are often used as elements of a small multiple with several lines used together. Tufte explains the sparkline as a kind of "word" that conveys rich information without breaking the flow of a sentence or paragraph made of other "words" both visual and conventional. To date, the earliest known implementation of sparklines was conceived by interaction designer Peter Zelchenko and implemented by programmer Mike Medved in early 1998.{{Citation needed|reason=The reference 'Microsoft patent claim for 'sparklines in the grid'' does not mention Zelchenko, Medved or who, specifically, created sparklines. |date=November 2019}}{{cite web|last1=Tufte|first1=Edward|title=Microsoft patent claim for "sparklines in the grid"|url=http://www.edwardtufte.com/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=0003Y1}}

Beyond his academic endeavors over the years, Tufte has created sculptures, often large outdoor ones made of metal or stone, that were first primarily exhibited on his own rural Connecticut property. In 2009–10, some of these artworks were exhibited at the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield, Connecticut, in the one-man show Edward Tufte: Seeing Around.{{cite web| title= Edward Tufte: Seeing Around| url= http://www.aldrichart.org/exhibitions/past/tufte.php| publisher= Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum| access-date= 2012-06-03| archive-date= 2011-05-19| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110519031855/http://aldrichart.org/exhibitions/past/tufte.php| url-status= dead}}

Hogpen Hill Farms, the {{convert|234|acre|abbr=off|adj=on|lk=on}} Tufte sculpture garden in Woodbury, Connecticut, is open to the public on summer weekends.{{Cite web |title=Hogpen Hill Farms: ET'S Landscape Sculpture Farm |url=https://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/hogpen-hill-farms |access-date = 2023-06-04}}

