Ekal Vidyalaya

The Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation was founded in Gumla district, Jharkhand in 1986. The one teacher schooling initiative was conceptualised by Bhaurao Deoras, the younger brother of the 3rd Sarsanghchalak of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras. The organisation was developed on Bhaurao's vision by a senior functionary of the RSS named Shyam Gupta.

In the 1990s, global support networks were established. The Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation of India was officially registered in 2000 and the EVF-USA was registered soon after.{{sfn|Tukdeo|2011|p=85}}

As of August 2020, there were more than 102753 schools run by EVF, including 2,100 schools in the North Eastern states.{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080407/jsp/northeast/story_9103098.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024110908/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080407/jsp/northeast/story_9103098.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 October 2012 | title=Urban-rural exchange in Ekal conference | date=7 April 2008 | newspaper=The Telegraph| access-date=13 February 2010 | location=Calcutta, India}} The number of schools grew to 27,000 in 2010, 34,000 in 2011, 51,717 in 2013 and 1,02,753 by 2020.{{cite news|date=21 February 2011|title=Galveston celebrates 'Enchantment of India'|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-21/art-culture/28618666_1_celebration-mardi-gras-parade-guests|url-status=dead|access-date=9 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926001337/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-21/art-culture/28618666_1_celebration-mardi-gras-parade-guests|archive-date=26 September 2012}} EVF's goal is to reach every child in the rural areas where education and school is a challenge .EVF is targeting to reach 2,00,00 village schools by 2030.

Ekal foundation of Nepal launched the program in 1996 and now the foundation is operating 2,310 primary schools imparting education to 60,995 students in 54 districts of Nepal.{{Cite web |last=Nepal |first=Nribesh |date=2022-07-23 |title=Ekal Vidyalaya: A power to change pace of life |url=https://ceotab.com/ekal-vidyalaya/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=CEO |language=en-US}}

EVF is associated with the Hindu nationalist organisations Vishva Hindu Parishad, which is in turn a member of the Sangh Parivar, the family of organisations run by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). The foundation was headed in the past by Subhash Chandra, the Chairman of Essel Group and the founder of Zee TV.{{cite web|title=Essel Cares: Ekal Vidyalaya|url=http://www.esselgroup.com/ekal-vidyalaya.html|access-date=2011-08-24|publisher=Essel Group}} Hema Malini, Indian actress and danseuse, has served as the global brand ambassador for the Ekal Vidyalaya movement.{{cite news|title=Hema to campaign for Ekal schools, BJP|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-10-17/news/27547612_1_hema-malini-primary-education-rss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610131721/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-10-17/news/27547612_1_hema-malini-primary-education-rss|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2015|access-date=17 March 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 October 2003}}

The Ekal Vidyalayas provide five years of free, non-formal education to children from the age group 6–14 years. A typical school has 30–40 students taught by a local youth who has passed grades 8 or 9 and has been specifically trained. A local organizer looks after a unit of 10 schools, called a "subcluster". Local people are also involved in higher organization levels like a "cluster" (unit of 30 schools), subarea (unit of 90 schools), and area (unit of 270 schools). The classes take place under a tree or in a hut and use informal modes like storytelling, folk dramas, folk songs, and religious discourses. Around half of the students and teachers are females, and about a fifth of the students go on to pursue higher education, some of which return to serve the foundation.

The schools are primarily organized in small villages among India's tribal groups. The local youth who are trained to operate the schools are social workers and teachers, teaching sanitation and health care, literacy, and self-sufficiency.{{sfn|Spring|2008|p=158}}

Each school is run on an annual budget of around 20,000 Indian rupees. At the national level, the schools are organized by Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation of India. Regionally, Ekal Vidyalayas are run by the Friends of Tribals Society (FTS) and Bharat Lok Shiksha Parishad (BLSP) NGOs and by state-level groups such as Janahitha in Andhra Pradesh and Bharatiya Janseva Sansthan in Gujarat.{{cite news | last=Correspondent | first=Navada | publisher=Prabhat Khabar | title=अब आयी एकल विद्यालय की अवधारणा | url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/node/31458 | access-date=10 September 2011 | language=hi | trans-title=Here comes the concept of Ekal schools }}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite news

|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/16/stories/2007071658640400.htm

