Elephantopus scaber
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Elephantopus scaber in Narshapur forest, AP W2 IMG 0829.jpg
|image_caption = Elephantopus scaber in India
|status =
|status_system =
|status_ref =
|genus = Elephantopus
|species = scaber
|authority = L.
|synonyms =
- Elephantopus carolinensis G.Mey.
- Elephantopus sordidus Salisb.
- Scabiosa cochinchinensis Lour.
- Elephantopus plurisetus (O.Hoffm.) Clonts, syn of subsp. plurisetus
- Elephantopus sinuatus Zoll. & Moritzi, syn of var. sinuatus
- Asterocephalus cochinchinensis Sprengel
}}
Elephantopus scaber is a tropical species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to tropical Africa, Eastern Asia, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia. It has become naturalized in tropical Africa and Latin America. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023877 Flora of China, 地胆草 di dan cao Elephantopus scaber Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 814. 1753. ]{{Cite web |url=http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:630174 |title=Atlas of Living Australia, Elephantopus scaber L. |access-date=2015-06-20 |archive-date=2015-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620202505/http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:630174 |url-status=dead }}Breedlove, D.E. 1986. Flora de Chiapas. Listados Florísticos de México 4: i–v, 1–246.[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8108585#page/200/mode/1up Humbert, H. 1960. Composées. Fl. Madagasc. 189: 198-199] description in French[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8108585#page/9/mode/1up Humbert, H. 1960. Composées. Fl. Madagasc. 189: plate I (1), figures 10-12 at right] line drawings of Elephantopus scaberJeffrey, C. 1988. Notes on Compositae: V. The Vernonieae in East Tropical Africa. Kew Bulletin 43(2): 195–277.Nelson, C. H. 2008. Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Honduras 1–1576. Secretaria de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Tegucigalpa.
Uses
Elephantopus scaber is used as a traditional medicine.{{Cite journal | pmid = 1453704 |date=Aug 1992 |author1=Poli, A |author2=Nicolau, M |author3=Simoes, Cm |author4=Nicolau, Rm |author5=Zanin, M | title = Preliminary pharmacologic evaluation of crude whole plant extracts of Elephantopus scaber. Part I: in vivo studies | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 71–6 | issn = 0378-8741 | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | doi = 10.1016/0378-8741(92)90005-C }} Different parts of the plant are used in traditional medicine of India as an astringent agent, cardiac tonic, and diuretic, and is used for eczema, rheumatism, fever, and bladder stones.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018| pmid = 25083916| pmc = 4212005| title = Natural product agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): A review| journal = Biochemical Pharmacology| volume = 92| issue = 1| pages = 73–89| year = 2014| last1 = Wang| first1 = Limei| last2 = Waltenberger| first2 = Birgit| last3 = Pferschy-Wenzig| first3 = Eva-Maria| last4 = Blunder| first4 = Martina| last5 = Liu| first5 = Xin| last6 = Malainer| first6 = Clemens| last7 = Blazevic| first7 = Tina| last8 = Schwaiger| first8 = Stefan| last9 = Rollinger| first9 = Judith M.| last10 = Heiss| first10 = Elke H.| last11 = Schuster| first11 = Daniela| last12 = Kopp| first12 = Brigitte| last13 = Bauer| first13 = Rudolf| last14 = Stuppner| first14 = Hermann| last15 = Dirsch| first15 = Verena M.| last16 = Atanasov| first16 = Atanas G.}} E. scaber modulates inflammatory responses by inhibiting the production of TNFα and IL-1β.{{cite journal|last1=Abhimannue|first1=Anu P.|last2=Mohan|first2=Mohind C.|last3=B|first3=Prakash Kumar|title=Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-1β Production in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Monocytes by Methanolic Extract of Elephantopus scaber Linn and Identification of Bioactive Components|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|date=13 February 2016|volume=179|issue=3|pages=427–443|doi=10.1007/s12010-016-2004-0|pmid=26875087|s2cid=7097943}}
Chemical constituents
Elephantopus scaber contains elephantopin which is a germacranolide sesquiterpene lactone containing two lactone rings and an epoxide functional group.{{Cite journal|url=http://medind.nic.in/imvw/imvw282.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630160712/http://medind.nic.in/imvw/imvw282.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-06-30 |title=Antitumor activity of elephantopus scaber linn against dalton's ascitis lymphoma |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |date=Jan–Feb 2002 |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=71–3 }}{{GRIN | accessdate=7 May 2011}} 17,19-Dihydrodeoxyelephantopin, iso-17,19- dihydro-deoxy elephantopin and 8-hydroxyl
naringenin are the most important bioactive compounds responsible for anti-bacterial activity.{{cn|date=May 2021}} By UPLC MS Q-TOF, 34 components were identified.
Subspecies and varieties
Varieties of E. scaber include:[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-116229 The Plant List, Elephantopus scaber L. ]
- Elephantopus scaber subsp. plurisetus (O.Hoffm.) Philipson
- Elephantopus scaber subsp. scaber
- Elephantopus scaber var. scaber
- Elephantopus scaber var. sinuatus (Mor.) Miq.
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1039719}}
Category:Plants described in 1753
Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
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