Elena Smirnova

Elena Aleksandrovna Smirnova was born on 18 May 1888 in Saint Petersburg, during the Russian Empire.{{#tag:ref|Various Russian sources show the date as 6 May 1888 (O.S.).{{sfn|Деген|Ступников|2013}}{{sfn|Марков|1997}}{{sfn|Балет Фото|2012}} Her tombstone in the Chacarita Cemetery in Buenos Aires reflects the date 25 March 1888.{{sfn|Destaville|2013}}|group="Notes"}} She began her studies at the Imperial Ballet School under the instruction of Michel Fokine and Pavel Gerdt. Noted as a child prodigy, she began to perform at the Mariinsky Theater while she was still a student. In 1900, she played the role of Manu, in the ballet La Bayadère and in 1905, in the choreographic debut of Fokine, she played the part of Hymen in the ballet {{ill|Acis and Galatea (ballet)|lt=Acis and Galatea|ru|Ацис и Галатея (балеты)}} written by {{ill|Andrei Kadlec|ru|Кадлец, Андрей Вячеславович}}. Because of her good reviews, that same year, Fokine paired her with {{ill|Georgi Rozai|ru|Розай, Георгий Альфредович}} to dance to Polka with a Little Ball based on {{ill|Pizzicato Polka|it}} by Johann and Josef Strauss. Completing her studies, Smirnova graduated in 1906, with her final performances as Titania in Marius Petipa's ballet of A Midsummer Night's Dream choreographed by Folkine and in two duets with Vaslav Nijinsky in a dance to Flight of the Butterflies by Chopin and to Waltz-Fantasia by Mikhail Glinka.{{sfn|Борисоглебский|1939|pp=172–173}}{{sfn|Garafola|1989|pp=379–380}}

As soon as Smirnova graduated, she was accepted into the ballet troupe at the Mariinsky Theater and began to receive small solo parts.

In 1907, she performed a pas de deux with Nijinsky in La fille mal gardée for which critics praised her technical execution but noted that her movement lacked melodic interpretation.{{sfn|Красовская|1972|p=326}} The following year, she participated in a tour throughout the Russian provinces.{{sfn|Баринова|2017}} In 1909, the year Sergei Diaghilev founded the Ballets Russes, she traveled to Paris, where she was listed among the company's principal dancers. She participated in the premiers of Le Pavillon d'Armide and "Polovtsian Dances" from the opera Prince Igor at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 18 May 1909.{{sfn|Destaville|2013}}{{sfn|Garafola|1989|pp=383–384}} Smirnova's performance in both roles received praise in London newspapers,{{sfn|The Standard|1909|p=6}} and the performances of "Polovtsian Dances" received enthusiastic standing ovations, which were credited with much of the fame Diaghilev's company received from the tour.{{sfn|Gadan|Maillard|Cohen|1959|p=108}} In 1910 she worked with the Bolshoi Theatre and participated in tours in London and New York, and though she starred in several productions, they were not particularly successful.{{sfn|Красовская|1972|p=332}}

File:Elena Smirnova by Alexandr Golovin.jpg

In 1911, Smirnova performed in an alternating role of Swanilde with Elsa Vill in Coppélia by Léo Delibes. Critic Akim Volynsky called her performance heavy and complained that her "dances on point could be heard in the farthest corners of the Maryinky’s enormous hall". He liked Vill's performance better, but overall was unsatisfied with both soloists in the role.{{sfn|Volynsky|Rabinowitz|2008|pp=10–11}} In her performance of "The Dance of the Frescoes" from The Little Humpbacked Horse, Volynsky praised Smirnova's power, stating that she "put her best foot forward",{{sfn|Volynsky|Rabinowitz|2008|p=40}} overall commenting that her emboîté was done "particularly well".{{sfn|Volynsky|Rabinowitz|2008|p=216}} In 1912, her role as Kitri in Don Quixote received acclaim by both critics and the public, which noted that the angularity of her performance in other roles, which seemed flawed, worked well in the production. Vera Krasovskaya noted that she was one of the best dancers who had performed the role.{{sfn|Красовская|1972|p=332}}