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208135317/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/16/stories/2007071658640400.htm

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=8 December 2007

|title=Ekal Vidyalaya aims at taking the school to the children

|work=The Hindu

|access-date=2010-02-15

|location=Chennai, India

|date=16 July 2007}} In addition to teaching children, the schools hold weekly sessions for the village populace to discuss issues like rural development, health and awakening.

Along with literacy, Ekal Vidyalaya schools also impart moral education.{{cite news|last=Trakull|first=Gaurishankar|date=27 February 2012|title=अ, आ के साथ संस्कार भी सिखाएंगे सरकारी स्कूल|language=hi|trans-title=Schools to teach good morals in addition to the alphabet|work=Dainik Bhaskar|url=http://www.bhaskar.com/article/HIM-OTH-1859947-2914192.html|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203155923/http://www.bhaskar.com/article/HIM-OTH-1859947-2914192.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|last=Fazilka Correspondent|date=10 February 2012|title=एकल विद्यालय में बच्चों को मिलते अच्छे संस्कार|language=hi|trans-title=Good morals imparted to children in Ekal Vidyalayas|work=Dainik Jagran|url=http://www.jagran.com/punjab/firozpur-8878594.html|access-date=5 March 2012}} EVF works in tribal areas on health care education with the emphasis on hygiene, treatment of general diseases, maternal and child care. The foundation operates 11,450 health centers in India for people living in rural and tribal India.

The foundation distributes medicines to children for the treatment of various diseases. The schools also run a rural development scheme under which use of organic fertilizers is promoted in place of chemical fertilizers. Professional training in agriculture and vermiculture is provided. In May 2011, EVF launched the Vermicompost Project, a pilot project with an aim to introduce self-sustaining practices in 100 poor villages of Orissa and Maharashtra.{{cite news | last = DC Reporter | title = NGO launches programme to help with farming practices | url = http://www.developmentchannel.org/news/2265-ngo-launches-programme-to-help-with-farming-practices | access-date = 10 September 2011 | date = 11 May 2011 | publisher = Development Channel | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120304020834/http://www.developmentchannel.org/news/2265-ngo-launches-programme-to-help-with-farming-practices | archive-date = 4 March 2012 | url-status = dead }} In December 2011, the Ekal Vidyalaya staff resolved to raise voice against addiction in rural areas.{{cite news | last=Fazilla Correspondent | title =एकल विद्यालय स्टाफ ने लिया बुराइयों के दमन का प्रण |trans-title=Ekal Vidyalaya staff resolves to fight against evils |work=Dainik Jagran| url = http://www.jagran.com/punjab/firojpur-8700668.html | access-date = 5 March 2012 | date = 30 December 2011 | language=hi}}

; United States

The Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation of USA (EVF USA) is active in fundraising. In June 2008, the Atlanta chapter entertained guests with a music program at a fundraising event.{{cite web

|url=http://www.atlantadunia.com/dunia/News/N358.htm

|title=Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation reaffirms peoples' faith

|work=Atlanta Dunia

|access-date=2010-07-24}}

In May 2009, the Southern California chapter launched its annual fundraising drive.{{cite web

|url=http://www.indiajournal.com/pages/event.php?id=6730

|title=Ekal Vidyalaya to Hold Fundraising Program

|date=23 April 2009

|work=India Journal

|access-date=2010-07-24

}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

A benefit concert in Chicago in July 2009 raised $160,000.{{cite web

|url=http://www.indiapost.com/community-post/4930-Ekal-Vidyalaya-benefit-concert-raises-160000.html