In 2010, Edward Tufte opened a gallery, ET Modern, in New York City's Chelsea Art District" at 11th Avenue and 20th Street.{{Citation | url = http://www.edwardtufte.com/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=0003h7&topic_id=1 | first = Edward Rolf | last = Tufte | type = announcement | title = ET Modern gallery opening | access-date = 2010-06-30}}. The gallery closed in 2013.{{cite web|title=Edward Tufte's Twitter feed|url=https://twitter.com/EdwardTufte/status/376420576555851778|website=Twitter|access-date=12 July 2014}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Brody |first1= Richard A. |last2= Tufte |first2= Edward R. |title= Constituent-Congressional Communication on Fallout Shelters: The Congressional Polls |journal= Journal of Communication | volume = 14 | issue = 1 |pages=34–39 |date=March 1964 |doi= 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1964.tb02345.x}}
• {{cite journal |first1= Paul |last1= Ekman |first2= Edward R. |last2= Tufte |first3= Kathleen | last3 = Archibald | first4 =Richard A |last4= Brody |title= Coping with Cuba: Divergent Policy Preferences of State Political Leaders |journal=The Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume= 10 |issue= 2 |pages= 180–97 |date=June 1966 |doi=10.1177/002200276601000203|s2cid= 154210702 }}
• {{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward R. | year = 1968 | title = The Civil Rights Movement and Its Opposition | type = PhD thesis}}.
• {{cite journal |last =Tufte |first =Edward R. |author-mask= 3 |title= Improving Data Analysis in Political Science |journal=World Politics |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=641–54 |date=July 1969 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |jstor=2009670 |doi= 10.2307/2009670|s2cid =153793854 }}
• {{cite journal | last1= Tufte |first1= Edward R. |author-mask= 3 |first2= John Shelton |last2= Reed |title= A Note of Caution in Using Variables That Have Common Elements | journal= The Public Opinion Quarterly | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages=622–6 |date=Winter 1969–1970 |doi= 10.1086/267756}}
• {{cite book |last1=Tufte |first1=Edward R. |author-mask= 3 |first2=Ed L. |last2=Kish |title=Some statistical problems in research design. The Quantitative Analysis of Social Problems | publisher = Addison–Wesley | location = Reading, MA |year=1970}}
• Edward R. Tufte reviewed work: {{cite journal | last =Palumbo | first = Dennis J. |title= Statistics in Political and Behavioral Science |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |volume=65 |issue = 331 |pages=1414–5 |date=September 1970 |doi= 10.2307/2284317| jstor = 2284317 }}
• {{Citation | last1 = Tufte | first1 = Edward R. | author-mask = 3 | year = 1973 | title = Size & Democracy: The Politics of the smaller European democracies | first2 = Robert | last2 = Dahl | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA, US | isbn = 0-8047-0834-7 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/sizedemocracy0000dahl }}.
• {{cite journal |last =Tufte | first = Edward R. | author-mask= 3 | title= The Relationship between Seats and Votes in Two-Party Systems |journal= The American Political Science Review |volume= 67 |issue= 2 | pages = 540–54 |date=June 1973 |jstor=1958782 |doi= 10.2307/1958782| s2cid = 33920492 }}
• {{Citation | first = Edward R. | last = Tufte | author-mask = 3 | title = The Political Manipulation of the Economy: Influence of the Electoral Cycle on Macroeconomic Performance and Policy | publisher = Department of Politics, Princeton University | type = unpublished manuscript | year = 1974}}.
• {{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward R. | author-mask = 3 | year = 1974 | title = Data Analysis for Politics and Policy | publisher = Prentice Hall College Div | isbn = 0-13-197525-0 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/dataanalysisforp00tuft }}.
• {{cite journal | last1 =Lemieux | first1 = Peter H. | last2 = Kort | first2 = Fred | last3 = Pfotenhauer | first3 = David | last4 = Stewart | first4 = Philip R | last5 = Burnham | first5 = Walter Dean | last6 = Tufte | first6 = Edward R. |title=Communications |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=68 |issue=1 | pages =202–13 |date=March 1974| doi = 10.1017/S0003055400235478 | s2cid = 251095897 }}
• {{cite journal |last = Tufte |first =Edward R. | title= Electoral Reform: An Introduction | journal = Policy Studies Journal |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=240–2 |date=June 1974 |doi = 10.1111/j.1541-0072.1974.tb00406.x}}
• {{cite journal |last1= Tufte |first1= Edward R. | author-mask= 3 |first2= Richard A |last2= Sun | title= Are there Bellwether Electoral Districts? |journal=Public Opin Q |volume= 39 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–18 |year= 1974 | doi = 10.1086/268196}}
• {{cite journal |last = Tufte | first = Edward R |author-mask= 3 | title= Electronic Calculators and Data Analysis: A Consumer's Report on the SR-51, HP-21, HP-55, and HP-65 |journal=American Journal of Political Science | volume =19 |issue=4 |pages=783–94 |date=November 1975 |doi= 10.2307/2110727| jstor = 2110727 }}
• {{cite journal |last = Tufte |first = Edward R. |author-mask= 3 |title= Improving Data Display | year= 1977 | journal = Dept. Of Statistics |publisher=University of Chicago}}
• {{cite journal |last = Tufte |first = Edward R. |author-mask= 3 |title= Political Statistics for the United States: Observations on Some Major Data Sources |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=71 | issue =1 |pages=305–14 |date=March 1977 |jstor=1956972 |doi= 10.2307/1956972|s2cid = 144587924 }}
