Elizabeth von Arnim

{{Infobox writer

|name = Elizabeth von Arnim

|image = Elizabeth von Arnim photograph 1900.jpg

|imagesize =

|caption = Elizabeth von Arnim in 1900

|honorific_suffix = Countess Russell

|pseudonym = Elizabeth

|birth_name = Mary Annette Beauchamp

|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1866|08|31}}

|birth_place = Kirribilli Point, Australia

|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1941|02|09|1866|08|31}}

|death_place = Charleston, South Carolina, United States

|resting_place = Tylers Green, Bucks, England

|occupation = Writer

|period = 1898–1936

|genre =

|subject =

|movement =

|influences =

|influenced =

|spouse = {{plainlist|

{{marriage|{{Interlanguage link|Henning August von Arnim-Schlagenthin|de}}|1891|1910|reason=his death}}
{{marriage|Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell|1916|1931|reason=his death}}

}}

|children = 5

|relatives = Katherine Mansfield (cousin)

|website =

}}

Elizabeth von Arnim (31 August 1866 – 9 February 1941), born Mary Annette Beauchamp, was an English novelist. Born in Australia, she married a German aristocrat, and her earliest works are set in Germany. Her first marriage made her Countess von Arnim-Schlagenthin and her second Elizabeth Russell, Countess Russell. After her first husband's death, she had a three-year affair with the writer H. G. Wells, then later married Frank Russell, elder brother of the Nobel Prize-winner and philosopher Bertrand Russell. She was a cousin of the New Zealand-born writer Katherine Mansfield. Though known in early life as May, her first book introduced her to readers as Elizabeth, which she eventually became to friends and finally to family. Her writings are ascribed to Elizabeth von Arnim.{{harvnb |Usborne |1986 |p={{page needed|date=December 2020}}}} She used the pseudonym Alice Cholmondeley for only one novel, Christine, published in 1917.

Early life

She was born at her family's home on Kirribilli Point in Sydney, Australia, to Henry Herron Beauchamp (1825–1907), a wealthy shipping merchant, and Elizabeth (nicknamed Louey) Weiss Lassetter (1836–1919). She was called May by her family. She had four brothers and a sister.Arnim, Jasper von (2003) [http://von-arnim.net/files/portr_elizabeth_engl.pdf Elizabeth von Arnim], von-arnim.net. Retrieved 24 July 2020 One of her cousins was the New Zealand-born Kathleen Beauchamp, who wrote under the pen name Katherine Mansfield. When she was three years old, the family moved to England, where they lived in London but also spent several years in Switzerland.[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35883 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition (UK library card required): Arnim, Mary Annette [May] von]. Retrieved 5 March 2014.

Arnim was the first cousin of Mansfield's father, Harold Beauchamp, making her the first cousin once removed of Mansfield. Although Elizabeth was older by 22 years, she and Mansfield later corresponded, reviewed each other's works, and became close friends.{{harvnb |Maddison |2013 |pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mp0WDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 85–91] |ps=This source incorrectly states that Mansfield was in Switzerland until June 1922, but all Mansfield biographies state January 1922, after which she moved to France seeking treatment for TB. Mansfield and Murry later lived in a hotel in Randogne from June to August 1922. She died in France in January 1923, aged 34.}} Mansfield, ill with tuberculosis, lived in the Montana region of Switzerland (now Crans-Montana) from May 1921 until January 1922, renting the Chalet des Sapins with her husband John Middleton Murry from June 1921. The house was only a "1/2 an hour's scramble away" from Arnim's Chalet Soleil at Randogne. Arnim visited her cousin often during this period. They got on well, although Mansfield considered the much wealthier Arnim to be patronizing.Katherine Mansfield, Vincent O'Sullivan, ed., et al. (1996) [https://books.google.com/books?id=WktGcM_UpH8C&pg=PA250 The Collected Letters of Katherine Mansfield: Volume Four: 1920–1921], pp. 249–250. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Retrieved 20 July 2020 (Google Books) Mansfield satirized Arnim as the character Rosemary in a short story, "A Cup of Tea", which she wrote while in Switzerland.Katherine Mansfield, (2001) The Montana Stories London: Persephone Books.

