Elaine Pagels

{{Infobox academic

| name = Elaine Pagels

| image = Elaine pagels 8315812.jpg

| image_size =

| caption =

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|02|13|mf=yes}}

| birth_place = Palo Alto, California, U.S.

| birth_name = Elaine Hiesey

| discipline = History of religion

| workplaces = Princeton University
Barnard College

| alma_mater = Stanford University (BA, MA)
Harvard University (PhD)

| doctoral_advisor =

| academic_advisors =

| doctoral_students =

| notable_students =

| known_for = Nag Hammadi manuscripts
Early Christianity

| influences =

| influenced =

| awards = MacArthur Fellowship (1981)
National Book Award (1980)
National Book Critics Circle Award (1979)
Guggenheim Fellowship (1979)
Rockefeller Fellowship (1978)
Howard T. Behrman Award for Distinguished Achievement in the Humanities (2012)

| signature =

| footnotes =

| father = William Hiesey

| spouse = {{plainlist|

{{Marriage|Heinz Pagels|1969|1988|reason=died}}
{{marriage|Kent Greenawalt|1995|2005|end=divorced}}

}}

Elaine Pagels, née Hiesey (born February 13, 1943), is an American historian of religion. She is the Harrington Spear Paine Professor of Religion at Princeton University. Pagels has conducted extensive research into early Christianity and Gnosticism.

Her best-selling book The Gnostic Gospels (1979) examines the divisions in the early Christian church, and the way that women have been viewed throughout Jewish history and Christian history. Modern Library named it as one of the 100 best books of the twentieth century.

Early life and education

Elaine Hiesey was born February 13, 1943, in California.{{cite book |title=World authors 1985–1990 |editor-first=Vineta |editor-last=Colby |publisher=H. W. Wilson |isbn=978-0824208752 |year=1995 |chapter=Pagels, Elaine Hiesey (February 13, 1943 – ) |quote=American religious scholar and historian, was born in Palo Alto, California, to William McKinley Hiesey, a research biologist, and Louise Sophia (Van Druton) Hiesey.}} She is the daughter of Stanford University botanist William Hiesey.{{Cite book |title=Why Religion: A Personal Story |last=Pagels|first=Elaine|publisher=HarperCollins |year=2018 |pages=0–4}}

According to Pagels, she has been fascinated with the Gospel of John since her youth. She found it to be "the most spiritual of the four gospels".{{cite book |last=Pagels |first=Elaine |year=2004 |title=Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |postscript=. Ch. 2.}} After joining an Evangelical church at the age of 13, she quit when the church announced that a Jewish friend of hers who had been killed in a car crash would go to hell because he had not been "born again".{{cite web|url=https://radiowest.kuer.org/post/conversation-elaine-pagels|title=A Conversation With Elaine Pagels|first=Doug|last=Fabrizio|website=radiowest.kuer.org|date=19 March 2019 }}

Pagels remained fascinated by the power of the New Testament. She started to learn Greek when she entered college, and read the Gospels in their original language. She graduated from Stanford University, earning a BA in 1964 and MA in 1965. After briefly studying dance at Martha Graham's studio, she began studying for a PhD in religion at Harvard University as a student of Helmut Koester and part of a team studying the Nag Hammadi library manuscripts.

Academic work

Pagels completed her PhD in 1970, and joined the faculty at Barnard College. She headed its Department of Religion from 1974 until she moved to Princeton in 1982. In 1975, after studying the Pauline Epistles and comparing them to Gnosticism and the early Church, Pagels wrote the book, The Gnostic Paul which argues that Paul the Apostle was a source for Gnosticism and hypothesizes that Paul's influence on the direction of the early Christian church was great enough to inspire the creation of pseudonymous writings such as the Pastoral Epistles (First and Second Timothy and Titus), in order to make it appear that Paul was anti-Gnostic.

