Elections in Chile#Presidential elections

Citizens of Chile and foreign residents with legal residency of at least five years, who are 18 years or older on election day, are eligible to vote. All eligible citizens are automatically registered,{{Cite journal|last1=Barnes|first1=Tiffany D.|last2=Rangel|first2=Gabriela|date=December 2014|title=Election Law Reform in Chile: The Implementation of Automatic Registration and Voluntary Voting|url=http://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/elj.2013.0205|journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=570–582|doi=10.1089/elj.2013.0205|issn=1533-1296|url-access=subscription}} and voting is compulsory. Between 2012 and 2023, voting was voluntary. Since 2014, Chileans have been able to vote overseas in presidential elections (including primaries) and referendums.{{cite web|url=https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1061853|title=LEY-20748 03-MAY-2014 MINISTERIO SECRETARÍA GENERAL DE LA PRESIDENCIA - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional|date=3 May 2014|website=leychile.cl}}

{{for|the most recent presidential election|2021 Chilean presidential election}}

In Chile, the president serves as both head of state and head of government, and is elected to a four-year term.[http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=242302 Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile]. Chile Library of National Congress. Non-consecutive re-election is permitted.

The president is elected by direct popular vote. To win in the first round, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of valid votes (excluding null and blank ballots). If no candidate meets this threshold, a runoff is held between the top two candidates. Prior to the 1989 constitutional reform, if no candidate obtained an absolute majority, Congress selected the president from among the leading contenders.

Each political party may nominate one of its members as a presidential candidate. Independent candidates must gather signatures from a minimum of 0.5% of the total number of voters in the most recent election for the Chamber of Deputies.[http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idLey=18700 Organic Constitutional Law on Popular Elections and Vote Counting]. Chile Library of National Congress. For example, in the 2013 election, this threshold was 36,318 signatures.{{cite web |title=Con número récord de candidatos presidenciales Servel cierra inscripciones |url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/politica/2013/08/674-538592-9-con-numero-record-de-candidatos-presidenciales-servel-cierra-inscripciones.shtml |website=latercera.com}}

According to the Constitution, presidential elections are held on the third Sunday of November in the year preceding the end of the current president's term. If a runoff is necessary, it is held on the fourth Sunday after the first round. The elected president takes office on the day the outgoing president's term ends, which since 1990 has been March 11.

Before the 2011 electoral reform, elections were held 90 days before the end of the sitting president's term. If the scheduled day was not a Sunday, the election was postponed to the next Sunday. Runoff elections, if needed, were held 30 days later, also observing the Sunday rule.

{{for|the most recent parliamentary election|2021 Chilean general election}}

Chile has a bicameral National Congress consisting of the Chamber of Deputies (lower house) and the Senate (upper house). The Chamber of Deputies comprises 155 members elected from 28 multi-member districts, while the Senate consists of 50 members elected from 16 constituencies, each corresponding to a region. Each district elects between three and eight deputies, and each region elects between two and five senators. Seats are allocated using the D'Hondt method.

Deputies serve four-year terms and may be re-elected consecutively for up to two additional terms. Senators serve eight-year terms and may be re-elected consecutively for one additional term. Senate elections are staggered, with half of the seats contested every four years. Following the return to democracy in 1990, senators from odd-numbered regions initially served four-year terms (1990–1994), while those from even-numbered regions and the Santiago Metropolitan Region served full eight-year terms (1990–1998).

According to the Constitution, parliamentary elections are held concurrently with presidential elections.

Candidates may be nominated either by political parties or by groups of independent citizens. Candidates nominated by political parties must have been affiliated with that party for at least two months prior to registration and must not have been affiliated with a different party within the previous nine months. Candidates backed by independent citizens must not have been affiliated with any political party during the year before the election and must collect signatures from independent voters equivalent to at least 0.5% of the total votes cast in the relevant district or constituency in the previous election before registering.