|title=Ekal Vidyalaya benefit concert raises $160,000

|date=24 July 2009

|work=IndiaPost

|access-date=2010-07-24

}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

In September 2009, the San Diego chapter raised about $14,000 at a cultural event featuring music and dance.{{cite web

|url=http://www.indiajournal.com/pages/event.php?id=8467

|title=Ekal Vidyalaya Holds Fundraiser in San Diego

|date=24 September 2009

|work=India Journal

|access-date=2010-07-24

}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

The organisation announced that a similar event in Dallas in November 2009 had been very successful.{{cite web

|url=http://issueswire.com/releases/2009/11/prweb3183804.htm

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227041545/http://issueswire.com/releases/2009/11/prweb3183804.htm

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=27 February 2021

|date=11 November 2009

|title=Ekal Dallas Gets One Step Closer to Achieving Mahatma Gandhi's Dream of a Literate India

|work=IssuesWire

|publisher=Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation of USA

|access-date=2010-07-24

}}

In May 2010, a fundraising concert in Chicago was attended by over 600 people and raised pledges of $82,525.{{cite web

|url=http://www.triblocal.com/Naperville/detail/181817.html?content_source=&category_id=&search_filter=Ekal+Vidyalaya+charitable+musical+concert&user_id=&event_mode=&event_ts_from=&event_ts_from_week=&list_type=&order_by=&order_sort=&content_class=&sub_type=&town_id=

|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204183819/http://www.triblocal.com/Naperville/detail/181817.html?content_source=&category_id=&search_filter=Ekal+Vidyalaya+charitable+musical+concert&user_id=&event_mode=&event_ts_from=&event_ts_from_week=&list_type=&order_by=&order_sort=&content_class=&sub_type=&town_id=

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=4 February 2013

|title=Faith and philanthropy is all set to get a new meaning with Ekal Vidyalaya charitable musical concert at Chicago

|author=Suresh & Usha Bodiwala

|work=TribLocal

|date=28 May 2010

|access-date=2010-07-24

}}

The same month, Ekal Vidyalaya raised almost $500,000 from five charity shows in the mid-Atlantic region.{{cite web

|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/jun/11/ekal-collects-money-for-tribal-schools.htm

|work=Rediff News

|title=Ekal collects $420,000 for tribal schools

|date=11 June 2010

|access-date=2010-07-24}} As of 2010, EVF USA had 34 active chapters and supported 9,500 out of the 34,343 Ekal Vidyalayas in India. The foundation raised US$3.5 million in 2010. EVF USA organises fundraising programs in 45 cities in the United States, which feature Indian singers or marathons.{{cite web

|url=http://www.indoamerican-news.com/?p=1895

|work=Indo-American News

|title=Ekal Foundation Reports Higher Donations in 2010

|date=22 April 2011

|access-date=17 March 2012

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407051030/http://www.indoamerican-news.com/?p=1895

|archive-date=7 April 2016

|url-status=dead

}}

; Other countries

EVF Australia was set up in 2004.{{cite web

|url=http://www.hinducouncil.com.au/publications/Newsletter_Jan06.pdf

|title=The Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation (EVF)

|work=NEWS LETTER Vol.5 Jan – Mar 2006

|publisher=Hindu Council of Australia Ltd

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913183205/http://hinducouncil.com.au/publications/Newsletter_Jan06.pdf

|archive-date=13 September 2009

|access-date=2010-02-15}}

It received the Tax exemption for donation in 2007. As of June 2015 EVF Australia has sponsored 850 Ekal schools.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

In 2006, the National Hindu Students' Forum (UK) selected Ekal Vidyalaya as the main recipient of fundraising during its annual Sewa Week drive.{{cite web

|url=http://www.nhsf.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=503&Itemid=186

|title=NHSF National Charity 2006–07 – Saraswati Vidyalaya

|publisher=National Hindu Students Forum (UK)

|access-date=2010-02-15}} EVF has around 1,000 donors in Hong Kong.