Pagels' study of the Nag Hammadi manuscripts was the basis for The Gnostic Gospels (1979), a popular introduction to the Nag Hammadi library. It was a best seller and won both the National Book Award in one-year category Religion/Inspiration

[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1980 "National Book Awards – 1980"]. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-08.{{NoteTag|This was the award for hardcover Religion and Inspiration. From 1980 to 1983 in National Book Award history there were dual awards for hardcover and paperback books in many categories, including several nonfiction subcategories. Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including those in the 1980 Religion and Inspiration category.}}

and the National Book Critics Circle Award. Modern Library named it one of the 100 best books of the twentieth century.{{cite web| last = Sheahen| first = Laura| title = Matthew, Mark, Luke and... Thomas?: What would Christianity be like if gnostic texts had made it into the Bible?| work = Faiths & Prayer| publisher = Beliefnet| date = June 2003| url = http://www.beliefnet.com/story/128/story_12865_1.html| access-date = 2009-06-07}} She follows the well-known thesis that Walter Bauer first put forth in 1934 and argues that the Christian church was founded in a society espousing contradictory viewpoints. A review of the book in the UK newspaper, The Sunday Times, led to the UK broadcaster, Channel 4, commissioning a major three-part series inspired by it, called Jesus: The Evidence. The programme triggered a national furore, and marked a significant moment in the changes that religious broadcasting was already undergoing at that time.{{cite journal |last=Wallis|first=Richard |date=January 27, 2016 |title=Channel 4 and the declining influence of organized religion on UK television. The case of Jesus: The Evidence|journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television|language=en|volume=36|issue=4|pages=668–688|doi=10.1080/01439685.2015.1132821|s2cid=147313606 |issn=0143-9685 |url = http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/22578/4/Wallis._01_02_2016_Channel_4.1.pdf |doi-access=free}} As a movement Gnosticism was not coherent and there were several areas of disagreement among the different factions. According to Pagels's interpretation of an era different from ours, Gnosticism "attracted women because it allowed female participation in sacred rites".

In 1982, Pagels joined Princeton University as a professor of early Christian history. Aided by a MacArthur Fellowship grant in 1981, she researched and wrote Adam, Eve, and the Serpent, which examines the creation account and its role in the development of sexual attitudes in the Christian West. In both The Gnostic Gospels and Adam, Eve, and the Serpent, Pagels focuses especially on the way that women have been viewed throughout Jewish and Christian history. Her other books include The Origin of Satan (1995), Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas (2003), Reading Judas: The Gospel of Judas and the Shaping of Christianity (2007), and Revelations: Visions, Prophecy, and Politics in the Book of Revelation (2012).{{cite web|title=Revelations|url = http://radiowest.kuer.org/post/revelations |website = RadioWest |access-date=April 26, 2012 }}

In April 1987, Pagels's son Mark died after five years of illness, and in July 1988, her husband Heinz Pagels died in a mountain climbing accident.{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Cyclopedia of world authors |volume=4 |year=1997 |publisher=Salem Press |editor-first=Frank Northen |editor-last=Magill |title=Elaine Pagels |quote=In 1987 Pagels and her husband Heinz suffered the loss of their six-year-old son Mark to a rare lung disease. Fifteen months later, Heinz Pagels fell to his death while hiking in Aspen, Colorado. Elaine Pagels was left to raise their children.}} These personal tragedies deepened her spiritual awareness and afterwards Pagels began research leading to The Origin of Satan.Pagels, Elaine (1995). The Origin of Satan, p.xv. "In 1988, when my husband of twenty years died in a hiking accident, I became aware that, like many people who grieve, I was living in the presence of an invisible being — living, that is, with a vivid sense of someone who had died. During the following years I began to reflect on the ways that various religious traditions give shape to the invisible world, and how our imaginative perceptions of what is invisible relate to the ways we respond to the people around..." This book argues that the figure of Satan became a way for Christians to demonize their religious and cultural opponents, namely, pagans, other Christian sects, and Jews.

File:El Evangelio de Tomás-Gospel of Thomas- Codex II Manuscritos de Nag Hammadi-The Nag Hammadi manuscripts.png, showing the end of the Apocryphon of John and the beginning of the Gospel of Thomas]]

Her New York Times bestseller, Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas (2003), contrasts the Gospel of Thomas with the Gospel of John. It argues that a close reading of the texts reveals distinct theological perspectives: the Gospel of Thomas teaches that "there is a light within each person, and it lights up the whole universe... If it does not shine, there is darkness," emphasizing the divine light within all human beings. In contrast, the Gospel of John presents Jesus Christ as the "light of the world," centralizing the revelation of God through Christ.