Two or more parties may form an electoral alliance, or pact, and jointly nominate candidates in each district or constituency. These candidates do not need to be affiliated with any of the member parties but may not belong to a party outside the pact. Both pacts and parties running outside of pacts may nominate up to one more candidate than the number of seats to be filled in each district or constituency.

Until 2017, Chile's electoral system featured 60 districts for the Chamber of Deputies and 19 senatorial constituencies, each electing exactly two representatives, totaling 120 deputies and 38 senators. Chile was unique in applying the D'Hondt method nationwide to uniformly two-seat divisions.{{cite web |author=Carey, John M |year=2009 |title=Ingeniería electoral: ¿qué nos muestran las investigaciones académicas sobre los efectos anticipados de las reformas electorales? |trans-title=Electoral engineering: What does academic research show us about the anticipated effects of electoral reforms? |url=http://www.cieplan.org/biblioteca/detalle.tpl?id=184 |access-date=2011-12-25 |work=Fortalecimiento de la Democracia: Reforma del Sistema Electoral Chileno / Chapter 8 |page=234 |language=es}}{{cite web |author=Altman, David |year=2004 |title=Redibujando el Mapa Electoral Chileno: Incidencia de Factores Socioeconómicos y Género en las Urnas |url=http://www.icp.uc.cl/daltman/index_archivos/Altman-2004-Revista%20de%20Ciencia%20Pol%C3%ADtica%2024%20(2)%2049-66.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707012224/http://www.icp.uc.cl/daltman/index_archivos/Altman-2004-Revista%20de%20Ciencia%20Pol%C3%ADtica%2024%20(2)%2049-66.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-07 |access-date=2010-12-22 |work=Revista de Ciencia Política / Vol. XXIV / Nº 2 |publisher=Instituto de Ciencia Política, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile}}{{cite book |author=Fuentes S., Claudio and Marcela Ríos T. |url=http://www.flacso.cl/publicaciones_ficha.php?publicacion_id=354 |title=Una reforma necesaria: Efectos del sistema binominal |date=January 2007 |work=FLACSO Chile |isbn=978-956-205-215-3 |edition=2nd |location=Santiago |pages=17, 32 |language=es |trans-title=A Necessary Reform: Effects of the Binomial System |access-date=2011-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423115927/http://www.flacso.cl/publicaciones_ficha.php?publicacion_id=354 |archive-date=2012-04-23 |url-status=dead}} In each electoral district or constituency, the two entities with the most votes—whether pacts, parties, or independent candidates—each won one seat. To claim both seats, the leading entity needed at least twice as many votes as the runner-up.

A 2015 reform law reorganized electoral divisions, reducing the number of districts and aligning senatorial constituencies with regional boundaries. This new system was implemented in the 2017 general elections{{cite web |date=5 May 2015 |title=LEY-20840 05-MAY-2015 MINISTERIO DEL INTERIOR Y SEGURIDAD PÚBLICA - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional |url=http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1077039 |website=leychile.cl}} and significantly altered Congress's composition.{{Cite news |last=Sajuria |first=Javier |title=Analysis {{!}} Chile just went to the polls — and transformed its legislature |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/11/21/chile-just-went-to-the-polls-and-transformed-its-legislature/ |access-date=2020-07-11 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}

{{see also|Gerrymandering#Chile}}

The binomial voting system was introduced by the military dictatorship that governed Chile until 1990. It replaced the proportional representation system used until 1973 and limited each electoral division to two seats. District boundaries were drawn to favor right-leaning parties, often benefiting rural areas with greater support for the Pinochet regime. Vote-to-seat disparities were especially pronounced in districts where the regime had received lower support in the 1988 plebiscite.{{cite web |author=Valenzuela, Arturo and Peter Siavelis |year=1991 |title=Ley electoral y estabilidad democrática: Un ejercicio de simulación para el caso de Chile |url=http://www.cepchile.cl/dms/archivo_1320_1445/rev43_valenzuela.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119182939/http://www.cepchile.cl/dms/archivo_1320_1445/rev43_valenzuela.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-19 |access-date=2011-12-29 |work=Estudios Públicos Nº 43 |publisher=Centro de Estudios Públicos |page=39 |language=es |location=Santiago}}

