Ekoid languages

Ethnologue lists the following Ekoid varieties with the status of independent languages. Branching is from Watters (1978) and Yoder et al. (2009).

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• Ekoid
• Ndoe
• {{tree list/branching}}
• Ejagham (Ekoi)
• Efutop–Ekajuk
• Efutop
• Nde-Nsele-Nta
• Abanyom
• Nkem-Nkum
• Ekajuk–Nnam

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Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations (in Nigeria only) from Blench (2019).{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of Nigerian Languages|last=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2019|edition=4th|location=Cambridge}}

Proto-Ekoid is reconstructed with the following vowels and tones: {{IPA|*/i e ɛ a ɔ o u/}}; high, low, rising, falling, and downstep. The rising and falling tones, though, might be composite.

It is thought to have the following consonants:

{{IPA|[ɲ]}} occurs at the beginning of a word, and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} in the middle or at the end.

The first publication of Ekoid material is in Clarke (1848)Clarke, John 1848. Specimens of dialects: short vocabularies of languages: and notes of countries and customs in Africa. Berwick-upon-Tweed: Daniel Cameron where five ‘dialects’ are listed and a short wordlist of each is given. Other major early publications are Koelle (1854),Koelle, S.W. 1854. Polyglotta Africana. London: Church Missionary Society Thomas (1914)Thomas, N.W. 1914. Specimens of languages from Southern Nigeria. London: Harrison & Sons and Johnston (1919–1922).Johnston, H.H. 1919-22. A comparative study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages. (2 vols.) Oxford: Clarendon Press Although Koelle lumped his specimens in the same area, it seems that Cust (1883)Cust, R.N. 1883. The modern languages of Africa. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley was the first to link them together and place them in a group co-ordinate with Bantu but not within it. Thomas (1927)Thomas, N.W. 1927. The Bantu languages of Nigeria. In: Festschrift Meinhof F. Boas et al. eds. 65-73. Hamburg: Friederichsen & Co. is the first author to make a correct classification of Ekoid Bantu, but oddly the much later Westermann & Bryan (1952)Westermann, Diedrich & Bryan, M.A. (1970 [1952]). The Languages of West Africa. Oxford: International African Institute / Oxford University Press repeats an older, inaccurate classification. This also propagated another old error and included the Nyang languages with Ekoid. Nyang languages have their own quite distinct characteristics and are probably further from Bantu than Ekoid.

Guthrie (1967–1971)Guthrie, Malcolm 1967-71. Comparative Bantu. 4 vols. Farnham: Gregg International Publishers could not accept that Ekoid formed part of Bantu. His first improbable explanation was that its ‘Bantuisms’ resulted from speakers of a Bantu language being ‘absorbed’ by those who spoke a ‘Western Sudanic’ language, in other words, the apparent parallels, were simply a massive block of loanwords. This was later modified into ‘Ekoid languages may to some extent share an origin with some of the A zone languages, but they seem to have undergone considerable perturbations’ (Guthrie 1971, II:15). Williamson (1971)Williamson, K. 1971. The Benue–Congo languages and Ịjọ. Current Trends in Linguistics, 7. ed. T. Sebeok. 245-306. The Hague: Mouton in an influential classification of Benue–Congo assigned Ekoid to ‘Wide Bantu’ or what would now be called Bantoid, a rather untidy mass of languages lying somehow between Bantu and the remainder of Benue–Congo.

All modern classifications of Ekoid are based on Crabb (1969) and when Watters (1981)Watters, John R. 1981. A phonology and morphology of Ejagham, with notes on dialect variation. Ph.D. thesis. University of California at Los Angeles. xviii, 549 p. came to explore the proto-phonology of Ekoid, he used this source, rather than his own field material from the Ejagham dialects in Cameroon. A problematic aspect of Crabb is his notation of Ekoid which does not clearly distinguish phonetic from phonemic transcription. Fresh work on Ejagham by Watters (1980,Watters, John R. 1980. The Ejagam noun class system: Ekoid Bantu revisited. In Larry M. Hyman (ed.), Noun classes in the Grassfields Bantu borderland, 99-137. Southern California Occasional Papers in Linguistics, 8. Los Angeles: University of Southern California 1981) has extended our knowledge of the Cameroonian dialects of Ekoid. However, an important unpublished dissertation by Asinya (1987)Asinya, O.E. 1987. A reconstruction of the Segmental phonology of Bakor (an Ekoid Bantu language). M.A. Linguistics, University of Port Harcourt based in fresh fieldwork in Nigeria made an important claim about Ekoid phonology, namely that most Ekoid languages have long/short distinctions in the vowels. Ekoid has raised particular interest among Bantuists because it has a noun-class system that seems close to Bantu and yet it cannot be said to correspond exactly (Watters 1980).

• Ekoid word lists (Wiktionary)

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{{CC-notice|cc=by3|url=https://rogerblench.info/}}

• Roger Blench, [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/Ekoid/Comparative%20Ekoid.pdf 'Ekoid']
• [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\bco\eko&limit=-1 Ekoid basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]

{{Ekoid languages}}

{{Niger-Congo branches}}

Category:Languages of Cameroon

Category:Languages of Nigeria

Category:Southern Bantoid languages