Beginning in 1913, Smirnova made a series of silent films. A closed screening of a Berlin film Die Primaballerina (The Prima Ballerina) was released in April, showing Smirnova completing many of her own stunts.{{sfn|Баринова|2017}} Several films followed, including Die Augen der Bajadere (The eyes of Bajadere, 1913), Anita Iverson (1913), Die Ehre der Japanerin (The Honor of the Japanese Woman, 1913), Das Geheimnis der schwarzen Maske (The Secret of the Black Mask, 1913), Die Kleine Geisha (The Little Geisha, 1913), Das Vermächtnis der Mutter (The Legacy of the Mother, 1914) and Zigeunerblut (Gypsy Blood, 1914).{{sfn|German Early Cinema|1914}} In addition, to film, her leading roles in ballet included many which were choreographed by Marius Petipa, such as Aspicia in The Pharaoh's Daughter, the title role in Raymonda, Izora in Bluebeard, Niriti in The Talisman and the title role in Esmeralda, among others.{{sfn|Деген|Ступников|2013}} She was also the first to perform the role of Mercedes in the ballet The Andalusian by her husband when it premiered in 1915.{{sfn|Деген|Ступников|2013}}{{sfn|Марков|1997}}

Smirnova was promoted to prima ballerina in 1916 and that same year was among a few dancers who performed at the Imperial Theater of Tokyo to great acclaim.{{sfn|Баринова|2017}} The tour, under the leadership of Smirnova's husband {{ill|Boris G. Romanov|ru|Романов, Борис Георгиевич}}, was first tour of Japan by a Russian ballet corps.{{sfn|Destaville|2013}} On the return trip, the troupe performed in Harbin, China and passed through Chita, Russia on their way back to Saint Petersburg. During the Russian Civil War, many noted dancers left Russia, which from 1918 left Smirnova as the only prima ballerina still working at the Mariinsky Theater. The theater name changed during the war to the State Academic Theater of Opera and Ballet ({{langx|ru|Gosudarstvennïy Akademicheskiy Teatr Operï i Baleta (GATOB)}}).{{sfn|Destaville|2013}}{{sfn|Баринова|2017}} During the seasons from 1918 to 1920, her most acclaimed role was as Aurora in The Sleeping Beauty.{{sfn|Деген|Ступников|2013}} In 1919, she danced in the premiere of Romance of the Rose by {{ill|Alexander Chekrygin|ru|Чекрыгин, Александр Иванович}} in the role of Rosa and then on 8 February 1920, performed her last role on the Russian stage.{{sfn|Красовская|1972|p=333}}

Soon after the performance, Smirnova and Romanov, along with Romanov's mother and daughter, Natalia, {{ill|Anatoly Obukhov|ru|Обухов, Анатолий Николаевич}} and other artists, clandestinely left Russia fleeing from the Bolshevik soldiers in 1920. Traveling in a hay cart, the group made their way to Romania and briefly performed in Bucharest. Then the artists moved to Berlin, where Romanov and Smirnova founded the Russian Theater a few months after their arrival in 1921. The theater was reorganized as the {{ill|Russian Romantic Theater|ru|Русский романтический театр}} ({{langx|de|Russisches Romantisches Theater}}) with the German dancer, Elsa Krüger the following year.{{sfn|Destaville|2013}}{{sfn|Mann|2002|p=2}}

Financed by a wealthy German patron, the theater staged a broad repertoire dedicated to Russian arts and included ballet, opera and pantomime, with Krüger, Obukhov, and Smirnova as the principal dancers. Based in Berlin, the company toured capitals of Europe{{sfn|Mann|2002|p=2}} performing one-act ballets like Les millions d'Arlequin by Riccardo Drigo, Pastoral by Christoph Willibald Gluck, and Pictures of a Boyar Wedding, among others.{{sfn|Соколов-Каминский|n.d.}} They staged a critically acclaimed adaptation of Giselle,{{sfn|Craine|Mackrell|2010}} but many of their performances were avant-garde choreographies created by Romanov for Smirnova.{{sfn|Craine|Mackrell|2010}} In 1924, the troupe secured a seven-week engagement at the London Coliseum,{{sfn|Mann|2002|p=2}} which proved unsuccessful. It was followed by a financially costly tour in Spain, which caused their backer to reduce the size of the company by almost half. Struggling financially, from the fall of 1924 to spring 1925, the troupe toured several German venues, but in March 1925, Smirnova was ill. She required a major operation from which her recovery was uncertain.{{sfn|Mann|2002|p=4}} In the fall of 1925, Romanov began rehearsing Sergei Prokofiev's Trapeze, which debuted in Gotha on 6 November 1925 and then was performed in Hanover and Turin,{{sfn|Mann|2002|p=5}} before the company folded in 1926.{{sfn|Craine|Mackrell|2010}}