Changing the system was made difficult by constitutional provisions requiring a three-fifths majority in both houses of Congress. Critics, particularly from the Concert of Parties for Democracy, argued that the system distorted representation by undercutting majorities and amplifying right-wing presence.{{cite web |author=Carey, John M. |year=2006 |title=Las virtudes del sistema binominal |trans-title=The Virtues of the Binomial System |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-090X2006000100016&script=sci_arttext |access-date=2011-11-26 |work=Revista de Ciencia Política / Vol. 26 / Nº 1 |pages=226–235 |language=es |issn=0718-090X |location=Santiago}} Supporters on the right defended the system as a stabilizing force{{cite web |title=Coloma defiende el sistema binominal: "Ha dado estabilidad a Chile" |url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2011/10/26/509991/coloma-defiende-el-sistema-binominal-ha-dado-estabilidad-a-chile.html |access-date=2011-10-27 |publisher=Emol.com}}{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Chili : Système électoral |url=http://www.opalc.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=328:chili--systeme-electoral&catid=131:systemes-electoraux-et-legislations&Itemid=208 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415145106/http://www.opalc.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=328:chili--systeme-electoral&catid=131:systemes-electoraux-et-legislations&Itemid=208 |archive-date=April 15, 2013 |access-date=2011-11-26 |work=Observatoire Politique de l'Amérique latine et des Caraïbes de Sciences Po - Opalc.}} that encouraged broad coalitions.{{cite web |author=Siavelis, Peter |year=2004 |title=Sistema electoral, desintegración de coaliciones y democracia en Chile: ¿El fin de la Concertación? |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-090X2004000100003&script=sci_arttext |access-date=2011-11-26 |work=Revista de Ciencia Política / Vol. XXIV / N° 1 |pages=58–80 |language=es |issn=0718-090X |location=Santiago}} The left criticized it as undemocratic, excluding parties and candidates outside the two main blocs.

Each region in Chile is governed by a directly-elected regional governor (gobernador regional), chosen through a two-round election, unless a candidate secures a minimum of 40% of the vote in the initial round. The governor is supported by a board consisting of regional advisors (consejeros regionales or Cores), who are also elected directly.

The regional governor serves a four-year term with the possibility of one immediate reelection. Advisors serve four-year terms and are restricted to two consecutive reelections. The number of advisors is proportional to the region's population and area in relation to the country.

The position of regional governor was first directly elected in May 2021. Prior to that, the regional government was led by an Intendant (Intendente), appointed by the President of the Republic. Regional advisors were first directly elected in November 2013.

In October 2009, the Constitution was modified to allow regional advisors to be elected directly through universal suffrage. In June 2013, a law regulated the direct election of regional advisors.{{Cite web |last=Nacional |first=Biblioteca del Congreso |title=Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional {{!}} Ley Chile |url=https://www.bcn.cl/leychile |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.bcn.cl/leychile |language=es}} Previously, regional advisors were elected by municipal council members in each region, forming electoral colleges for each provincial region. Each region was allocated two advisors per province, with an additional 10 advisors in regions with up to 1 million inhabitants or 14 more in regions with over 1 million residents. These additional advisors were distributed among provinces based on their proportion of the regional population in the latest census, using the D'Hondt method. The candidate who received the most votes within each province was declared the winner. However, if two or more candidates ran as a list within a province, the winners were determined using the D'Hondt method.[http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=243771 Organic Constitutional Law on Regional Administration and Governance]. Chile Library of National Congress. Advisors served four-year terms and could be reelected indefinitely. Elections took place 15 days after the council members took office, and the newly elected advisors were sworn in 60 days after their election.