Arnim studied at the Royal College of Music, principally learning the organ.Isobel Maddison, Juliane Römhild, et al. (22 June 2017) [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09574042.2017.1320070?forwardService=showFullText&tokenAccess=sZj9SfYV8A8mfmUyFJwH&tokenDomain=eprints&doi=10.1080%2F09574042.2017.1320070&doi=10.1080%2F09574042.2017.1320070&journalCode=rwcr20 "Reading Elizabeth von Arnim Today: An Overview"], Women: A Cultural Review, Vol. 28, 2017, Issue 1–2. Retrieved 18 July 2020.

Personal life

File:Rittergut Nassenheide Sammlung Duncker.jpg), {{Circa|1860}}]]

On 21 February 1891, Elizabeth married the widowed German aristocrat Count {{Interlanguage link|Henning August von Arnim-Schlagenthin|de}} (1851–1910) in London,Genealogische Handbuch des Adels., p. 30. Gotha: Justus Perthes Verlag, 1932. whom she had met on a tour of Italy with her father two years earlier.Maddison, Isobel (2016) Elizabeth von Arnim: Beyond the German Garden. Abingdon: Routledge. He was the eldest son of the late Count Harry von Arnim, the former German Ambassador to France. At first they lived in Berlin, then in 1896 moved to what was then Nassenheide, Pomerania (now Rzędziny in Poland), where the Arnim family had a landed estate.Henning August Graf v. Arnim (1851–1910) In: Das Geschlecht von Arnim. IV. Teil: Chronik der Familie im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Published by Arnim'scher Familienverband, Degener, 2002, p. 591. They had four daughters and a son, born between December 1891 and October 1901. In 1899, Henning von Arnim was arrested and imprisoned for fraud but was later acquitted.{{Cite book|last=Morgan|first=Joyce|title=The Countess from Kirribilli|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=2021|isbn=978-1-76087-517-6|location=Australia|pages=50–51}}

At the time of the 1901 United Kingdom census, on 1 April 1901, Arnim was in England, staying with her uncle Henry Beauchamp at The Retreat, Bexley, without any of her children.1901 United Kingdom census, [https://mediasvc.ancestry.co.uk/v2/image/namespaces/7814/media/KENRG13_694_695-0465.jpg Park Hill, Bexley], ancestry.co.uk, accessed 13 July 2022 {{subscription required}} Her son Henning Bernd was born in London in October 1902."Henning Bernd Von Arnim-schlagenthin" in England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1837-1915: 1902; Registration Place: Strand, London, England; Volume 1b, page 606

The children's tutors at Nassenheide included E. M. Forster, who worked there for several months in the spring and summer of 1905.R. Sully (2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=3F5ED-XhzjwC&pg=PA120 British Images of Germany: Admiration, Antagonism & Ambivalence, 1860–1914], p. 120, New York: Springer. Retrieved 20 July 2020 (Google Books). Forster wrote a short memoir of the months he spent there.[https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/4deb90eb-7c06-4548-992a-27a94c7dac2e E. M. Forster, (1920–1929) Nassenheide]. The National Archives. Retrieved 18 July 2020. From April to July 1907 the writer Hugh Walpole was the children's tutor.Elizabeth Steele (1972), Hugh Walpole, p. 15, London: Twayne {{ISBN|0-8057-1560-6}}.

In 1908, Elizabeth von Arnim moved to London with the children. The couple did not consider this a formal separation, although the marriage had been unhappy, owing to the Count's affairs, and they had slept in separate bedrooms for some time. In 1910, financial problems meant the Nassenheide estate had to be sold. Later that year, Count von Arnim died in Bad Kissingen, with his wife and three of their daughters by his side.Römhild, Juliane (2014) Femininity and Authorship in the Novels of Elizabeth von Arnim: At Her Most Radiant Moment, pp. 16–24. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN|978-1-61147-704-7}} In 1911, Elizabeth moved to Randogne, Switzerland, where she had the Chalet Soleil built, and entertained literary and society friends.{{Cite web |url=http://www.online-literature.com/elizabeth-arnim/ |title=Elizabeth von Arnim – Biography and Works |publisher=online-literature.com |access-date=7 November 2016}} From 1910 until 1913, she was a mistress of the novelist H. G. Wells.