EVF's single-teacher school concept and their contribution towards literacy and empowerment in the rural and tribal areas have been praised by several state governments and social organisations in India. Avinash Kaushik, American entrepreneur and author, wrote that foundations like the Smile Train, Doctors Without Borders and Ekal Vidyalaya have done "incredible work" and "they make the world a better place".{{sfn|Kaushik|2009|p=9}}

Digital Learning, a magazine on education, described the non-formal education experiment by EVF in Jharkhand from 1986 to 1995–96 as "extraordinary", noting that literacy rate in Jharkhand doubled in this period, and diseases caused by unhygienic practices, witchcraft and alcoholism declined sharply.{{cite journal |date=July 2008|title=Ekal Vidyalaya: 'One Teacher, One School, One Village'|journal=Digital Learning|publisher= Elets Technomedia Pvt. Ltd.|location=NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India |volume=IV |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628063501/http://www.digitallearning.in/magazine/July08.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-28 |issn=0973-4139 | url=http://www.digitallearning.in/magazine/July08.pdf|pages=53–54}} The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), a program for health care in rural India run by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, approached EVF for imparting healthcare training to women. EVF developed the women-centric "Asha" programme for NRHM in response.

According to A Factual Response to the Hate Attack on the India Development and Relief Fund (IDRF), Yvette Rosser, American author and scholar, wrote that the Ekal Vidyalaya program has done "incredible work" and "brought literacy to millions of India's children who otherwise would not know how to read and write".{{sfn|Rao et al 2003|loc=Appendix K, pp. 160–172}}

Raman Singh, the Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh, praised the work done by Ekal Vidyalayas run by the FTS in 2500 tribal villages of the state in spreading education.{{cite web | title=वनबंधु परिषद वनांचलों में कर रहा है शिक्षा का प्रचार-प्रसार: डॉ. रमन सिंह | language=hi | trans-title=FTS spreading education in tribal areas: Dr. Raman Singh | url=http://www.dprcg.gov.in/4774-25.01.12 | access-date=17 March 2012 | publisher=Public Relations Department, Government of Chhattisgarh | date=25 January 2012 | quote=मुख्यमंत्री ने समाज सेवी संस्था वनबंधु परिषद द्वारा आदिवासी अंचलों में शिक्षा के प्रचार-प्रसार के लिए किए जा रहे कार्यो की प्रशंसा की। | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731034140/http://www.dprcg.gov.in/4774-25.01.12 | archive-date=31 July 2012 | url-status=dead }} In 2009, Yoga guru Swami Ramdev said at the Ekal International Conference in Delhi that the Ekal Vidyalayas are a medium for definite service to God.

• 2009. The 7th Meri Dilli Award (My Delhi Award) in the field of literacy by the NNS Media Group, conferred by Yoganand Shastri, the Speaker of the Delhi Legislative Assembly.{{cite web | title = Vijay Maru bags Meri Delhi Award-2009 | url = http://vaishsansar.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=932:vijay-maru-bags-meri-delhi-award-2009&catid=34:pages | access-date = 17 March 2012 | publisher=Vaish Sansar | date=19 December 2009}}
• 2008–09. Best NGO Award for transparency and administration.{{cite journal |date=25 June – 1 July 2008 |title=Ekal Vidyalaya NJ chapter raises $320,000 for schools in India's tribal areas |journal=The South Asian Times |location=Hicksville, New York, USA |volume=4 |issue=10 |page=6 |url=http://www.thesouthasiantimes.info/epaper/10_vol4_epaper.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite news | title = NJ Chapter of Ekal Vidyalaya raises $320,000 | work = NRI Today | url = http://www.nritoday.net/national-briefs/829-an-evening-to-remember-in-east-meadow | access-date = 17 March 2012 | date = June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120423163158/http://www.nritoday.net/national-briefs/829-an-evening-to-remember-in-east-meadow | archive-date = 23 April 2012 | url-status = dead }}
• 2007–08. Utkrishtata Samman (Highest Award) by Bharat Vikas Parishad (India Development Council), conferred by retired Indian judges "for excellent services towards empowerment of Vanvasis and villagers."{{cite web | title = Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation Receives Bharat Vikas Parishad (BVP) Utkrishtata Samman | url = http://www.sewainternational.org/content/sewa-sandesh-117 | access-date = 17 March 2012 | publisher = Sewa Sandesh | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130415195625/http://www.sewainternational.org/content/sewa-sandesh-117 | archive-date = 15 April 2013 | url-status = dead }}

