Elektron (satellite program)

On 23 June 1960, Soviet spaceflight engineer Sergei Korolev's "big space plan" for the future of Soviet space endeavors was approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Council of Soviet Ministers. The plan included provisions for the development of scientific spacecraft to map Earth's Van Allen radiation belts.{{cite book | url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt1.pdf|last=Siddiqi |first=Asaf |title=Challenge to Apollo |publisher= NASA|isbn=5551266508|date=1989 |pages=239–240}}

Per decrees on 9 May 1960 and 13 May 1961, the satellites would consist of two identical pairs of spacecraft, the satellites of each pair in differing orbits to map the lower and upper Van Allen Belts simultaneously. The satellites would orbit at higher orbital inclinations than those launched by the United States (at an angle of 60 degrees vs. 30 degrees with respect to Earth's equator). Each pair would be deployed by a single Vostok rocket. Korolev's design bureau, OKB-1, began design work in July.{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/e/elektron-a.html |title=Elektron-A |last=Wade |first=Mark |access-date=28 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525132429/http://www.astronautix.com/e/elektron-a.html |archive-date=25 May 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} In addition to investigating Earth's natural radiation belts, they were designed to study artificial radiation belts created by high altitude nuclear tests. However, the ratification of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in August 1963 ended such tests before the launch of the Elektron satellites.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZNxDwAAQBAJ&q=%22elektron%22+satellite&pg=PA162 |title=Space Exploration and Humanity: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 ..., Volume 2 |date=23 August 2010 |publisher=American Astronautical Society |page=162|isbn=9781851095193 |access-date=31 December 2018}}

File:Elektron1notes.jpg

Elektron 1 and 3 had design masses of {{convert|350|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, were {{convert|3.25|m}} in diameter, and were designed to be placed into eccentric {{convert|425|km}} × {{convert|6000|km}} orbits. They were cylindrical with six solar panels with a combined area of 20 m² for power generation.

The experiment packages for Elektron 1 and 3 were identical, each including a radio frequency mass spectrometer; Geiger counters, scintillation counters, and semiconductor detectors for radiation studies; a piezoelectric micrometeoroid detector; a galactic radio-noise receiver, and a radio beacon for ionospheric studies. Telemetry and commands were conveyed via four antennas. The internal environment of the satellites was kept moderated through thermal louvers.

Elektron 1 ultimately had a mass of {{convert|329|kg|lb|abbr=on}} while Elektron 3 had a mass of {{convert|350|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.

File:Elektron2notes.jpg

Elektron 2 and 4 had design masses of {{convert|460|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, were {{convert|4|m}} in diameter and {{convert|8.5|m}} long, also cylindrical, but with a skirt of solar cells with a combined area of 20 m² for power generation rather than solar panels. The satellites were to be boosted into highly eccentric {{convert|450|km}} × {{convert|60000|km}} orbits to map the outer Van Allen belt while, simultaneously, Elektron 1 and 3 probed the inner radiation belt. To achieve this orbit, Elektron 2 and 4 were each equipped with solid-propellant perigee kick motor of 3,350 kgf and 12 to 15 seconds duration.{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/e/elektron-b.html |title=Elektron-B |last=Wade |first=Mark |access-date=28 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525132418/http://www.astronautix.com/e/elektron-b.html |archive-date=25 May 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}

The experiment packages for Elektron 2 and 4 were also identical, and each included a radio frequency mass spectrometer; Geiger counters, scintillation counters, and semiconductor detectors for radiation studies; a spherical ion trap; two three-axis fluxgate magnetometers; a galactic radio-noise receiver; solar X-ray photometers; and a Cerenkov-scintillator cosmic-ray telescope. Telemetry and commands were conveyed via four antennas. The internal environment of the satellites was kept moderated through thermal louvers, and the satellite stabilized with the aid of a Sun sensor.

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File:Elektron_orbits.svg

Elektrons 1 and 2 were launched on January 30, 1964, at 09:45:09 UTC from Launch Complex 1 at Baikonur Space Center (also known as NIIP-5{{cite news|url=https://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/466/|title=Baikonur Cosmodrome|newspaper=The Nuclear Threat Initiative|access-date=12 May 2020}}) on a single Vostok 8K72K carrier rocket{{Cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Log|author=Jonathan McDowell|author-link=Jonathan McDowell|publisher=Jonathan's Space Report|access-date=25 April 2020}} marking the first Soviet multiple satellite launch. The satellites, although launched from Earth together, were released at different stages, and so were able to achieve different orbits. The first satellite was released at a time when the upper stage of the launching rocket was still firing. Elektron 1's initial orbit had a perigee of {{convert|406|km}}, an apogee of {{convert|7110|km}}, an orbital inclination of 61°, and a period of 169 minutes, an orbit that kept the satellite within Earth's Van Allen Belts.{{cite magazine| date = 20 April 1964| title = Space Unit Briefed on soviets| url = http://archive.aviationweek.com/issue/19640420#!&pid=30| page=30|magazine = Aviation Week and Space Technology| location = New York| publisher = McGraw Hill Publishing Company| access-date = 25 April 2020|url-access=subscription}}

Elektron 2's orbit took the spacecraft beyond the Earth's magnetosphere to penetrate the shock wave and turbulent area marking the Earth's magnetopause: its initial perigee was {{convert|460|km}}, the apogee was {{convert|68000|km}}, its orbital inclination was 61°, and its period 1,360 minutes.