In 1916, the Arnims' daughter Felicitas, who had been at boarding schools in Switzerland and Germany, died of pneumonia aged sixteen in Bremen. She had been unable to return to England because of travel and financial controls caused by the First World War.Juliane Roemhild, (30 May 1916) [https://elizabethvonarnimsociety.org/uncategorized/2016-centenary-note-two-wartime-tragedies/ Elizabeth von Arnim Society. 2016 Centenary Note: Two Wartime Tragedies]. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

=Second marriage and separation, house moves, and death=

In January 1916, Arnim married Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell, the elder brother of the philosopher Bertrand Russell. The marriage ended in acrimony, with the couple separating in 1919, although they never divorced.{{Cite book |last=Derham |first=Ruth |title=Bertrand's Brother: The Marriages, Morals and Misdemeanours of Frank, 2nd Earl Russell |publisher=Amberley |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-3981-0283-5 |location=Stroud |pages=257–283}} She then went to the United States, where her daughters Liebet and Evi were living. In 1920 she returned to her home in Switzerland, using it as a base for frequent trips to other parts of Europe. In the same year, she embarked on an affair with Alexander Stuart Frere (1892–1984), who later became chairman of the publishing house Heinemann. Frere, 26 years her junior, initially went to stay at the Chalet Soleil to catalogue her large library, and a romance ensued. The affair lasted several years. In 1933, Frere married the writer and theater critic Patricia Wallace,{{Cite book|last=Morgan|first=Joyce|title=The Countess from Kirribilli|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=2021|isbn=978-1-76087-517-6|location=Australia|pages=263}} and Arnim was the godmother of the couple's only daughter Elizabeth (later Elizabeth Frere Jones) who was named in her honour.

In 1930, Arnim set up a home in Mougins in the south of France, seeking a warmer climate. She created a rose garden there and called the house Mas des Roses. She continued to entertain her social and literary circle there, as she had done in Switzerland. She kept this house to the end of her life, although she moved to the United States in 1939 at the beginning of the Second World War. She died of influenza at the Riverside Infirmary, Charleston, South Carolina, on 9 February 1941, aged 74, and was cremated at Fort Lincoln Cemetery, Maryland. In 1947 her ashes were mingled with those of her brother, Sir Sydney Beauchamp, in the churchyard of St Margaret's, Tylers Green, Penn, Buckinghamshire. The Latin inscription on her tombstone reads parva sed apta (small but apt), alluding to her short stature.Vickers, Salley, in the introduction to Elizabeth von Arnim, 'The Enchanted April' Penguin: 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-141-19182-9}}

Literary career

File:Houghton Typ 970.00.7590 - The April Baby’s Book of Tunes - Sing a song of sixpence.jpg for April Baby's Book of Tunes, 1900]]

Arnim launched her career as a writer with her satirical and semi-autobiographical Elizabeth and Her German Garden (1898). Published anonymously, it chronicled the protagonist Elizabeth's struggles to create a garden on the family estate and her attempts to integrate into German aristocratic Junker society. In it, she fictionalized her husband as "The Man of Wrath". It was reprinted twenty times by May 1899, a year after its publication.Miranda Kiek (8 November 2011) [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/elizabeth-von-arnim-the-forgotten-feminist-whos-flowering-again-6258398.html "Elizabeth von Arnim: The forgotten feminist who’s flowering again"], The Independent. Retrieved 19 July 2020. A bitter-sweet memoir and companion to it was The Solitary Summer (1899).

By 1900, Arnim's books had such success that the identity of "Elizabeth" caused newspaper speculation in London, New York and elsewhere.{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Joyce |title=The Countess from Kirribilli |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-76087-517-6|location=Sydney |pages=52–57}}

Other works, such as The Benefactress (1902), The Adventures of Elizabeth on Rügen (1904), Vera (1921), and Love (1925), were also semi-autobiographical. Some titles ensued that deal with protest against domineering Junkertum and witty observations of life in provincial Germany, including The Princess Priscilla's Fortnight (1905) and Fräulein Schmidt and Mr Anstruther (1907). She would sign her twenty or so books, after the first, initially as "by the author of Elizabeth and Her German Garden" and later simply as "By Elizabeth".

