Effective microorganism

One trademarked product was originally (c. 1985) marketed as EM-1 Microbial Inoculant.{{cite web |url=http://emrojapan.com/about-emro/trademarkguidelines.html |title=Trademark Guidelines |work=emrojapan.com |year=2011 |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101192311/http://emrojapan.com/about-emro/trademarkguidelines.html |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=dead }} Such EM blends include:{{cite conference | first = N. | last = Szymanski |author2=Patterson, R.A. | year = 2003 | title = Effective Microorganisms (EM) and Wastewater Systems in Future Directions for On-site Systems: Best Management Practice.| book-title = Proceedings of On-site '03 Conference | editor = R.A. and Jones, M.J. (Eds). | publisher = Lanfax Laboratories | location = Armidale, NSW, Australia | pages = 347–354 | url = http://www.lanfaxlabs.com.au/papers/P53-03-Szymanski-Patterson.PDF | access-date = 2006-11-14 | isbn = 0-9579438-1-4}}

• Lactic acid bacteria: Lactobacillus casei
• Photosynthetic bacteria: Rhodopseudomonas palustris
• Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Others: beneficial microorganisms that exist naturally in the environment may thrive in the mixture.

In his presentational essay "EM: A Holistic Technology For Humankind", Higa states:"I developed a mixture of microbes, using the very common species found in all environments as extensively used in the food industry–namely Lactic Acid Bacteria, Photosynthetic Bacteria an[d] Yeasts (..) EM (..) was developed by accident (..)"{{cite web|last1=Higa|first1=Teruo|title=EM: A Holistic Technology For Humankind|url=http://www.teraganix.com/EM-A-Holistic-Technology-For-Humankind-s/1000.htm|website=teraganix.com|publisher=TeraGanix, Inc.|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617194935/https://www.teraganix.com/EM-A-Holistic-Technology-For-Humankind-s/1000.htm|url-status=dead}}

The pseudoscientific concept of "friendly microorganisms" was developed by professor Teruo Higa, from the University of the Ryukyus in Okinawa, Japan. He stated in the 1980s that a combination of approximately 80 different microorganisms was capable of positively influencing decomposing organic matter such that it reverts into a "life-promoting" process. Higa invoked a "dominance principle" to explain the asserted effects of his "Effective Microorganisms". He claimed that three groups of microorganisms exist: "positive microorganisms" (regeneration), "negative microorganisms" (decomposition, degeneration), "opportunist microorganisms" (regeneration or degeneration). Higa stated that in every medium (soil, water, air, the human intestine), the ratio of "positive" and "negative" microorganisms was critical since the synergistic symbiotic microorganisms followed the trend to regeneration or degeneration. Therefore, he claimed that it was possible to positively influence the given media by supplementing with beneficial microorganisms.

The concept has been challenged and no scientific studies support its main claims. This was acknowledged by Higa in a 1994 paper co-authored by Higa and soil microbiologist James F Parr. They conclude "the main limitation...is the problem of reproducibility and lack of consistent results.".{{cite conference |first = Dr. Teruo|last = Higa|author2 = Dr. James Parr|year = 1994|title = Beneficial and Effective Microorganisms for a Sustainable Agriculture and Environment|publisher = International Nature Farming Research Center|location = Atami, Japan|pages = 7|url=http://www.emro-asia.com/data/66.pdf|access-date = 14 August 2016}}