In December 2012, a temporary article was added to the Constitution, suspending the election scheduled for December 21, 2012, and extending the mandate of the incumbent advisors to March 11, 2014. The same article stated that the advisors' first direct election would take place on November 17, 2013, coinciding with the presidential and parliamentary elections, provided that the necessary changes to the law were published before July 20, 2013.{{cite web |date=15 December 2012 |title=LEY-20644 15-DIC-2012 MINISTERIO DEL INTERIOR Y SEGURIDAD PÚBLICA, SUBSECRETARÍA DE DESARROLLO REGIONAL Y ADMINISTRATIVO - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional |url=http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1046748&idParte=&idVersion=2012-12-15 |website=leychile.cl}}

In January 2017, the Constitution was modified to allow for the direct election of the regional governor.{{Cite web |last=Nacional |first=Biblioteca del Congreso |title=Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional {{!}} Ley Chile |url=https://www.bcn.cl/leychile |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.bcn.cl/leychile |language=es}} In February 2018, a law regulated the direct election of regional governors, stating that they would be elected at the same time as mayors, councilors, and regional boards.{{Cite web |last=Nacional |first=Biblioteca del Congreso |title=Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional {{!}} Ley Chile |url=https://www.bcn.cl/leychile |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.bcn.cl/leychile |language=es}} However, the regional boards would only be elected simultaneously with these offices in October 2024, maintaining the current schedule, which stated that the next regional board elections would take place in November 2021, along with the presidential and parliamentary elections.{{cite web |title=Ley 21.073 REGULA LA ELECCIÓN DE GOBERNADORES REGIONALES Y REALIZA ADECUACIONES A DIVERSOS CUERPOS LEGALES |url=http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2018/02/22/41990/01/1356576.pdf |website=interior.gob.cl}}

{{for|the last municipal election|2016 Chilean municipal election}}

Voters directly elect one mayor and a number of councilors per municipality. Mayors are elected by a simple majority, while councilor seats (ranging from 6 to 10, depending on the municipality's registered voters) are decided using proportional representation,[http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=251693 Organic Constitutional Law on Municipalities]. Chile Library of National Congress. similar to the D'Hondt method. Since 2004, mayors and councilors have been elected in separate ballots.

According to the Constitution, councilors have four-year mandates and can be reelected indefinitely. Mayors also have a four-year mandate and can be reelected indefinitely, as set by the law. The election of mayors and councilors takes place on the last Sunday of October, and they take office on December 6 of that year.

The last election was held on October 23, 2016 (moved from its original date of October 30 to avoid conflicting with a four-day holiday),{{cite web|url=http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1083246|title=LEY-20873 02-NOV-2015 MINISTERIO DEL INTERIOR Y SEGURIDAD PÚBLICA - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional|date=2 November 2015|website=leychile.cl}} and the next election is scheduled for October 25, 2020.

{{main|National referendums in Chile}}

The Constitution provides for binding referendums (plebiscito) only in the case where a constitutional reform passed by Congress is completely vetoed by the President and then confirmed by Congress by a two-thirds majority of each chamber. In such an occurrence, the President has the authority to either sign the reform into law or call for a referendum. To date, the President has not exercised this power.

The Constitution allows municipalities to hold binding referendums to address various local issues. Referendums can be initiated by the mayor with council approval, by a two-thirds majority of council members, or by residents who represent 10% of the total voter turnout in the most recent municipal election.

To date, only one such referendum has taken place. It was held in Peñalolén on December 11, 2011, and was used to determine a new zoning plan for the commune.{{cite web|url=http://latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2011/12/680-410540-9-hoy-se-realiza-primer-plebiscito-comunal-vinculante-del-pais-en-penalolen.shtml |title=Hoy se realiza primer plebiscito comunal vinculante del país en Peñalolén | Nacional |publisher=La Tercera |access-date=2012-02-01}}

{{for|the last presidential primary|2017 Chilean presidential primaries}}

There is a system of government-run primaries to select candidates for president, senator, deputy, and mayor. The primaries for president, senator, and deputy are held concurrently.[http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idLey=20640 Law 20,640]. Chile Library of National Congress.