• {{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward R | author-mask = 3 | year = 1978 | title = Political Control of the Economy | location = Princeton, NJ | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 0-691-07594-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/politicalcontrol00edwa }}.
• {{cite journal |last = Tufte |first = Edward R. | author-mask = 3 |title=Political Parties, Social Class, and Economic Policy Preferences |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=18–36 |date=January 1979 |doi= 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1979.tb00240.x|s2cid = 153921242 }}
• Edward R. Tufte reviewed work: {{cite journal | last1 =Shultz | first1 = George P. | author-link1 = George P. Shultz | last2 = Dam | first2 = Kenneth W. |title=Economic Policy Beyond the Headlines |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume = 73 |issue=2 |page=605 |date=June 1979 | doi=10.2307/1954949| jstor = 1954949 | s2cid = 146954589 }}
• Edward R. Tufte reviewed work: {{cite journal | last1 =Cohen | first1 = Jacob | last2 = Cohen | first2 = Patricia |title=Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences |journal= Journal of the American Statistical Association |volume=74 |issue= 368 |page = 935 |date=December 1979 | doi = 10.2307/2286442| jstor = 2286442 }}
• {{cite journal | last1 =Hoffman | first1 = David | last2 = Matisse | first2 = Henri | last3 = Tufte | first3 = Edward R |title=The computer-aided discovery of new embedded minimal surfaces |journal=The Mathematical Intelligencer |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=8–21 |doi=10.1007/BF03023947 |year= 1987| s2cid = 121320768 }}
• Edward R. Tufte reviewed work: {{cite journal | last1 =Rose | first1 = Richard | last2 = Peters | first2 = Guy | title=Can Government Go Bankrupt? |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=74 |issue=2 | pages =567–8 |date=June 1980 |doi=10.2307/1960736 | jstor = 1960736 | s2cid = 144477006 }}
• {{citation |mode=cs1 |last = Tufte |first = Edward R. |author-mask= 3 | title= Evidence Selection in Statistical Studies of Political Economy: The Distribution of Published Statistics |year=1985 | type = unpublished manuscript}}.
• {{cite journal |last = Tufte |first = Edward R. |author-mask= 3 | title= Dynamic Graphics for Data Analysis: Comment |journal=Statistical Science |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=389–92 |date=November 1987 |doi = 10.1214/ss/1177013109|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last = Tufte |first = Edward R. |author-mask= 3 | title= A Conversation with Cuthbert Daniel | journal =Statistical Science |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=413–24 |date=November 1988 |doi= 10.1214/ss/1177012760|doi-access=free }}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward R | year = 2001 | orig-year = 1983 | title = The Visual Display of Quantitative Information | place = Cheshire, CT | publisher = Graphics Press | edition = 2nd | isbn = 0-9613921-4-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/visualdisplayofq00tuft }}.
• {{cite journal |last = Tufte |first = Edward R |author-mask = 3 | title= Data-Ink Maximization and Graphical Design | journal =Oikos |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=130–144 |date=June 1990 |doi= 10.2307/3545420|jstor = 3545420 |bibcode = 1990Oikos..58..130T }}
• {{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward R | author-mask = 3 | year = 2001b | orig-year = 1990 | title = Envisioning Information | place = Cheshire, CT | publisher = Graphics Press | isbn = 0-9613921-1-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/envisioninginfor0000tuft }}.
• {{cite book | last = Tufte | first = Edward R | author-mask = 3 | title= Dequantification in scientific visualization: Is this science or television |publisher=Yale University |location=New Haven, CT |year= 1991}}
• {{cite journal |last =Tufte | first = Edward R |author-mask = 3 |title= Design of a cancer atlas |year= 1993 | journal = National Center for Health Statistics Contract Report}}
• {{cite journal | last1 =Powsner | first1 = SM | last2 = Tufte | first2 = Edward R |title=Graphical Summary of Patient Status |journal=Lancet |volume=344 |issue=8919 |pages=386–9 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7914312 |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91406-0| s2cid = 6144051 }}
• {{cite journal | last1 =Powsner | first1 = SM | author-mask = 3 | last2 = Tufte | first2 = Edward R |title = Summarizing clinical psychiatric data |journal=Psychiatr Serv |volume=48 |issue=11 |pages=1458–61 |year=1997 |pmid=9355175| doi = 10.1176/ps.48.11.1458 }}
• {{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward R | year = 1997 | title = Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative | place = Cheshire, CT | publisher = Graphics Press | isbn = 0-9613921-2-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/visualexplanatio00tuft }}.
• {{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward R | author-mask = 3 | year = 2003 | title = PowerPoint is evil | url = https://www.wired.com/2003/09/ppt2/ | magazine = Wired | volume = 11 | issue = 9 | issn = 1059-1028}}.
• {{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward R | author-mask = 3 | year = 2003 | title = The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint | place = Cheshire, CT | publisher = Graphics Press | isbn = 0-9613921-6-9}}.
• {{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward R | author-mask = 3 | year = 2006 | title = Beautiful Evidence | place = Cheshire, CT | publisher = Graphics Press | isbn = 0-9613921-7-7| bibcode = 2006beev.book.....T }}.
• {{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward R | author-mask = 3 | year = 2020 | title = Seeing With Fresh Eyes | place = Cheshire, CT | publisher = Graphics Press | isbn = 978-0-9613921-9-2}}.