Various experimenters have examined the use of EM in making organic fertilizers and investigated the effects of the fermented organic fertilizer on soil fertility and crop growth, not distinguishing the effects of the microorganisms in the EM treatments from the effect of the EM nutrient solution in the carrier substrate. The resulting effects on crop growth depend nonspecifically upon multiple factors, including effects of the introduced EM nutrient solution with microorganisms, effects of the naturally microorganism-rich bio-organic fraction in the soil, and indirect effects of microbially-synthesized metabolites (e.g., phytohormones and growth regulators).{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1300/J144v03n01_21| title = Properties and Applications of an Organic Fertilizer Inoculated with Effective Microorganisms| journal = Journal of Crop Production| volume = 3| pages = 255–268| year = 2001| last1 = Yamada | first1 = K. | last2 = Xu | first2 = H. L. | s2cid = 73574288}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1300/J064v19n04_10| title = Influence of EM Bokashi on Nodulation, Physiological Characters and Yield of Peanut in Nature Farming Fields| journal = Journal of Sustainable Agriculture| volume = 19| issue = 4| pages = 105–112| year = 2002| last1 = Pei-Sheng | first1 = Y. | last2 = Hui-Lian | first2 = X. | s2cid = 84719846}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1300/J144v03n01_16| title = Effects of a Microbial Inoculant and Organic Fertilizers on the Growth, Photosynthesis and Yield of Sweet Corn| journal = Journal of Crop Production| volume = 3| pages = 183–214| year = 2001| last1 = Xu | first1 = H. L. | s2cid = 83911431}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1300/J144v03n01_15| title = Effects of Organic Fertilizers and a Microbial Inoculant on Leaf Photosynthesis and Fruit Yield and Quality of Tomato Plants| journal = Journal of Crop Production| volume = 3| pages = 173–182| year = 2001| last1 = Xu | first1 = H. L. | last2 = Wang | first2 = R. | last3 = Mridha | first3 = M. A. U. | s2cid = 85678704}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00217-006-0543-2| title = The effect of three organic pre-harvest treatments on Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. Var. Cycla L.) quality| journal = European Food Research and Technology| volume = 226| issue = 3| pages = 345–353| year = 2007| last1 = Daiss | first1 = N. | last2 = Lobo | first2 = M. G. | last3 = Socorro | first3 = A. R. | last4 = Brückner | first4 = U. | last5 = Heller | first5 = J. | last6 = Gonzalez | first6 = M. | s2cid = 56371177}}{{Cite journal

| pmid = 19241576

| year = 2008

| last1 = Daiss

| first1 = N

| title = Changes in postharvest quality of Swiss chard grown using 3 organic preharvest treatments

| journal = Journal of Food Science

| volume = 73

| issue = 6

| pages = S314–20

| last2 = Lobo

| first2 = M. G.

| last3 = Gonzalez

| first3 = M

| doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00842.x

}}

The effectiveness of ″Effective Microorganisms (EM)″ was investigated scientifically in an organic farming field experiment between 2003 and 2006 at Zürich (the study lakcs information on how it was done), Switzerland, differentiating the effects of the EM microorganisms from the effects of the EM nutrient solution in the carrier substrate of the EM treatments. "The experiment was arranged to separate the effect of the microorganisms in the EM treatments (EM-Bokashi and EM-A) from its substrate (sterilized treatments)." EM microorganisms showed no effect on yield and soil microbiology as bio-fertilizer in organic farming. Observed effects related to the effect of the nutrition rich carrier substrate of the EM preparations. "Hence 'Effective Microorganisms' will not be able to improve yields and soil quality in mid term (3 years) in organic arable farming."{{cite journal |last1=Mayer |first1=J. |last2=Scheid |first2=S. |last3=Widmer |first3=F. |last4=Fließbach |first4=A. |last5=Oberholzer |first5=H.-R. |date=2003–2006 |title=Effects of 'Effective Microorganisms EM' on plant and microbiological parameters in a field experiment, Zürich, Switzerland |url=http://orgprints.org/9691/1/9691_Mayer_Vortrag.pdf |journal=9. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau |access-date=21 August 2016}}{{cite journal | last1 = Mayer | first1 = J. | last2 = Scheid | first2 = S. | last3 = Widmer | first3 = F. | last4 = Fließbach | first4 = A. | last5 = Oberholzer | year = 2010 | title = "Effective microorganisms® (EM)"? Results from a field study in temperate climate | journal = Applied Soil Ecology | volume = 46 | issue = 2| pages = 230–239 | doi = 10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.08.007 }}