Primaries can take place within a single political party or within a group of parties, known as a "pact." Independent candidates may participate in primaries with the backing of a political party or a pact. However, independents are not eligible to be candidates in primaries for congressional seats if the political party supporting the candidate is not part of a pact. Political parties may form separate pacts for presidential and parliamentary primaries. Political parties and pacts are free to decide whether to allow independent electors or electors affiliated with other political parties to participate in their primaries. However, independent electors must be allowed to vote in a presidential primary that includes an independent candidate.

According to the Constitution, primary results are legally binding for political parties that use them. Candidates who lose in the primaries are ineligible to run for the same office in the general election, unless the winning candidate dies or resigns before the registration deadline.

The law states that primaries take place on the twentieth Sunday before the election. The first legal primaries for president and deputy took place on June 30, 2013, and the first legal mayoral primaries took place on June 19, 2016.

The Concertación coalition selected its candidate for President of the Republic through primaries in 1993, 1999, and 2009 (in 2005, they were canceled after one of two contenders quit the race). The Juntos Podemos pact selected its presidential candidate in a primary in 2009.

Throughout 2013, the Concertación parties organized primaries to select some of their candidates for seats in Congress.

The Concertación organized primary elections on April 1, 2012, in over 40% of communes to select its candidates for mayor for the October 28, 2012 municipal election.{{cite web|url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/politica/2012/04/674-441206-9-primarias-de-la-concertacion-toha-y-pinto-son-las-principales-cartas-municipales.shtml |title=Primarias de la Concertación: Tohá y Pinto se convierten en las cartas municipales | Política |publisher=La Tercera |date=2012-02-20 |access-date=2012-06-21}}{{cite web|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2012/04/01/533753/primarias-municipales-de-la-concertacion-se-inician-en-147-comunas-del-pais.html |title=Primarias municipales de la Concertación se inician en 145 comunas del país |publisher=Emol.com |access-date=2012-06-21}}

File:Votos elecciones 2009 en Chile.jpg

For Chileans, the only document required to vote is a national identity card that is current up to a year before the election or a current passport. Foreigners must present their identity cards in order to vote. The voting process is secret and in-person. Before voting, a voter must present their identity card or passport to verify their registration at the polling place, then sign the registration book. The voter will then receive the ballot(s) with the names, numbers, and party affiliations of all candidates, and go to a voting booth. Using a provided graphite pencil, the voter marks their choices by drawing a vertical line over the printed horizontal line next to the chosen candidate. Marking two or more choices nullifies the vote, and if no candidate is marked, the vote is considered "blank." After marking the ballot(s), the voter returns them to the polling officer, who removes the serial number, and the voter places them in the appropriate ballot box(es). Finally, the voter's national identity card/passport is returned to them.

Most polling places are located in schools or sporting centers, and security is provided by the armed forces and uniformed police (Carabineros) before, during, and after the elections. Since 2012, polling stations have been mixed-sex.[http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idLey=18556 Organic Constitutional Law on Election Enrollment System and Electoral Service]. Chile Library of National Congress.

The state of suffrage in Chile since 1833:

• From 1833: Men over 25, if single, or 21, if married, able to read and write, and owning property or capital of a certain value fixed by law. (Art. 8 of the 1833 Constitution)
• The 1884 Election Law drops the ownership requirement for men and explicitly bans women from being registered.{{cite web|url=http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1092748|title=LEI-S/N 16-ENE-1884 NO ESPECIFICADO - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional|date=16 January 1884|website=leychile.cl}}
• From 1925: Men over 21 able to read and write. (Art. 7 of the 1925 Constitution)
• From 1934: Men over 21 able to read and write (general registry); women over 25 able to read and write (municipal registry, i.e., limited to local elections). (Law No. 5,357)
• From 1949: Men and women over 21 able to read and write. (Law No. 9,292)
• From 1970 until today: Men and women over 18. (Law No. 17,284 modifying Art. 7 of the 1925 Constitution; Art. 13 of the 1980 Constitution)

No Chilean Constitution has ever explicitly prohibited women from voting. The term "chilenos" used in various constitutions to refer to those with the right to vote means both "Chilean men" and "Chilean people," so no constitutional amendment was necessary to grant women the right to vote.