Leaving Berlin, Smirnova and Romanov briefly lived in Milan, where Romanov worked at La Scala and then served as the ballet master for Anna Pavlova's ballet company.{{sfn|Craine|Mackrell|2010}}

In 1928, the couple immigrated to Argentina along with Obukhov, because Romanov had been hired as the head choreographer for the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. Despite her slow recovery and continuing illness, Smirnova made her last appearance on the stage at the Teatro Colón that same year. She then became the theater's dance instructor, before being hired as the first professor of dance for the National Conservatory of Music and Recitation ({{langx|es|Conservatorio Nacional de Música y Declamación}}). Besides her work at the Conservatory, Smirnova taught private lessons at the Teatro Odeón and at her private studio, which was located at 500 Tucumán Street. Among her students were: Esmee Bulnes, {{ill|Ángel Eleta|es}}, Maruja Pibernat, Mercedes Quintana, and María Ruanova.{{sfn|Destaville|2013}}

Smirnova died on 15 January 1934 in Buenos Aires and was buried in the pantheon of actors of the Chacarita Cemetery.{{sfn|Destaville|2013}} A dance prize given in her name is awarded annually by the National School of Dance of Uruguay.{{sfn|Notimex|2016}}

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• {{cite news|ref={{harvid|Баринова|2017}}|last1=Баринова (Barinova)|first1=Ирина (Irina)|title=Великие эмигрантки|url=https://zab.ru/articles/5204_velikie_emigrantki|access-date=3 July 2017|publisher=Забмедиа|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604045708/https://zab.ru/articles/5204_velikie_emigrantki|archive-date=4 June 2017|location=Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia|language=Russian|trans-title=Great emigrants}}
• {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Борисоглебский|1939}}|last1=Борисоглебский (Borisoglebsky)|first1=Михаил (Mikhail)|title=Материалы по истории русского балета|volume=2|date=1939|publisher=Ленинградским государственная хореографическим училищем (Leningrad State Choreography School)|location=Leningrad, Russia|pages=172–173|language=Russian|trans-title=Materials on the history of Russian ballet|oclc=829698644}}
• {{cite book|last1=Craine|first1=Debra|last2=Mackrell|first2=Judith|title=The Oxford dictionary of dance|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-199-56344-9|edition=2nd|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199563449.001.0001/acref-9780199563449-e-2005?rskey=5vJRNV&result=2|chapter=Romanov, Boris|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199563449.001.0001|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000crai_a8h2}} {{subscription required|via=[http://www.oxfordreference.com/ Oxford University Press]'s Reference Online}}
• {{cite web|ref={{harvid|Деген|Ступников|2013}}|last1=Деген (Degen)|first1=А. (A.)|last2=Ступников (Stupnikov)|first2=И. (I.)|title=Елена Александровна Смирнова|url=http://www.belcanto.ru/smirnova_elena.html|website=Belcanto|access-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629175313/http://www.belcanto.ru/smirnova_elena.html|archive-date=29 June 2017|location=St. Petersburg, Russia|language=Russian|date=22 July 2013|trans-title=Elena Alexandrovna Smirnova}}
• {{cite web|last1=Destaville|first1=Enrique Honorio|title=Elena Alexandrovna Smirnova|url=http://www.ciudaddeladanza.com/bibliodanza/articulos-y-noticias/elena-alexandrovna-smirnova.html|website=Ciudad de la Danza|access-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229151030/http://www.ciudaddeladanza.com/bibliodanza/articulos-y-noticias/elena-alexandrovna-smirnova.html|archive-date=29 December 2016|location=Buenos Aires, Argentina|language=Spanish|date=2013|postscript=. Self-published but with citations to source materials.}}
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Gadan|editor-first1=Francis|editor-last2=Maillard|editor-first2=Robert|editor-last3=Cohen|editor-first3=Selma Jeanne (American editor)|title=Dictionary of Modern Ballet|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofmode00gada#page/108/mode/1up/search/smirnova|edition=American|year=1959|publisher=Tudor Publishing Company|location=New York City, New York|oclc=468356951}}
• {{cite book|last1=Garafola|first1=Lynn|title=Diaghilev's Ballets russes|date=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York City, New York|isbn=978-0-19-505701-0|url=https://archive.org/stream/diaghilevsballet00gara#page/379/mode/1up}}