Pagels suggests that Gospel of Thomas, along with other non-canonical texts, portrays Jesus not as God, but as a human teacher uncovering the divine light within individuals. This interpretation conflicts with the canonical New Testament gospels, which affirm the divinity of Jesus. Pagels argues that the Gospel of John was written in response to the non-canonical viewpoints found in the Gospel of Thomas. She supports this by noting that in John's Gospel, the apostle Thomas is portrayed as a disciple who struggles with doubt, needing physical proof to believe, while John emphasizes the divine nature of Jesus as central to faith—a key aspect of early Christian orthodoxy.

Beyond Belief also includes Pagels' personal reflection on faith, particularly during a period of personal loss and tragedy.

In 2012, Pagels received Princeton University's Howard T. Behrman Award for Distinguished Achievement in the Humanities for, as one nominator wrote, "her ability to show readers that the ancient texts she studies are concerned with the great questions of human existence though they may discuss them in mythological or theological language very different from our own."{{cite web|last=Staff|date=May 7, 2012|title=Oates and Pagels receive Behrman Award|url=https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S33/64/24M36/index.xml?section=topstories|publisher=Princeton University |access-date=May 19, 2012}}{{cite web|last=Staff|date=May 12, 2012|title=Princeton honors two professors|url=http://www.trentonian.com/article/20120512/NEWS01/120519890/princeton-honors-two-professors|work=The Trentonian|access-date=May 19, 2012|archive-date=March 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309070442/http://www.trentonian.com/article/20120512/NEWS01/120519890/princeton-honors-two-professors|url-status=dead}} In 2015, Pagels was given the National Humanities Medal.{{cite web |title=Elanie Pagels |url=https://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals/elaine-pagels |website=National Endowment for the Humanities |access-date=November 20, 2020}}

Reviews

Pagels and other scholars contend that the Gospel of John exposes the gnosticism advanced by the Gospel of Thomas, which was ultimately rejected by church authorities and excluded from the canon. Other scholars have contested this position. For example, Larry Hurtado argues that John portrays Thomas as no worse than Peter in John 21:15-23, where Jesus asks a disconcerted Peter whether he really loves him and later admonishes him. As well, Hurtado notes that Thomas's insistence, in the post-resurrection accounts, on seeing Jesus before he'll believe he has risen from the dead is answered positively by Jesus and that Thomas is not represented polemically but as coming to faith.{{cite book |last=Hurtado |first=Larry |title=Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2005 |pages=474–479}}

Personal life

She married theoretical physicist Heinz Pagels in 1969,{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOkPjFQoBj8C&pg=PA1062 |pages=1061–1062 |editor-first1=Mary Zeiss |editor-last1= Stange |editor-first2=Carol K. |editor-last2=Oyster |editor-first3=Jane E. |editor-last3=Sloan |year=2011 |first=Dierdre |last=Good |title=Elaine Hiesey Pagels (1943–) |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-7685-5 |access-date=January 19, 2020 |quote=In 1969, she married Heinz R. Pagels, a noted theoretical physicist, }} with whom she had a son and adopted two children. In April 1987, their son Mark died at age six and a half, followed 15 months later by the death of her husband in a climbing accident.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/14/books/the-heresy-that-saved-a-skeptic.html |title=The Heresy That Saved A Skeptic |first=Dinitia |last=Smith |date=June 14, 2003 |access-date=January 19, 2020 |newspaper=New York Times }}{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2003/10/10/october-10-2003-elaine-pagels/10362/ |date=October 10, 2003 |title=Elaine Pagels |magazine=Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly |publisher=PBS |first=Mary Alice |last=Williams}}

Pagels married law professor Kent Greenawalt from Columbia University in June 1995. Each had been widowed about six years earlier, left with children. She had a son and a daughter, while Greenawalt had three sons.{{cite magazine |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=71 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1995/04/03/the-devil-problem |first=David |last=Remnick |title=The Devil Problem |date=March 26, 1995 |quote=“The Origin of Satan” will be published in June [1995]. It is dedicated to the living: “To Sarah and David with love. ”That same month, Pagels will marry Kent Greenawalt in an Episcopal church in Princeton. |access-date=January 19, 2020}} The two divorced in 2005.{{cite web|last= Eckhart |first= TammyJo|url= https://www.monroecountynow.org/blog/2020/2/13/she-keeps-revealing-the-history-behind-religion|title= She Keeps Revealing the History Behind Religion|website= monroecountynow.org|date= February 13, 2020|access-date= March 12, 2025}}