Until the 1950s, only approximately 20 percent of the Chile population had voting rights.{{Citation |last=Drake |first=Paul |title=Chile, 1930 — 58 |date=1991 |work=The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume 8: Latin America since 1930: Spanish South America |volume=8 |pages=267–310 |editor-last=Bethell |editor-first=Leslie |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-latin-america/chile-1930-58/E29ED69C56A3535B0DB2AB9A6726D050 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521266529.006 |isbn=978-0-521-26652-9|url-access=subscription }}

Election turnout since 1925.

:Note: Since 2017, enrollment and turnout figures for presidential elections, presidential primaries and plebiscites include voters from abroad.

Notes: ^a Excludes 200,638 affiliates from non-participating political parties. ^b Held in 10 out of 60 electoral districts. ^c Held in 93 out of 346 communes. ^d Excludes affiliates from non-participating political parties. ^h Excludes 273,017 affiliates and 445,722 'pending' affiliates from non-participating political parties,{{cite web|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2017/06/14/862761/970-mil-personas-quedaron-inhabilitados-para-votar-en-las-proximas-elecciones-primarias.html|title=970 mil personas quedaron inhabilitadas para votar en las próximas elecciones primarias - Emol.com|first=El Mercurio|last=S.A.P.|date=14 June 2017|website=emol.com}} and 21,270 electors from abroad.{{cite web|url=https://oficial.servel.cl/servel-determina-electores-habilitados-para-votar-en-las-primarias-2017/|title=Servel determina electores habilitados para votar en las Primarias 2017 – Servicio Electoral de Chile|website=oficial.servel.cl}} ^j Held in 7 out of 28 electoral districts.{{cite web|url=https://oficial.servel.cl/servel-acepta-candidaturas-a-elecciones-primarias-para-nominar-candidatos-presidenciales-y-parlamentarios/|title=Servel acepta candidaturas a Elecciones Primarias para nominar candidatos presidenciales y parlamentarios – Servicio Electoral de Chile|website=oficial.servel.cl}} ^k Excludes affiliates and 'pending' affiliates from non-participating political parties. ^m Revised provisional results. ⁿ Held in 36 out of 346 communes. ^o Provisional results including 99.91% of ballot boxes. ^p Provisional results including 99.84% of ballot boxes. ^q Held in 13 out of 16 regions. ^r Provisional results including 99.99% of ballot boxes.

