Electronic signatures and law

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130628131426/http://infoleg.mecon.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/70000-74999/70749/norma.htm Ley Nº 25.506] (B.O. 14/12/2001).
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719045208/http://infoleg.mecon.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/80000-84999/80733/norma.htm Decreto Nº 2628/02] (B.O. 20/12/2002).
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130815062851/http://infoleg.mecon.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/115000-119999/116998/norma.htm Decreto N° 724/06] (B.O. 13/06/06).
• [http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/235000-239999/237642/norma.htm Decisión Administrativa N° 927/14] (B.O. 03/11/14).

• [https://scriptel.com/about/ eSignature technology and electronic document solutions]

• [https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/MPV/Antigas_2001/2200-2.htm Medida provisória 2.200-2 (Portuguese)] - Brazilian law states that any digital document is valid for the law if it is certified by ICP-Brasil (the official Brazilian PKI) or if it is certified by another PKI and the concerned parties agree as to the validity of the document.{{clarify|reason=What is a PKI?|date=June 2025}}

• Under the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act 2000 (PIPEDA), Canadian law distinguishes between the generic "electronic signature" and a "secure electronic signature".Government of Canada Justice Laws Website, [http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-8.6/index.html Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (S.C. 2000, c. 5)], accessed on 7 June 2025 Federal [http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2005-30/?showtoc=&instrumentnumber=SOR-2005-30 secure electronic signature regulations] make it clear that a secure electronic signature is a digital signature created and verified in a specific manner.
• Canada's [http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C%2D5/ Evidence Act] contains evidentiary presumptions about both the integrity and validity of electronic documents with attached secure electronic signatures, and of the authenticity of the secure electronic signatures themselves.

• [http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=6559 Electronic Signature Law of the People's Republic of China (Chinese/English)] - The stated purposes include standardizing the conduct of electronic signatures, confirming the legal validity of electronic signatures and safeguarding the legal interests of parties involved in such matters. This law was revised on 23 April 2019 with immediate effect.http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/2019-05/07/content_2086835.htm 中华人民共和国电子签名法 (Chinese Only) The revision involves the deletion of the reference to land conveyancing transactions in Article 3, which provides for types of transaction exempted from the law. Accordingly, land conveyancing agreements can now be executed electronically.

• [http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=4276 LEY 527 DE 1999 (agosto 18) por medio de la cual se define y reglamenta el acceso y uso de los mensajes de datos, del comercio electrónico y de las firmas digitales, y se establecen las entidades de certificación y se dictan otras disposiciones.]
• [http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=50583 DECRETO 2364 DE 2012 (Noviembre 22) por medio del cual se reglamenta el artículo 7° de la Ley 527 de 1999, sobre la firma electrónica y se dictan otras disposiciones.]
• [https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma.php?i=56767 Decree 333 of 2014], regulates accreditation procedures for Certification Entities, who certify digital signatures.

{{Update|section|date=December 2016}}

European Union (EU) Directive establishing the framework for electronic signatures:

