Elugelab

Elugelab, or Elugelap ({{langx|mh|Āllokļap}}, {{IPAc-mh|yall&kwlhap}}[http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/LocA.htm#Ānewetak Marshallese-English Dictionary – Place Name Index]), was an island, part of the Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands. It was destroyed in the world's first full-scale thermonuclear explosion, the Mike shot of Operation Ivy, on November 1, 1952.{{NoteTag|Some sources date the event as October 31, based on their time zone. Locally, it was November 1 (GMT+12).|name=Note}} Prior to being destroyed, the island was described as "just another small naked island of the atoll".{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/OperationIVY1952 |title=Operation Ivy (1952), see 24:00|year=1952 }}

Environment

The land had palm trees and the surrounding marine had Heliopora coral growth which was home to Eurythoe complanata and Haplosyllis spongicola, most of which are now{{when|date=November 2024}} dead or dying.{{Cite news |date=April 8, 1954 |title=Elugelab, the Island That Was |publisher=The Nanty-Glo Journal}}{{Cite journal |last=Hartman |first=Olga |date=1954 |title=Marine Annelids From the Northern Marshall Islands |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0260q/report.pdf |journal=Professional Paper 260-Q|doi=10.3133/pp260Q }}

Explosion

The fireball created by Ivy Mike had a maximum diameter of {{convert|5.8|to|6.56|km|mi|frac=8|abbr=on}}.{{Cite web | last=Walker | first=John | author-link=John Walker (programmer) | title=Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer | publisher=Fourmilab | date=June 2005 | access-date=2009-11-22 | url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/cgi-bin/Bombcalc?yield=10400&yunit=1&range=5&runit=0.62137119&rotate=310&imsize=800 }}

{{Cite web | last=Walker | first=John | author-link=John Walker (programmer) | title=Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer Revised Edition 1962, Based on Data from The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Revised Edition 'he maximum fireball radius presented on the computer is an average between that for air and surface bursts. Thus, the fireball radius for a surface burst is 13 percent larger than that indicated and for an air burst, 13 percent smaller' | publisher=Fourmilab | date=June 2005 | access-date=2009-11-22 | url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/bombcalc/instructions.html}}{{cite web |url=http://www.remm.nlm.gov/RemmMockup_files/radiationlethality.jpg |title=Mock up |publisher=Remm.nlm.gov |access-date=2013-11-30 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607091341/http://www.remm.nlm.gov/RemmMockup_files/radiationlethality.jpg |url-status=dead }} This maximum is reached a number of seconds after the detonation and during this time the hot fireball invariably rises due to buoyancy. While still relatively close to the ground, the fireball had yet to reach its maximum dimensions and was thus approximately {{convert|5.2|km|mi|frac=4|abbr=on}} wide.{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/OperationIVY1952 |title=Operation Ivy (1952), see 56:50|year=1952 }}

The detonation produced a crater {{convert|1.9|km|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter and {{Convert|50|m|abbr=on}} deep where Elugelab had once been;[http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Ivy.html Nuclear Weapon Archive] the blast and water waves from the explosion (some waves up to {{convert|6.1|m|abbr=on|disp=or}} high) stripped the test islands clean of vegetation, as observed by a helicopter survey within 60 minutes after the test, by which time the mushroom cloud had blown away. The island "became dust and ash, pulled upward to form a mushroom cloud that rose about {{convert|27|mi|km|spell=in|disp=sqbr}} into the sky." The outcome of the test was reported to incoming president Dwight D. Eisenhower by Atomic Energy Commission Chairman, Gordon Dean, as follows: “The island of Elugelab is missing!”.[https://www.army.mil/article/47341 The Island is Missing!, article from the U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center]

According to Eric Schlosser, all that remained of Elugelab was a circular crater filled with seawater, more than {{convert|1|mi|m|-2|abbr=off}} in diameter and "fifteen stories deep".{{cite book |title=Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety |first=Eric |last=Schlosser |author-link=Eric Schlosser |publisher=Penguin Press |isbn=978-1-59420-227-8 |year=2013 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/commandcontrol00eric }} The blast yielded 10.4 megatons of explosive energy, 700 times the energy that leveled central Hiroshima.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/30/science/30bomb.html?_r=1&8dpc |title=Soviets Stole Bomb Idea From U.S., Book Says |access-date=2008-12-29 | work=The New York Times | date=30 December 2008}} Aerial footage of Elugelab and adjacent islands well before Mike shot at a time prior to the connecting causeway being created is available,{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/OperationIVY1952 |title=Operation Ivy (1952), see 23:00|year=1952 }} as is footage after the causeway was finished that supported the diagnostic Krause-Ogle box light pipe system,{{cite web |url=http://www.nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Ivy.html |title=Operation Ivy 1952 - Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands "The 9000 foot long causeway linking the islands together is the "Krause-Ogle box", a 9 foot square aluminum-sheathed plywood tunnel filled with helium ballonets. This box allowed gamma and neutron radiation from the blast to travel with little absorption to test instruments on Bogon."}} with numerous trees removed in preparation of the shot also plainly evident,{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/OperationIVY1952 |title=Operation Ivy (1952), see 30:00|year=1952 }} along with footage of the aforementioned helicopter survey of the Mike crater soon after the detonation,{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/OperationIVY1952 |title=Operation Ivy (1952), see 47:00|year=1952 }} and finally, high-altitude footage of the crater accompanied with details of its depth{{snd}}"{{convert|175|ft|m|disp=sqbr}} deep"{{snd}}equivalent to the height of a "17-story building" and with an area large enough to accommodate about "14 Pentagon buildings".{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/OperationIVY1952 |title=Operation Ivy (1952), see 58:30|year=1952 }}