• {{note|c1}} Voting Age Population: An estimation of the country's population over the age of 21 (1952–1969) and 18 (1970–2013) on the day of the election. Source: {{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/EXCEL_FILES/5_Interpolated/WPP2012_INT_F03_1_POPULATION_BY_AGE_ANNUAL_BOTH_SEXES.XLS|title= Annual Population by Age - Both Sexes|work=World Population Prospects, the 2012 Revision|publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section|date=13 June 2013|access-date=25 June 2013}} Note: The UN provides data estimated for July 1 of each year disaggregated by age. Linear interpolation was applied to obtain the population for election day. For 2016 mayoral primaries and 19 November 2017 elections: [http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones2014/Base_2002a2020_v3.xls COMUNAS: ACTUALIZACIÓN POBLACIÓN 2002-2012 Y PROYECCIONES 2013-2020], National Statistics Institute of Chile. For 2020 elections: [https://www.ine.cl/docs/default-source/proyecciones-de-poblacion/cuadros-estadisticos/base-2017/ine_estimaciones-y-proyecciones-de-poblaci%C3%B3n-1992-2050_base-2017_tabulados.xlsx?sfvrsn=68eefb1_9 Estimaciones y proyecciones 1992-2050, país], National Statistics Institute of Chile. Note: VAP is for June 30.
• {{note|c2}} Source: [http://www.servel.cl/ Electoral Service] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120801192520/http://www.servel.cl/controls/neochannels/Neo_CH119/appinstances/media273/CHILEELIGE.pdf 1925-1973]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120801203301/http://www.servel.cl/controls/neochannels/Neo_CH22/appinstances/media48/EinscritosSX-1.xls 1988-2010]; [http://www.servel.cl/controls/neochannels/neo_ch30/appinstances/media516/Informe_Inscripciones_Vigentes_por_Region.pdf 2012]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [http://www.lasegunda.com/especiales/primarias_2013/presentacion_primarias_2013.pdf 2013]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160701172802/http://cdn.servicioelectoral.cl/contenido/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Boletin_lunes.pdf 2016 (primaries)]; [http://oficial.servel.cl/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Movimiento_CambiosAplicados-1.pdf 2016 (municipal)]; [https://oficial.servel.cl/servel-determina-electores-habilitados-para-votar-en-las-primarias-2017/ 2017 (presidential primaries)]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20161025162111/http://www.servelelecciones.cl/ 2017 (lower-chamber primaries and 19 November 2017 elections)]; [https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2021/06/01/42967/01/1953753.pdf 2021 (regional governors)]).
• {{note|c3}} Source: Electoral Service ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120801192520/http://www.servel.cl/controls/neochannels/Neo_CH119/appinstances/media273/CHILEELIGE.pdf 1925-1969 and 1973 as a percentage only]; 1970;{{cite web|title=El Partido Socialista de Chile Tomo II|work=Julio César Jobet|language=es|url=http://es.geocities.com/omerocl/partidosoc2.pdf|page=120|access-date=2009-06-05|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kmbQgbhB?url=http://es.geocities.com/omerocl/partidosoc2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-10-25}}{{Cite journal|title=B. El Congreso Nacional y la quiebra de un deber constitucional: el control del ejercicio constitucional de las funciones del presidente|journal=Revista Chilena de Derecho Vol. 1, No. 3/4 (Junio-agosto 1974), pp. 491-547|date=1974 |volume=1 |issue=3/4 |pages=491–547 |language=es|jstor=41605133}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130704065000/http://historico.servel.cl/ 1988-2012]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161003/http://www.servel.cl/ss/site/infografiaprimarias-resultadospresidenciales.html?id=1392338493932 2013 (primaries)]; [http://www.servel.cl/ss/site/infografiascore-resultadoselecciondeconcejerosregionales.html?id=1392338461680 2013 (regional boards)]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [https://archive.today/20150604202808/http://www.servel.cl/ss/site/infografiaparlamentarias-resultadosdiputados.html?id=1392338443733 2013 (deputies)]; [http://www.servel.cl/ss/site/infografiaparlamentarias-resultadossenadores.html?id=1392338443733 2013 (Senate)]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [https://web.archive.org/web/20140727211842/http://www.servel.cl/ss/site/infografiapresidentes-resultadosglobales.html?id=1392338409308 2013 (president)]; [https://historico.servel.cl/servel/app/index.php?r=EleccionesGenerico&id=169 2016 (primaries)]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20161025162111/http://www.servelelecciones.cl/ 2016 (municipal)]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20161025162111/http://www.servelelecciones.cl/ 2017]). Values for 1952–1969 and 1973 derived from columns 3, 4 and 7.
• {{note|c4}} Turnout as a percentage of the voting age population.

• Electoral calendar
• Electoral system

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Elections in Chile}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160708074404/http://www.sitiohistorico.elecciones.gob.cl/ Archive of recent election results] (Chilean Ministry of Interior)
• [http://eleccion.atspace.com/ Archive of past elections]
• [http://www.servel.cl/ Chile's Electoral Service (Servel)]
• [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/c/chile/ Adam Carr's Election Archive]

{{Chilean elections|state=expanded}}

{{South America topic|Elections in}}

{{Chile topics}}