In 1909, The Princess Priscilla's Fortnight was turned into a play called The Cottage in the Air, and in 1929 into the film The Runaway Princess, directed by Anthony Asquith and starring Mady Christians.Introduction, Elizabeth von Arnim, The Princess Priscilla's Fortnight (CreateSpace Independent Publishing, 2016)

Although Arnim never wrote a conventional autobiography, All the Dogs of My Life (1936), an account of her love for her pets, contains many glimpses of her glittering social circle.Elizabeth von Arnim, All the Dogs of My Life, Virago: 2006 {{ISBN|978-1-84408-277-3}}

=Reception=

File:Elizabeth von Arnim Monument in Buk.JPG, Poland]]

Arnim's 1921 novel Vera, a dark tragi-comedy drawing on her disastrous marriage to Earl Russell, was her most critically acclaimed work, described by John Middleton Murry as "Wuthering Heights by Jane Austen".{{Cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Erica |title=Comedy and the Feminine Middlebrow Novel: Elizabeth von Arnim and Elizabeth Taylor |date=2013 |publisher=Pickering & Chatto |location=London |isbn=978-1-84893-338-5 |edition=1st}}

Her 1922 work, The Enchanted April, inspired by a month-long holiday to the Italian Riviera, is perhaps the lightest and most ebullient of her novels. It has regularly been adapted for the stage and screen: as a Broadway play in 1925, a 1935 American feature film, an Academy Award-nominated feature film in 1992 (starring Josie Lawrence, Jim Broadbent and Joan Plowright among others), a Tony Award-nominated stage play in 2003, a musical play in 2010, and in 2015 a serial on BBC Radio 4. Terence de Vere White credits The Enchanted April with making the Italian resort of Portofino fashionable.Terence De Vere White, Introduction to The Enchanted April, Virago: 1991 {{ISBN|978-0-86068-517-3}} It is also, probably, the most widely read of all her works, having been a Book-of-the-Month club choice in America upon publication.

Her 1940 novel Mr. Skeffington was made into an Academy Award-nominated feature film by Warner Bros. in 1944, starring Bette Davis and Claude Rains, and a 60-minute "Lux Radio Theater" broadcast radio adaptation of the movie on 1 October 1945.

Since 1983, the British publisher Virago has been reprinting her work with new introductions by modern writers, some of which claim her as a feminist.Elizabeth von Arnim, Fräulein Schmidt and Mr. Anstruther, Virago: 1983 {{ISBN|978-0-86068-317-9}} The Reader's Encyclopedia reports that many of her later novels are "tired exercises", but this opinion is not widely held.Bruce F. Murphy, ed., The Reader's Encyclopedia, 5th ed., Collins: 2008 {{ISBN|978-0-06-089016-2}}

Perhaps the best example of Arnim's mordant wit and unusual attitude to life is provided in one of her letters: "I'm so glad I didn't die on the various occasions I have earnestly wished I might, for I would have missed a lot of lovely weather."Letter to Maud Ritchie, quoted by Deborah Kellaway in introduction to The Solitary Summer, Virago: 1993 {{ISBN|1-85381-553-5}}