{{refend}}

• {{Citation | title = Visual Explanations: Prints and Sculptures, 2000–1 | publisher = Artists Space | place = New York }}.
• {{Citation | title = Escaping Flatland | publisher = Architecture+Design Museum, 7 November 2002 – 13 February 2003 | place = Los Angeles | url = http://aplusd.org/exhibitions-past/edward-tufte | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121116160127/http://aplusd.org/exhibitions-past/edward-tufte | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-11-16 }}.
• {{Citation | title = Seeing Around, June 13, 2009, to April 11, 2010 | publisher = Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum | place = Ridgefield, Connecticut | url = http://www.aldrichart.org/exhibitions/past/tufte.php | access-date = June 3, 2012 | archive-date = May 19, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110519031855/http://aldrichart.org/exhibitions/past/tufte.php | url-status = dead }}. Unavailable 19 Feb. 2020.

{{reflist}}

{{External links|section|date=May 2016}}

{{Portal|Systems science|Mathematics|Biography}}

{{Commons category}}

• {{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward Rolf | url = http://www.edwardtufte.com/ | title = Website}}.
• {{Citation | url = http://www.salon.com/1997/03/10/tufte970310/ | title = The Data Artist | newspaper = Salon | date = 1997-03-10}}.
• {{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward Rolf | url = http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2007/marapr/features/tufte.html | title = Intelligent Designs | type = article | publisher = Stanford University's Alumni | journal = Magazine | year = 2007 | access-date = 2007-03-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110611044722/http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2007/marapr/features/tufte.html | archive-date = 2011-06-11 | url-status = dead }}.
• {{Citation | publisher = The Metropolitan Museum of Art | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfXSltlDfDw | title = Pen and Parchment – The Beautiful Evidence of Medieval Drawings | date=10 August 2009 | type = video}}, 47 min.
• {{Citation | last1 = Robison | first1 = Wade | first2 = Roger | last2 = Boisjoly | author2-link = Roger Boisjoly | first3 = David | last3 = Hoeker | first4 = Stefan | last4 = Young | url = http://www.onlineethics.org/CMS/profpractice/exempindex/RB-intro/RepMisrep.aspx | title = Representation and Misrepresentation: Tufte and the Morton Thiokol Engineers on the Challenger | journal = Science and Engineering Ethics | year = 2002 | orig-year = 1996 | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 59–81 | publisher = Online Ethics Center for Engineering | access-date = 2013-04-17 | doi=10.1007/s11948-002-0033-2| pmid = 11840958 | s2cid = 19219936 }} sharply criticizes Tufte's analysis of pre-disaster non-employment of graphics in Visual Explanations. Robison was a Rochester Institute of Technology professor; Boisjoly a directly involved Thiokol engineer; Hoeker and Young freshman RIT students. [http://people.rit.edu/wlrgsh/FINRobison.pdf Alternative link.]
• {{Cite web |last=Bissantz |first=Dr Nicolas |date=2007-03-22 | title = Ivy League Rock and Roll – A day with Edward Tufte | type = review of a Tufte seminar, including discussion of his work | url=https://www.bissantz.de/en/bissantz-ponders/a-day-with-tufte/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Bissantz & Company |language=en-US}}
• {{Citation | url = http://www.adcglobal.org/archive/hof/2004/?id=306 | title = Art Directors Club | type = biography, portrait and images of work | access-date = 2007-10-11 | archive-date = 2007-10-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071014215938/http://adcglobal.org/archive/hof/2004/?id=306 | url-status = dead }}.
• {{Citation | url = http://www.yuriweb.com/tufte/ | type = review | title = Edward Tufte's 'Beautiful Evidence' | publisher = Yuri web}}.
• {{Citation | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16976145 | publisher = The BBC | newspaper = News | title = Portrait of the artist | place = UK}}.
• {{Citation | last = Tufte | first = Edward Rolf | date = 2011-06-29 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/edward-tufte-on-how-the-government-conveys-information/2011/06/29/AGB5OhqH_video.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120117074603/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/edward-tufte-on-how-the-government-conveys-information/2011/06/29/AGB5OhqH_video.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-01-17 | type = interview | newspaper = The Washington Post | title = How the government conveys information}}.

{{s-start}}

{{s-ach|aw}}

{{succession box |

before=John Chapline |

title=ACM SIGDOC Rigo Award |

after=Jay Bolter |

years=1992}}

{{s-end}}

{{Visualization}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tufte, Edward Rolf}}

Category:1942 births

Category:Living people

Category:People from Kansas City, Missouri

Category:American statisticians

Category:Design writers

Category:Information graphic designers

Category:Data and information visualization experts

Category:Beverly Hills High School alumni

Category:Stanford University alumni

Category:Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni

Category:Yale University faculty

Category:AIGA medalists

Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association

Category:Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows

Category:21st-century American sculptors