• [http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/information_society/l24118_en.htm Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council] of 13 December 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures. This Directive was repealed on 1 July 2016 and superseded by the eIDAS regulation (see its article 48).
• [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:175:0045:0046:EN:PDF Commission Decision 2003/511/EC] adopting three CEN Workshop Agreements as technical standards presumed to be in accordance with the Directive
• Implementing laws: Several countries have already implemented the Directive 1999/93/EC.
• Austria
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060216113735/http://www.a-sit.at/signatur/rechtsrahmen/SigG_incl_Novelle2000.pdf Signature Law, 2000]
• Belgium
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113257/http://mineco.fgov.be/information_society/e-signatures/law_e_signature_002.pdf Signature Law, 2001]
• Czech Republic
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826161410/http://www.micr.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=1542 Act on Electronic Signatures, 227/2000]
• Denmark
• [https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=6193 Lov om elektroniske signaturer]
• England, Scotland and Wales (see below)
• Estonia
• Digital signature in Estonia
• [https://www.riigiteataja.ee/ert/act.jsp?id=694375 Digital Signature Law, 2000] (in Estonian).
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070611084334/http://www.legaltext.ee/et/andmebaas/paraframe.asp?loc=text&lk=et&sk=en&dok=X30081K4.htm&query=digitaalallkirja&tyyp=X&ptyyp=RT&pg=1&fr=no Digital Signatures Act (consolidated text Dec 2003)]
• Finland
• [https://www.finlex.fi/fi/lainsaadanto/2009/617 Laki vahvasta sähköisestä tunnistamisesta ja sähköisistä allekirjoituksista, 2009] (in Finnish)
• France
• [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000032042476&idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000032037829&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070721&dateTexte=20170907 Articles 1363-1368 of the Civil Code] (French)
• Germany
• [http://bundesrecht.juris.de/sigg_2001/index.html German Signature Law of 2001, changed in 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902001928/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/sigg_2001/index.html |date=2 September 2011 }}
• Greece
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060506103457/http://www.ekt.gr/content/img/product/14911/pd150_2001.pdf Presidential Decree 150/2001] (in Greek)
• Hungary
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120424225250/http://www.nhh.hu/dokumentum.php?cid=25054 Hungarian Act on Electronic Signatures 2001]
• Iceland
• [http://www.althingi.is/lagas/nuna/2001028.html Lög um rafrænar undirskriftir nr. 28/2001]
• Ireland, Republic of
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928205652/https://www.post.trust.ie/reposit/ecommerce.html Irish Electronic Commerce Act, 2000]
• Italy
• [http://www.agid.gov.it/agenda-digitale/codice-amministrazione-digitale Decreto legislativo 7/3/2005, n. 82 (Codice dell'Amministrazione Digitale)]
• Latvia
• [http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Electronic_Documents_Law.doc Electronic Documents Law, 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531092526/http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Electronic_Documents_Law.doc |date=31 May 2012 }}
• [http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=68521 Electronic Documents Law, 2002 (in Latvian)]
• Lithuania
• [https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/en/legalAct/TAR.382345294FBF/TAIS_463802 Law on electronic signature, 2014 (in Lithuanian)]
• [http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter2/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=204802 Law on electronic signature, 2002 (in English, not relevant in law)]
• Luxembourg
• [http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2000/0096/a096.pdf Loi du 14 août 2000 relative au commerce électronique, 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914001527/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2000/0096/a096.pdf |date=14 September 2016 }} (in French)
• Malta
• [http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/legislation/english/leg/vol_13/chapt426.pdf Maltese Electronic Commerce Act 2001, last amended 2005]
• Netherlands
• [http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2003/6/article23.en.html article23] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328060048/http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2003/6/article23.en.html |date=28 March 2015 }}
• Norway
• [http://www.lovdata.no/all/hl-20010615-081.html Electronic Signature Act, 2001] (in Norwegian).
• Poland
• [http://www.mg.gov.pl/NR/rdonlyres/9C534966-8336-49C9-8087-0F4A64F14D66/18224/act_on_eSignature.pdf act_on_eSignature.pdf]
• Portugal
• Directive 1999/93/EC on electronic signatures was implemented by Portuguese Decree-Law 62/2003 of 3 April 2003. This Decree-Law amended Decree-Law 290-D/99 of 2 August 1999, the previous law governing electronic signatures.European Commission (2006), [https://web.archive.org/web/20101227020051/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/files/portugal_en.pdf Benchmarking of existing national legal e-business practices: Country report - Portugal], p. 3, published on 19 September 2006, archived on 27 December 2010, accessed on 8 June 2025
• Romania
• [http://www.legi-internet.ro/lgsemel.htm Legea semnăturii electronice, 455/2001] {{in lang|ro}}
• [http://www.legi-internet.ro/en/e-sign.htm Law on the Electronic Signature, 455/2001] (unofficial translation) {{in lang|en}}
• Slovakia
• [http://www.informatizacia.sk/ext_dok-zakon_215-2002_epodpis Act no.215/2002 on electronic signature (in Slovak)]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• Slovenia
• [http://www2.gov.si/zak/Zak_vel.nsf/4c1d8c547755fffac1256616002dd5e1/c12563a400338836c12568fd00505349?OpenDocument Electronic Business and Electronic Signature Act (in Slovene)]
• Spain
• [https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-14046 Ley 6/2020, de 11 de noviembre, reguladora de determinados aspectos de los servicios electrónicos de confianza (in Spanish)]
• Sweden
• [http://www.riksdagen.se/webbnav/index.aspx?nid=3911&bet=2000:832 Qualified Electronic Signatures Act (SFS 2000:832) (in Swedish)]
• [http://www.pts.se/upload/Documents/SE/Qualified%20Electronic%20Signatures%20Act%20_SFS%202000_832_English%20translation.pdf SFS 2000:832 in English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826080943/http://www.pts.se/upload/Documents/SE/Qualified%20Electronic%20Signatures%20Act%20_SFS%202000_832_English%20translation.pdf |date=26 August 2010 }}