Books

{{cite book|author1-last=Pagels |author1-first=Elaine H. |title=The Johannine Gospel in Gnostic Exegesis: Heracleon's Commentary on John |series=Society of Biblical Literature monograph series |volume=17 |location=Nashville, TN |publisher=Abingdon Press |date=1973 |isbn=978-0-687-20632-2 |oclc=447422 }} - based on the author's thesis
{{cite book|author1-last=Pagels |author1-first=Elaine H. |author1-mask=3 |title=The Gnostic Paul: Gnostic Exegesis of the Pauline Letters |location=Philadelphia, PA |publisher=Trinity Press International |date=1975 |isbn=978-1-56338-039-6 |oclc=1043495966 }}
{{cite book|author1-last=Pagels |author1-first=Elaine H. |author1-mask=3 |title=The Gnostic Gospels |location=New York |publisher=Vintage Books |date=1979 |isbn=978-0-394-50278-6 |oclc=1002324965 }}
{{cite book |author1-last=Pagels |author1-first=Elaine H. |author1-mask=3 |title=Adam, Eve and the Serpent: Sex and Politics in Early Christianity |location=New York |publisher=Vintage Books |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-394-52140-4 |oclc=17326302 |url=https://archive.org/details/adameveserpent00page |url-access=registration}}
{{cite book |author1-last=Pagels |author1-first=Elaine H. |author1-mask=3 |title=The Origin of Satan: How Christians Demonized Jews, Pagans, and Heretics |location=New York |publisher=Vintage Books |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-679-40140-7 |oclc=32168225 |url=https://archive.org/details/originofsatan00page |url-access=registration}}
{{cite book |author1-last=Pagels |author1-first=Elaine H. |author1-mask=3 |title=Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas |location=New York |publisher=Vintage Books |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-375-50156-2 |oclc=50913545 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/beyondbeliefsecr00page }}
{{cite book |author1-last=Pagels |author1-first=Elaine H. |author1-mask=3 |author2-last=King |author2-first=Karen L. |author2-link=Karen L. King |title=Reading Judas: The Gospel of Judas and the Shaping of Christianity |location=New York |publisher=Viking Press |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-670-03845-9 |oclc=85255593 |url=https://archive.org/details/readingjudasgosp00page |url-access=registration}}
{{cite book |author1-last=Pagels |author1-first=Elaine H. |author1-mask=3 |title=Revelations: Visions, Prophecy, and Politics in the Book of Revelation |location=New York |publisher=Viking Press |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-670-02334-9 |oclc=746833711 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/revelationsvisio0000page }}
{{cite book|author1-last=Pagels |author1-first=Elaine H. |author1-mask=3 |title=Why Religion?: A Personal Story |location=New York |publisher=Ecco |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-06-236853-9 |oclc=1059513469 }}
{{cite book|author1-last=Pagels |author1-first=Elaine H. |author1-mask=3 |title=Miracles and Wonder: The Historical Mystery of Jesus |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |date=2025|isbn=978-0-385-54746-8 |oclc=1478251607 }}

Notes

References

External links

[http://religion.princeton.edu/main/people/all-people/core-faculty/elaine-pagels/ Faculty page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227071934/http://religion.princeton.edu/main/people/all-people/core-faculty/elaine-pagels/ |date=2014-02-27 }}, Princeton University Department of Religion
"[http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/pagels03/pagels_index.html The Politics of Christianity]", Edge.org. – A talk by Pagels exploring some of the political issues raised by her work.

Category:1943 births

Category:Living people

Category:20th-century American women

Category:21st-century American women

Category:American historians of religion

Category:American religion academics

Category:American theologians

Category:American women historians

Category:Harvard Divinity School alumni

Category:Historians from California

Category:Historians of Gnosticism

Category:MacArthur Fellows