Eggshell membrane separation process

Chicken eggshells are made up of 95% calcium carbonate by weight and the remaining material is primarily organic matrix.{{Cite journal |last1=Daengprok |first1=Wichittra |last2=Garnjanagoonchorn |first2=Wunwiboon |last3=Naivikul |first3=Onanong |last4=Pornsinlpatip |first4=Pornpun |last5=Issigonis |first5=Kimon |last6=Mine |first6=Yoshinori |date=2003-09-01 |title=Chicken Eggshell Matrix Proteins Enhance Calcium Transport in the Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells, Caco-2 |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf034261e |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=51 |issue=20 |pages=6056–6061 |doi=10.1021/jf034261e |pmid=13129316 |issn=0021-8561|url-access=subscription }}

Eggshell membrane is primarily composed of fibrous proteins such as collagen type I.{{cite journal|last1=Wong|first1=M.|last2=Hendrix|first2=M.J.|last3=van der Mark|first3=K.|last4=Little|first4=C.|last5=Stern|first5=R.|title=Collagen in the egg shell membranes of the hen|journal=Dev Biol|date=July 1984|volume=104|issue=1|pages=28–36|pmid=6203793|doi=10.1016/0012-1606(84)90033-2}}

Joseph H. MacNeil, Professor of Food Science at Penn State University, developed a machine that uses a delicate multi-bladed knife to scrape the membrane from the surface of shell fragments.{{Cite patent|number=US6176376B1|title=Method and apparatus for separating a protein membrane and shell material in waste egg shells|gdate=2001-01-23|invent1=MacNeil|inventor1-first=Joseph H.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6176376B1/en}} This invention uses a water-based method to separate the eggshell and protein membrane. The two products are processed in two streams to yield mm size particles of dry membrane and mm size particles of dried shell.

Another non-chemical separation technique utilizes steam heat, mechanical abrasion, and a light vacuum to separate the hard eggshell from the protein-containing membranes.{{Cite patent|number=US7017277B1|title=Vacuum treatment of an input stream without ruining delicate output fractions|gdate=2006-03-28|invent1=Adams|invent2=Franklin|inventor1-first=Randall G.|inventor2-first=Marshall R.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US7017277B1/en}} This invention passes shell fragments obtained from egg-breaking facilities through a series of heated augers. Once the shell and membrane flakes reach the appropriate moisture content, the vacuum pulls them into a cyclone device. The cyclonic action further separates the heavier eggshell flakes from the lighter membrane flakes. This invention has been commercialized and can easily separate multiple metric tons per day, allowing for the production of valuable products including commercial volumes of natural eggshell membrane or NEM.

Levi New invented a non-chemical and non-thermal separation technique that utilizes airflow to pull egg shells through a venturi. The material is subjected to pressure waves while passing through the venturi.{{Cite patent|number=WO2011143146A3|title=Eggshell membrane separation process|gdate=2012-02-23|invent1=New|inventor1-first=Levi|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2011143146A3/en}} A PulverDryer machine configured with a venturi sized to process egg shell pulverizes the shell component into fine powder and discharges the membrane as an intact dry flake material. The two components are separated in post processing by a standard shaker screen table, then the membrane is cleaned via one of several standard washing processes, depending on end use. Up to several tons of egg shell material can be processed per hour.

The waste eggshells are put into water and then ground to separate the eggshell from the protein membrane.{{Cite journal |last1=Yoo |first1=Sukjoon |last2=Hsieh |first2=Jeffery S. |last3=Zou |first3=Peter |last4=Kokoszka |first4=John |date=2009 |title=Utilization of calcium carbonate particles from eggshell waste as coating pigments for ink-jet printing paper |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960852409007913 |journal=Bioresource Technology |language=en |volume=100 |issue=24 |pages=6416–6421 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.112|pmid=19665373 |url-access=subscription }} Then the ground eggshell is placed in a separate vessel where air is injected into the water flow. The air and water mixture causes the lighter component (protein membrane) to float and the heavier (calcium carbonate eggshells) to sink. This unit recovers 96% of eggshell membrane and 99% of eggshell calcium carbonate in two hours.

The inventor of this method is Vladimir Vlad. The machine uses unseparated eggshells that are placed in a fluid tank, applying cavitation to separate the eggshell membrane from the eggshell. The fluid tank in this case contains distilled water and acetic acid to provide continuous processing. Also this invention has a method for collecting separated eggshells to grind them into an eggshell powder.{{Cite patent|number=US8056844B2|title=Eggshell membrane separation method|gdate=2011-11-15|invent1=Vlad|inventor1-first=Vladimir|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8056844B2/en}}

{{main|Eggshell#Uses|Eggshell membrane#Uses}}

Eggshell, as a source of food-safe calcium carbonate, has uses in pharmaceuticals, food, and in general industry.

Eggshell membrane is generally used as a dietary supplement.

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Category:Eggs (food)

Category:Recycling