In a study (2010), Factura et al. collected human fecal matter in airtight buckets (Bokashi-dry toilet) over several weeks, adding a mix of biochar, lime and soil after each deposit of fecal matter. Two inoculants were tested—sauerkraut juice (pickled sour cabbage) and commercial EM. The combination of charcoal and inoculant was very effective in suppressing odors and stabilizing the material. EM had no advantage over sauerkraut juice.{{cite journal|last1=Factura|first1=H.|last2=Bettendorf|first2=T.|last3=Buzie|first3=C.|last4=Pieplow|first4=H.|last5=Reckin|first5=J.|last6=Otterpohl|first6=R.|title=Terra Preta sanitation: re-discovered from an ancient Amazonian civilisation – integrating sanitation, bio-waste management and agriculture|journal=Water Science & Technology|date=May 2010|volume=61|issue=10|pages=2673–9|doi=10.2166/wst.2010.201|pmid=20453341|url=http://www.terra-preta-sanitation.net/cms/fileadmin/publications/pdf/Terra_Preta_Sanitation_WS_T_2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916020956/http://www.terra-preta-sanitation.net/cms/fileadmin/publications/pdf/Terra_Preta_Sanitation_WS_T_2010.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-16 |access-date=25 August 2016|doi-access=free}}

Due to the fact that only very few studies exist which have used scientific methods to investigate additives based on EM, any claims made by manufacturers regarding long-term beneficial effects need to be evaluated in the intended conditions.

EM-Bokashi, invented and marketed by Higa, uses commercial EM to ferment organic kitchen waste. Treatments with EM-Bokashi show no effects on soil microbiology or as bio-fertilizer which are caused by the EM microorganisms. Observed effects relate to the effect of the nutrition rich compost carrier substrate of the EM-Bokashi preparation. Natural yogurt, or sauerkraut juice (pickled sour cabbage) can be successfully substituted for commercial EM-bokashi bran.[http://bocashi.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/bokashicomposting1.pdf "Make your own FREE bokashi starter", "Newspaper Bokashi", "Yogurt whey as a starter culture"], 12 September 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2013.{{cite web|last1=Spuhler|first1=Dorothee|last2=Gensch|first2=Robert|display-authors=etal|title=Terra Preta Sanitation|url=http://www.sswm.info/content/terra-preta-sanitation-0|website=SUSTAINABLE SANITATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLBOX|publisher=SSWM, seecon international|access-date=25 August 2016}}

In a community course of the Christchurch city council, New Zealand, 4-13-year-old students were invited to "learn the science behind reducing and utilising organic waste as a resource by turning it into natural fertilisers",{{cite web|title=Fertilising for the Future|url=http://www.ccc.govt.nz/culture-and-community/learning-resources/learning-through-action/list-of-programmes/fertilising-for-the-future/|website=ccc.govt.nz|publisher=Christchurch City Council|access-date=27 November 2015}} using EM in Bokashi composting for home kitchen waste at the EcoDepot/EcoDrop.{{cite web|title=A Guide to Effective Microorganisms|url=http://envismadrasuniv.org/pdf/EMGuide.pdf|website=envismadrasuniv.org|publisher=Christchurch City Council|access-date=27 November 2015}}

In India, effective microorganisms have been used in an attempt to treat some sewage-polluted lakes in Bangalore in 2015.{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/micro-bugs-may-help-in-restoring-our-embattled-water-bodies/article7258991.ece?homepage=true|title=Micro bugs may help in restoring our embattled water bodies|author=Mohit M Rao|work=The Hindu}}

After the Bangkok floods of 2011, effective microorganisms were used in an attempt to treat polluted water.{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/EM-balls-produced-by-royal-project-30169033.html|title=EM balls produced by royal project|date=2 November 2011|work=The Nation|access-date=12 July 2014|archive-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602144901/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/EM-balls-produced-by-royal-project-30169033.html|url-status=dead}}[https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/throwing-mud-flood-water Throwing Mud at Flood Water] in Reliefweb.int

Scientific methods to investigate applications of wastewater additives have come to the conclusion that long-term beneficial effects are not proven.

Pit additives used for improving the performance of sanitation systems do not work, because "the quantity of bacteria introduced to the pit by dosing additives is insignificant compared to the number already present in the faecal sludge. Similarly, while some additives operate on the logic of adding more nutrients to the sludge to feed bacteria and encourage their growth, faecal sludge is already rich in nutrients." With regards to this situation, effective microorganisms is used for treating polluted waterways caused by faecal sludge and even animal urine, usually mixed with bokashi mudballs, to disinfect and consume sludge and disinfect water.

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Category:Organic farming