Elektron 1 returned usable data as late as October 1964;{{cite web|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670016555.pdf|title=STATE OF THE IONOSPHERE AFTER THE RESULTS OF SIGNAL OBSERVATIONS FROM ,AES ':ELEKTRON-l" AND "ELEKTRON-3"|date=28 February 1967|author=E. E. Mityakova V. A. Cherepovitskiy |access-date=25 April 2020|publisher=Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA}} Elektron 2 as late as May 1964.{{cite web|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19680022160.pdf|title=RADIAL DIFFUSION OF ELECTRONS WITH ENERGY GREATER THAN 100 KEV IN THE OUTER RADIATION BELT |date=2 August 1968|author=S.N. Vernov, S. . N. . Kuznetsov ,Yu. I. Logachev, G. B. Lopatina, E.N. Sosnovetz, V.G. Stolpovskiy|access-date=25 April 2020|publisher=Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA}}{{Rp|3}}

Elektron 3 and 4 were launched on July 11, 1964, at 21:51:02 UTC from Launch Complex 1 at Baikonur Space Center, again on a single Vostok 8K72K, with identical missions and similar orbits to that of Elektron 1 and 2. Elektron 3's orbit had a perigee of {{convert|408|km}}, an apogee of {{convert|7030|km}}, an orbital inclination of 61°, and a period of 168 minutes; Elektron 4's orbit had a perigee of {{convert|459|km}}, an apogee of {{convert|66100|km}}, an orbital inclination of 61°, and a period of 1,314 minutes.

Elektron 3 returned usable data as late as October 1964;{{Rp|1}} Elektron 4 as late as November 1964.{{Rp|2}}

The Elektron satellites returned data that supported more than a dozen technical papers on a variety of subjects including near-Earth magnetic fields, particle distribution, and ionospheric studies,{{cite web|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?N=123&Ntk=All&Ntt=Elektron|title=NASA Technical Reports Server (Elektron search)|access-date=1 January 2019}} and allowed the assessment of risk to both cosmonauts and satellites from radiation in outer space. The Elektron satellites returned considerable measurements on the make-up of Earth's atmosphere to an altitude of {{convert|3,000|km}}, including the concentration of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen ions.{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1965.pdf|title=Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1965|publisher=NASA|access-date=24 April 2020}}{{rp|217}} These satellites, along with the concurrent Kosmos satellite program, contributed to Soviet prestige, bolstering the impression that the Soviets, like the Americans, were committed to civilian as well as military application of satellites.{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1964.pdf |title=Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1964 |publisher=NASA |page=152 |access-date=31 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108092955/https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1964.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}

In July 1965, Elektron 1 and 2 were displayed among the new exhibits at Kosmos Pavilion in the Soviet exposition on achievements of U.S.S.R's national economy.{{rp|360}}

Elektron 4 decayed from its orbit on 12 October 1983, and Elektron 2 decayed from its orbit on 20 July 1997.{{Cite web|url=https://www.planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt|title=Satellite Catalog|author=Jonathan McDowell|author-link=Jonathan McDowell|publisher=Jonathan's Space Report|access-date=February 11, 2020}} Elektron 1 and 3 remain in orbit {{As of|2023}}.

{{Portal|Spaceflight}}

• Soviet space program

{{Reflist}}

• [https://www.heavens-above.com/SatInfo.aspx?satid=746&lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=UCT Current orbital information for Elektron 1]. heavens-above.com
• [https://www.heavens-above.com/SatInfo.aspx?satid=829&lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=UCT Current orbital information for Elektron 3]. heavens-above.com
• [http://archive.aviationweek.com/issue/19640608#!&pid=48 Detailed experiment descriptions for all Elektron satellites]. Aviation Weekly and Space Report
• [http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/dev/hillger/Elektron.htm Elektron-series satellites postal items]
• [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?N=123&Ntk=All&Ntt=Elektron NASA Technical Reports related to Elektron]

{{Orbital launches in 1964}}

{{Authority control}}

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Category:Satellites of the Soviet Union

Category:Twin satellites

Category:Satellite series

Category:Geospace monitoring satellites