The eIDAS regulation.{{cite web | url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2014.257.01.0073.01.ENG | title=Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC | author= | work=EUR-Lex | publisher= |date=23 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115001229/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2014.257.01.0073.01.ENG | archive-date=2018-01-15 |access-date=2018-01-15 }}{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/questions-answers-trust-services-under-eidas | title=Questions & Answers on Trust Services under eIDAS | author= | work=Digital Single Market - News | publisher=European Commission |date=29 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115223912/https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/questions-answers-trust-services-under-eidas | archive-date=2018-01-15 |access-date=2018-01-16 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.legaltechnology.com/latest-news/understanding-eidas-all-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-the-new-eu-electronic-signature-directive/ | title=Understanding eIDAS – All you ever wanted to know about the new EU Electronic Signature Regulation | author=Dan Puterbaugh | publisher=Legal IT Insider |date=1 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117234338/https://www.legaltechnology.com/latest-news/understanding-eidas-all-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-the-new-eu-electronic-signature-directive/ | archive-date=2018-01-17 |access-date=2018-01-17 }}

In the EU, electronic signatures and related trust services are regulated by the Regulation (EU) N°910/2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market (eIDAS Regulation). This regulation was adopted by the Council of the European Union on 23 July 2014. It became effective on 1 July and repealed the Electronic Signatures Directive 1999/93/EC. At the same date, any laws of EU member states that were inconsistent with eIDAS were also automatically repealed, replaced or modified. In contract to the aforementioned directive (which allowed the EU member states to interpret it and transpose it to their own law) the eIDAS Regulation is directly effective in all member states.

• Electronic Transactions Act, 2008, sections 10-14,[https://web.archive.org/web/20111027121328/http://nca.org.gh/downloads/regdocs/NCA_Electronic_Transactions_Act_772.pdf The Electronic Transactions Act], 2008, archived on 27 October 2012, accessed on 15 June 2025 Act 772 of the Ghanaian Parliament.

• [http://200.12.63.122/archivos/decretos/2008/gtdcx47-2008.pdf Ley para el Reconocimiento de las Comunicaciones y Firmas Electrónicas]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in Spanish)

• Information Technology Act, 2000

• [https://jdih.setkab.go.id/puu/buka_puu/16129/UU%2011%20Tahun%202008.pdf Art. 12 Law No.11/2008 on Electronic Informations and Transactions] {{in lang|id}}, for general purposes.
• [https://jdih.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/176770/Salinan_UU_Nomor_13_Tahun_2022.pdf Art. 97B Law No. 13/2022 in regards of Second Amendment of Law No. 12/2011 on Law Formulation] (in Indonesian), for government purposes.

• Electronic Signature Law, 5761–2001

• [http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/netsecurity/digitalsign-law.htm Law Concerning Electronic Signatures and Certification Services, 2000 (in Japanese)]

• [https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?hseq=55068&lang=ENG Digital Signature Act, Act No. 17354, jun. 9, 2020 (in English)] For reference only. No legal or official effect.
• [https://www.law.go.kr/법령/전자서명법 Digital Signature Act (in Korean)]

• [http://www.mcmc.gov.my/the_law/Akta%20562/ak0562.htm Digital Signature Act (Act 562), 1997] (in Bahasa Malaysia).
• [http://www.mcmc.gov.my/the_law/Act%20562/a0562.htm Digital Signature Act (Act 562), 1997] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915183359/http://www.mcmc.gov.my/the_law/Act%20562/a0562.htm |date=15 September 2007 }} (in English).
• [http://www.mcmc.gov.my/the_law/ViewLaw.asp?cc=51171691&lg=b<rid=2&lrid=62588 Digital Signature Regulations (P.U.(A) 359), 1998] (in Bahasa Malaysia).
• [http://www.mcmc.gov.my/the_law/ViewLaw.asp?cc=73602487&lg=e<rid=2&lrid=62588 Digital Signature Regulations (P.U.(A) 359), 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032838/http://www.mcmc.gov.my/the_law/ViewLaw.asp?cc=73602487&lg=e<rid=2&lrid=62588 |date=27 September 2007 }} (in English).