In 2005, a report prepared by an inquiry committee of the Indian Ministry of Human Resource Development found that in some Ekal Vidyalaya schools the names of enrolled students had been copied from registers of government-run schools. The schools did not provide reading and learning material, and used funds to "generate hatred toward minorities, and condition the minds of children". The report said the FTS was "misusing these funds, and using the grants for creating disharmony amongst religious groups and creating a political cadre". In May 2005 the Indian government stopped grants to the schools based on this report.{{cite news

|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/19/stories/2005051907291200.htm

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221103440/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/19/stories/2005051907291200.htm

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=21 December 2005

|title=Centre stops grants to 'one-teacher schools'

|work=The Hindu

|first=Anita | last=Joshua

|date=19 May 2005

|access-date=2010-07-24

|location=Chennai, India}}

Quoting from the report in The Milli Gazette, Mukundan C. Menon noted that the English booklet used to teach second year students in Jharkhand omitted six letters of the alphabet. Menon said the reason was names of Hindu Gods beginning with these letters are not common.{{cite web

|url=http://www.milligazette.com/dailyupdate/2005/20051002-vhp.htm

|title=Another Blow to VHP

|last=Menon | first=Mukundan C

|work=The Milli Gazette

|date=2 October 2005

|access-date=2010-12-18|quote="... only the names of Hindu Gods [sic] were used to teach English alphabet. ... A for Arjun, B for Brahma, C for Cow, D for Dhruva,.G for Ganesh, H.for Hanuman,.J for Jambavan,.M for Mahadev,.O for Om,.R for Ram,.T for Temple, U for Uma. ... Ironically, the letters 'E', 'F', 'Q', 'W', 'X' and 'Z' simply does [sic] not exist in this booklet. ... Reason? No names of Hindu Gods beginning with these letters are readily available!"}}

In 2002, Sabrang Communications and South Asia Citizens Web published a report named The Foreign Exchange of Hate – IDRF and the American Funding of Hindutva on utilisation of funds by India Development and Relief Fund. The report alleged the VHP-run Ekal Vidyalaya schools had the goal of "Hinduizing" tribals and spreading hatred against Indian minorities.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTk6_HXg5E8C&pg=PA289 |page=289

|title=ASEAN, India, Australia: towards closer engagement in a new Asia

|first1=William T. |last1=Tow |first2=Kin Wah |last2=Chin

|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |isbn=978-981-230-963-1}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONMxZc5_saYC&pg=PA151 |pages=151–153

|title=A place at the multicultural table: the development of an American Hinduism

|first=Prema A. |last=Kurien |author-link=Prema Kurien

|publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8135-4056-6}}

In 2005 John Dayal, then president of the All India Catholic Union (AICU) and a member of the National Integration Council expressed concern that the schools were spreading hatred towards members of the Christian minority, in order to "prevent conversions of tribals to Christianity by missionaries."{{cite web

|url=http://in.christiantoday.com/articles/aicu-president-suspects-hindu-charitable-trust-of-forming-antichristian-schools-for-indian-tribals/156.htm

|work=Christian Today

|title=AICU president suspects Hindu charitable trust of forming anti–Christian schools for Indian tribals

|first=Jacob

|last=Chaterjee

|date=19 July 2005

|access-date=5 March 2012

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824032549/http://in.christiantoday.com/articles/aicu-president-suspects-hindu-charitable-trust-of-forming-antichristian-schools-for-indian-tribals/156.htm