Select bibliography

Elizabeth and Her German Garden (1898) – [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1327 online at Project Gutenberg]
The Solitary Summer (1899) – [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5991 online at Project Gutenberg]
The April Baby's Book of Tunes (1900) (Illustrated by Kate Greenaway) – [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/59307 online at Project Gutenberg]
The Benefactress (1901) – [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30302 online at Project Gutenberg]
The Ordeal of Elizabeth (1901; draft of a novel, published posthumously)
The Adventures of Elizabeth in Rugen (1904) – [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33762 online at Project Gutenberg]
Princess Priscilla's Fortnight (1905) – [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13141 online at Project Gutenberg]
Fräulein Schmidt and Mr Anstruther (1907) – [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35282 online at Project Gutenberg]
The Caravaners (1909) – [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/72356 online at Project Gutenberg]
The Pastor's Wife (1914) – [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36295 online at Project Gutenberg]
Christine (1917) (written under the pseudonym Alice Cholmondeley) – [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12683 online at Project Gutenberg]
Christopher and Columbus (1919) – [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14646 online at Project Gutenberg]
In the Mountains (1920) – [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35072 online at Project Gutenberg]
Vera (1921) – [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34366 online at Project Gutenberg]
The Enchanted April (1922) – [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16389 online at Project Gutenberg]
Love (1925)
Introduction to Sally (1926)
Expiation (1929) (Reprinted by Persephone Books in 2019)
Father (1931)
The Jasmine Farm (1934)
All the Dogs of My Life (autobiography, 1936)
Mr. Skeffington (1940) – [http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks11/1100021h.html online at Project Gutenberg Australia]

Notes

Sources

{{Cite magazine|last=Maddison |first=Isobel |url=http://www.katherinemansfieldsociety.org/assets/Essays/Katherine-Mansfield-Society-Essay-Series-A-Second-Flowering-by-Isobel-Maddison.pdf |title=A Second Flowering: Elizabeth and her German Garden |magazine=London Library Magazine |issue=15 |date=Spring 2012 |via=Katherine Mansfield Society |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719035913/http://www.katherinemansfieldsociety.org/assets/Essays/Katherine-Mansfield-Society-Essay-Series-A-Second-Flowering-by-Isobel-Maddison.pdf |url-status=dead}}
{{Cite book|last=Maddison |first=Isobel |chapter=Worms of the same family: Elizabeth von Arnim and Katherine Mansfield |title=Elizabeth von Arnim: Beyond the German Garden |location=Farnham |publisher=Ashgate |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4094-1167-3}}
{{Cite book|last=Morgan|first=Joyce|title=The Countess from Kirribilli|location=Sydney|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=2021|isbn=978-1-76087-517-6}}
{{Cite book|last=Usborne |first=Karen |title="Elizabeth": The Author of Elizabeth and Her German Garden|location=London |publisher=Bodley Head |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-370-30887-6}}

Other biographies

Joyce Morgan, The Countess from Kirribilli. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2021 {{ISBN|9781760875176}}
{{cite book |author=Carey, Gabrielle |author-link=Gabrielle Carey |title=Only Happiness Here: In Search of Elizabeth von Arnim |location=St Lucia, Qld. |publisher=University of Queensland Press |year=2020 }}
Katie Roiphe, Uncommon Arrangements: Seven Portraits of Married Life in London Literary Circles 1910–1939. New York: Dial Press, 2008 {{ISBN|978-0-385-33937-7}}
Jennifer Walker, Elizabeth of the German Garden – A Literary Journey. Brighton: Book Guild, 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-84624-851-1}}

External links

{{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/elizabeth-von-arnim}}
{{Gutenberg author |id=603|name=Elizabeth Von Arnim}}
{{Internet Archive author |sname=Elizabeth von Arnim}}
{{Internet Archive author |name=Mary Annette Beauchamp}}
{{Librivox author |id=1251}}
{{Cite web |url=http://www.dobraszczecinska.pl/ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3341:elizabeth-von-arnim-wersja-angielska&catid=215&Itemid=252 |title=Article about Elisabeth von Arnim on Gmina Dobra Website |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610234040/http://www.dobraszczecinska.pl/ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3341:elizabeth-von-arnim-wersja-angielska&catid=215&Itemid=252 |url-status=dead }}
{{Cite web |url=http://elizabethvonarnimsociety.org/ |title=Elizabeth von Arnim Society}}

Category:1866 births

Category:1941 deaths

Category:Writers from Sydney

Elizabeth

Russell

Category:Countesses in Germany

Category:British women novelists

Category:19th-century British novelists

Category:20th-century British novelists

Category:19th-century British women writers

Category:20th-century British women writers

Category:Deaths from influenza in the United States