• [https://storage.googleapis.com/gazette.gov.mv/docs/gazette/6643.pdf Electronic Transactions Act 2/2022] (in Dhivehi)

• [http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LFEA.pdf Law of Electronic Signatures (LFEA), 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013205223/http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LFEA.pdf |date=13 October 2017 }} (in Spanish)

• [http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=313061&lang=1 Lege cu privire la documentul electronic şi semnătura digitală, 15 July 2004] (in Romanian)
• [http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=2&id=313061 Law about Electronic Document and Digital Signature] (in Russian)

• [http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2002/0035/latest/DLM154836.html Electronic Transactions Act 2002, sections 22-24]
• For an overview of the New Zealand law, see:

::- The Laws of New Zealand, Electronic Transactions, paras 16-18; or

::- Commercial Law, paras 8A.7.1-8A.7.4. (These sources are available on the [http://www.lexisnexis.com/nz/legal LexisNexis] subscription-only website)

• [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/Imagenes/Leyes/27269.pdf Ley Nº 27269. Ley de Firmas y Certificados Digitales (28MAY2000)] {{in lang|es}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160331115837/http://www.ncc.gov.ph/files/Ra8792.pdf Electronic Commerce Act of 2000]

• [http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102146610 Federal Law of Russian Federation about Electronic Signature (06.04.2011)]

• [http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A294c715e-89c8-48c4-8e14-58b9ea4f1c29%20Depth%3A0%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0;resUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.agc.gov.sg%2Faol%2Fsearch%2Fsummary%2Fresults.w3p%3Bpage%3D0%3Bquery%3DDocId%253A294c715e-89c8-48c4-8e14-58b9ea4f1c29%2520Depth%253A0%2520Status%253Ainforce Electronic Transactions Act]

• [http://www.internet.org.za/ect_act.html Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, 2002] ([http://www.doc.gov.za/documents-publications/acts.html?download=33:electronic-communications-and-transactions-act-2002 PDF])

• [http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/c943_03.html Federal Law on Certification Services Concerning the Electronic Signature, 2003]

• [http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/852-15 Law On Electronic Digital Signature, 2003] (in Ukrainian), valid until 7 November 2018.
• [http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2155-19 Law On Electronic Trust Services, 2017] (in Ukrainian), valid since 7 November 2018.

Directive 1999/93/EC on electronic signatures, Commission Decision 2003/511/EC and the eIDAS regulation (see above) applied whilst the UK was a member state of the European Union. Domestic legislation includes:

• [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/7/contents Electronic Communications Act, 2000]
• [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2002/318/contents The Electronic Signatures Regulations 2002].

A Law Commission report in 2019 confirmed that the law in England and Wales allows the use of electronic signatures, "both where there is a statutory requirement for a signature and where there is not".Law Commission, [https://lawcom.gov.uk/project/electronic-execution-of-documents/ Electronic execution of documents], accessed on 11 June 2025

• Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)
• Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN), at [http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/15/7001.html 15 U.S.C. 7001] et seq. The law permits the use of electronic signatures in many situations, and preempts many state laws that would otherwise limit the use of electronic signatures.

Court decisions discussing the effect and validity of digital signatures or digital signature-related legislation:

• In re Piranha, Inc., 2003 WL 21468504 (N.D. Tex) (UETA does not preclude a person from contesting that he executed, adopted, or authorized an electronic signature that is purportedly his).
• Cloud Corp. v. Hasbro, 314 F.3d 289 (7th Circuit, 2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113256/http://www.emlf.org/Resources/cloud.pdf EMLF.org] (E-SIGN does not apply retroactively to contracts formed before it took effect in 2000. Nevertheless, the statute of frauds was satisfied by the text of E-mail plus an (apparently) written notation.)
• Sea-Land Service, Inc. v. Lozen International, 285 F.3d 808 (9th Circuit, 2002) [http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/circt/9thsealandlozen.pdf Admiraltylawguide.com] (Internal corporate E-mail with signature block, forwarded to a third party by another employee, was admissible over hearsay objection as a party-admission, where the statement was apparently within the scope of the author's and forwarder's employment.)