|archive-date=24 August 2013

|url-status=dead

}}

In a 2008 article Angana Chatterji, associate professor of anthropology at California Institute of Integral Studies, identified Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation of USA as one of the charities in the US that had allocated money "disproportionately directed to Hindutva-affiliated groups".{{cite web

|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/its-still-religion-stupid/369086/0

|title=It's still religion, stupid

|date=4 October 2008

|work=The Indian Express

|author=Angana Chatterji

|access-date=2010-12-18}}

In an article in the Daily Times of Pakistan, Khalid Hasan described the Ekal Vidyalayas as having a "curriculum steeped in instilling hatred against non-Hindu religious minorities".{{cite web

|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\story_9-11-2008_pg1_5

|title=Yet another controversial Obama appointment

|work=Daily Times (Pakistan)

|date=9 November 2008

|first=Khalid

|last=Hasan

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805232831/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C11%5C09%5Cstory_9-11-2008_pg1_5

|archive-date=5 August 2011

}}

Rights activists have claimed that the schools pursue a Hindu-nationalist agenda and generate hatred towards non-Hindu minorities such as Christians.

In response to the 2002 report published by Sabrang Communications, in March 2003 Ramesh Rao, professor of Communication at Truman State University, and others wrote a report named A Factual Response to the Hate Attack on the India Development and Relief Fund (IDRF).

In this report, they wrote that "there has been a concerted campaign against the Ekal Vidyalayas by a combination of media and academic networks ... try as they might, they really cannot find anything wrong with the schools".{{sfn|Rao et al 2003|loc=Chapter III, Section A, pp. 27–30}}

According to Prakash Sharma, media convener of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, "The Ekal Vidyalayas are our effort to reach the most deprived areas of the country. Christian missionaries get funds from all over the world: the entire Christian empire backs them. Ours is a completely indigenous effort".

François Gautier, French author and journalist, described the Ekal Vidyalayas as "a harmless programme doing wonderful job for tribal children", and questioned why organisations raising funds for them were attacked.{{cite web

|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/11franc.htm

|title=Heed the New Hindu Mood

|work=Rediff.com

|date=11 March 2003

|access-date=5 March 2012

|first=Gautier | last=François}}

A Factual Response to the Hate Attack on the India Development and Relief Fund (IDRF) quotes Yvette Rosser as saying that "the ladies and gentlemen in the villages who teach in Ekal Vidyalaya schools are not teaching hate".{{sfn|Rao et al 2003|loc=Appendix K, pp. 160–172}}

A Factual Response to the Hate Attack on the India Development and Relief Fund (IDRF) notes that several other authors have praised the schools' role in providing literacy to millions of children, and stated that the schools do not teach hate but have themselves been the target of a campaign by media and academic networks.{{sfn|Rao et al 2003|loc=Appendix K, pp. 160–172}}{{sfn|Rao et al 2003|loc=Chapter III, Section A, pp. 27–30}}

• Akhara
• Friends of Tribals Society
• Akshaya Patra Foundation
• Gurukula
• Education in India
• Literacy in India
• Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
• Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram
• Vidya Bharati
• Pratap Chandra Sarangi

{{Reflist | colwidth=30em}}

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|last=Spring

|author-link=Joel Spring

|publisher=Taylor & Francis

|year=2008

|isbn=978-0-415-98946-6

|url-access=registration

|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationofe0000spri

}}

• {{cite thesis |last=Tukdeo |first=Shivali |title=Transnationalizing Indian education: Diasporic networks, politics and participation |type=PhD |publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |year=2011 |url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/18641 }}

{{refend}}

{{Sangh Parivar}}

{{Gandhi Peace Prize laureates}}

Category:Sangh Parivar

Category:Educational organisations based in India

Category:Hindu organisations based in India

Category:Hindu relief organizations

Category:Volunteer organisations in India

Category:Recipients of the Gandhi Peace Prize

Category:1988 establishments in India