• {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Красовская|1972}}|last1=Красовская (Krasovskaya)|first1=Вера М. (Vera M.)|title=Русский балетный театр начала XX века|volume=2. Танцовщики (Dancers)|date=1972|publisher=искусство (Iskusstvo)|location=Leningrad, Russia|pages=325–333|language=Russian|trans-title=Russian ballet theater of the beginning of the 20th century|oclc=690110770}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Mann|first1=Noelle|title=Trapèze: a Forgotten Ballet by Serge Prokofiev and Boris Romanov|journal=Three Oranges|date=November 2002|issue=4|url=http://www.sprkfv.net/journal/three04/trapeze1.html|access-date=3 July 2017|publisher=Goldsmiths College, University of London for the Sergejs Prokofiev Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320161001/http://www.sprkfv.net/journal/three04/trapeze1.html |archive-date=20 March 2017 |location=London, England|issn=1472-9946}}
• {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Марков|1997}}|editor1-last=Марков (Markov)|editor1-first=П. А. (P. A. )|title=Русский балет: Энциклопедия|date=1997|publisher=Согласие|location=Moscow, Russia|isbn=978-5-85270-099-5|chapter=СМИРНОВА|language=Russian|trans-title=Russian Ballet: Encyclopedia—Smirnova}}
• {{cite web|ref={{harvid|Соколов-Каминский|n.d.}}|last1=Соколов-Каминский (Sokolov-Kaminsky)|first1=А. (A.)|title=Романов Борис Георгиевич|url=http://apologetika.com/index.php?module=Dict_V&func=display&tid=301|website=Меч и Трость|publisher=Orthodox monarchical journal|access-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324084414/http://apologetika.com/index.php?module=Dict_V&func=display&tid=301|archive-date=24 March 2017|location=Mansonville, Quebec, Canada|language=Russian|date=n.d.|trans-title=Romanov, Boris Georgievich}}
• {{cite book|last1=Volynsky|first1=Akim|authorlink1=Akim Volynsky|last2=Rabinowitz|first2=Stanley J. (translator)|title=Ballet's magic kingdom : selected writings on dance in Russia, 1911–1925|date=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-300-12462-0|url=https://archive.org/stream/balletsmagicking00voly_0#page/10/mode/1up/search/smirnova}}
• {{cite news|ref={{harvid|Notimex|2016}}|author=|title=Bailarines de 16 países prometen cautivar en gala "Despertares"|url=http://www.20minutos.com.mx/noticia/106326/0/bailarines-de-16-paises-prometen-cautivar-en-gala-despertares/|access-date=4 July 2017|publisher=Notimex|date=28 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704193538/http://www.20minutos.com.mx/noticia/106326/0/bailarines-de-16-paises-prometen-cautivar-en-gala-despertares/|archive-date=4 July 2017|location=Mexico City, Mexico|language=Spanish|trans-title=Dancers from 16 countries promise to captivate in "Awakenings"|url-status=dead}}
• {{cite news|ref={{harvid|The Standard|1909}}|author=|title=Russian Opera in Paris|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/susun-wilkinson-celebrity-clipping-may-24-1909-322313/|access-date=3 July 2017|publisher=The Standard|date=24 May 1909|location=London, England|page=6|via = Newspaperarchive.com}} {{open access}}
• {{cite web|ref={{harvid|Балет Фото|2012}}|author=|title=Смирнова Елена Александровна|url=http://baletfoto.ru/smirnova.html|website=Балет Фото|access-date=4 July 2017|location=Moscow, Russia|language=Russian|date=2012|trans-title=Smirnova, Elena Aleksandrovna}}
• {{cite web|ref={{harvid|German Early Cinema|1914}}|author=|title=Smirnowa, Elena|url=http://www.earlycinema.uni-koeln.de/films/index/Filter.FilterByActor:1/Filter.Actor.0:3446/keep_frame2:1|website=The German Early Cinema Database|publisher=University of Cologne|access-date=3 July 2017|location=Cologne, Germany|language=German|date=1914}} and {{cite web|title=Smirnowa, Elena A.|url=http://www.earlycinema.uni-koeln.de/films/index/Filter.FilterByActor:1/Filter.Actor.0:3712/keep_frame2:1|website=The German Early Cinema Database|publisher=University of Cologne|access-date=3 July 2017|location=Cologne, Germany|language=German|date=1913}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Smirnova, Elena}}

Category:1888 births

Category:1934 deaths

Category:Dancers from Saint Petersburg

Category:Mariinsky Ballet dancers

Category:Ballerinas from the Russian Empire

Category:Choreographers from the Russian Empire

Category:Russian women choreographers

Category:Dance teachers

Category:Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery

Category:White Russian emigrants to Germany