Uruguay's laws include both electronic and digital signatures:

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20131105073237/http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/leyes/AccesoTextoLey.asp?Ley=16736&Anchor=#art695 Concerning passwords or adequate information technology gestures]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812152405/http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/leyes/AccesoTextoLey.asp?Ley=17243&Anchor=#art25 Concerning electronic and digital signature and PKI]

Turkey has had an electronic signature Law since 2004.Kamu SM, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070705093729/http://www.kamusm.gov.tr/tr/Bilgideposu/Mevzuat/kanun.jsp Electronic Signature Law] [http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kanunlar/k5070.html TBMM.gov.tr] This law is stated in European Union Directive 1999/93/EC.{{clarify|date=June 2025}} Turkey has a [http://www.kamusm.gov.tr/ Government Certificate Authority - Kamu SM] for all government agents for their internal use and three independent certificate authorities all of which are issuing qualified digital signatures.

• Kamu Sertifikasyon Merkezi (Governmental Certificate Authority) [http://www.kamusm.gov.tr/ Kamusm.gov.tr] {{in lang|tr}}
• E-Güven (owned by Turkish Informatics Foundation) [http://www.e-guven.com/ E-guven.com] {{in lang|tr}}
• Turktrust (owned by Turkish Military Force Solidarity Foundation) [http://www.turktrust.com.tr Turktrust.com.tr] {{in lang|tr}} {{cite web | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207201246/http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Fatal-error-leads-TURKTRUST-to-issue-dangerous-SSL-certificates-1777291.html | archivedate=7 December 2013 | url=http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Fatal-error-leads-TURKTRUST-to-issue-dangerous-SSL-certificates-1777291.html | title=Fatal error leads TURKTRUST to issue dangerous SSL certificates | date=4 January 2013 | publisher=The H | accessdate=22 September 2019 }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.entrust.com/turktrust-unauthorized-ca-certificates/ |title=TURKTRUST Unauthorized CA Certificates | Entrust, Inc |access-date=31 July 2013 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202140640/https://www.entrust.com/turktrust-unauthorized-ca-certificates/ |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web|url=http://www.techworld.com.au/article/445612/rogue_google_ssl_certificate_used_dishonest_purposes_turktrust_says/|title=IT news, careers, business technology, reviews}}{{Cite web |url=http://turktrust.com.tr/en/kamuoyu-aciklamasi-en.html |title=- SSL Secure Server Certificate - TURKTRUST |access-date=11 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107202410/http://www.turktrust.com.tr/en/kamuoyu-aciklamasi-en.html |archive-date=7 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• E-Tugra [http://www.e-tugra.com E-tugra.com] {{in lang|tr}}

{{reflist}}

• [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12363428591732974332&q=In+re+Piranha,+Inc.&hl=en&as_sdt=2002 In re Piranha, Inc.] WL 21468504 (N.D. Tex. 2003). Google Scholar.
• [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Cloud+Corp.+v.+Hasbro&hl=en&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2002 Cloud Corp. v. Hasbro, Inc.] 314 F. 3d 289 (US: Court of Appeals, 7th Circuit, 2002). Google Scholar.
• [http://www.chambersign.fr/en/Legal-framework/ Legal framework] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130701153831/http://www.chambersign.fr/en/Legal-framework/ |date=1 July 2013 }} (France: Chambersign France).

• Srivastava Aashish, Electronic Signatures for B2B Contracts: Evidence from Australia (Springer, 2013)
• Lorna Brazell, Electronic Signatures Law and Regulation, (Sweet & Maxwell, 2004)
• J. Buckley, J. Kromer, M. Tank, R. Whitaker, The Law of Electronic Signatures, 2014-2015 Edition (Thomson Reuters, 2014)
• Dennis Campbell, editor, E-Commerce and the Law of Digital Signatures (Oceana Publications, 2005)
• M. H. M Schellenkens, Electronic Signatures Authentication Technology from a Legal Perspective, (TMC Asser Press, 2004)

Category:Cryptography law

Category:Computer law

Category:Electronic identification

Category:Signature