The detonation also collapsed some natural crevices in the reef, some distance away from the rim of the crater.{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/OperationIVY1952 |title=Operation Ivy (1952), see 58:50 note the black lines drawn on the picture that appear momentarily at 58:55|year=1952 }} Full radioecology recovery surveys were documented before and after each test series.For a brief online introduction into some of these studies{{snd}}with specific reference to the ecological effects of the 1.69-megaton Operation Castle Nectar shot, detonated in 1954 on a barge just north east of the crater of the 10.4-megaton Ivy Mike thermonuclear test see [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410131227/http://worf.eh.doe.gov/data/ihp1c/0863_a.pdf] a report by the University of Washington's Laboratory of Radiation Biology and [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410131233/http://worf.eh.doe.gov/data/ihp1c/0434_a.pdf].

= Impact on the nuclear arms race =

This test marked a pivotal moment in escalating the nuclear weapons development arms race. The Soviet Union conducted its own thermonuclear test three years later. It was believed that Soviet scientists were able to sustain the development of the hydrogen bomb partly because they received U.S. research details from atomic spy Klaus Fuchs. However, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists indicated in the 1990s that most of the information Fuchs provided may have been useless.{{Cite journal |last=Norman |first=Colin |date=January 12, 1990 |title=How the Soviets Got the H-Bomb |journal=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=247 |issue=4939 |pages=151 |doi=10.1126/science.247.4939.151|pmid=17813267 |bibcode=1990Sci...247..151N }}{{Cite journal |last1=Moss |first1=Norman |last2=Franklin |first2=H. Bruce |last3=Leitenberg |first3=Milton |last4=Bonheim |first4=Ralph |last5=Leventhal |first5=Paul |last6=Smith |first6=Lucius |last7=Robinowitz |first7=Mark |date=May 1990 |title=Letters |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.1990.11459832 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |language=en |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=51–54 |doi=10.1080/00963402.1990.11459832 |bibcode=1990BuAtS..46d..51M |issn=0096-3402}}

Gallery

File:Ivy Mike test.ogg|Ivy Mike test of 1952, this video contains a misleading post-production explosion sound overdubbed on what was a completely silent detonation from the vantage point of the camera, with the sound of the blast wave only arriving a number of seconds later, akin to thunder, with the exact time depending on its distance.

File:Operation Castle - Nectar - Detonation.ogv|The 1954 test shot Nectar of Operation Castle produced a yield of 1.69 megatons and was detonated just North East of Ivy Mike's Elugelab crater, off the coast of Teiter (Gene) Island. The Island of Bogon/Bokon (Irene), is the spearhead-shaped object at the bottom right of the screen. The maximum average nuclear fireball radius is approximately {{convert|1.4|to|1.6|km|abbr=on}}.{{Cite web | last=Walker | first=John | author-link=John Walker (programmer) | title=Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer | publisher=Fourmilab | date=June 2005 | access-date=2009-11-22 | url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/cgi-bin/Bombcalc?yield=1690&yunit=1&range=5&runit=0.62137119&rotate=310&imsize=800 }}{{Cite web | last=Walker | first=John | author-link=John Walker (programmer) | title=Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer Revised Edition 1962, Based on Data from The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Revised Edition "The maximum fireball radius presented on the computer is an average between that for air and surface bursts. Thus, the fireball radius for a surface burst is 13 percent larger than that indicated and for an air burst, 13 percent smaller. " | publisher=Fourmilab | date=June 2005 | access-date=2009-11-22 | url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/bombcalc/instructions.html}}

File:Redwing Seminole Detonation 320x240.ogv|Test shot Seminole of Operation Redwing, yield 13.7 kilotons, conducted on the coast of the island of Bogon/Bokon (Irene) on June 6, 1956.

File:Redwing Seminole 005.jpg|Redwing Seminole crater on Bogon/Bokon (Irene) island

File:Redwing Apache.jpg|Test shot Apache of Operation Redwing, yield 1.85 megatons,{{cite web |url=http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/factsheets/Redwing.pdf |title=DTRA Operation REDWING Fact Sheet |access-date=2014-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218012602/http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/factsheets/Redwing.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-18 |url-status=dead }} detonated in a barge on July 8, 1956, at "Elugelab (Flora)" {{coord|11.66451|162.19446|display=inline|name=Apache}}{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} or off the coast of what remained of Teiter Island after the detonation of test shot Nectar of Operation Castle.

File:Enewetak Atoll - 2002-02-07 - Landsat 7 ETM+ SLC - b3218 - 15m.png|A 2002 true-color photograph of Enewetak Atoll. The relatively large Ivy Mike crater can be seen at the top of the atoll in this image with the smaller, adjoining Castle Nectar crater, in close proximity. The much smaller Redwing Seminole crater can faintly be seen on Bogon Island.

File:Atombombentest Redwing-Seminole 01.jpg|A single high-quality frame from test shot Seminole of Operation Redwing