Empress Jingū

File:EmpressJinguInKorea.jpg (1880)]]

File:Empress_Jingu_and_Takenouchi_no_Sukune_Fishing_at_Chikuzen_LACMA_M.84.31.260.jpg Fishing at Chikuzen]]

The Japanese have traditionally accepted this regent's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Jingū is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical {{Lang|ja-latn|Kojiki}} and {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}}, which are collectively known as {{Nihongo|Kiki|記紀}} or Japanese chronicles. These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since been exaggerated and/or distorted over time. According to extrapolations from mythology, Jingū's birth name was {{nihongo|Okinaga-Tarashi|息長帯比売}}, she was born sometime in 169 AD.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryjapanes00kikugoog|quote=Okinaga-Tarashi.|title=A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era|author=Brinkley, Frank|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica Company|year=1915|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryjapanes00kikugoog/page/n48 88]–89|author-link=Francis Brinkley}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NexdDwAAQBAJ&q=Empress+Jing%C5%AB+169&pg=PT259|title=The Sea and the Sacred in Japan: Aspects of Maritime Religion|author=Rambelli, Fabio|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2018|author-link=Fabio Rambelli|isbn=9781350062870}} Her father was named {{Nihongo|Okinaganosukune|息長宿禰王}}, and her mother {{Nihongo|Kazurakinotakanuka-hime|葛城高額媛}}. Her mother is noted for being a descendant of {{Nihongo|Amenohiboko|天日槍}}, a legendary prince of Korea (despite the fact that Amenohiboko is believed to have moved to Japan between the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, at least 100 years after the extrapolated birth year of his granddaughter JingūNihon Shoki, Vol.6 "天日槍對曰 僕新羅國主之子也 然聞日本國有聖皇 則以己國授弟知古而化歸之").{{Cite journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015045008/http://www.academia.edu/3335635/Empress_Jing%C5%AB_a_shamaness_ruler_in_early_Japan|archive-date=2017-10-15|url-status=live|url=https://www.academia.edu/3335635|title=Empress Jingū: a shamaness ruler in early Japan|author=Chizuko Allen|journal=Japan Forum|year=2003|volume=15|issue=1|pages=81–98|doi=10.1080/0955580032000077748|s2cid=143770151|access-date=November 6, 2019}} At some point in time she wed Tarashinakahiko (or Tarashinakatsuhiko), who would later be known as Emperor Chūai and bore him one child under a now disputed set of events. Jingū would serve as "Empress consort" during Chūai's reign until his death in 200 AD.

Emperor Chūai died in 200 AD, having been killed directly or indirectly in battle by rebel forces. Okinagatarashi-hime no Mikoto then turned her rage on the rebels whom she vanquished in a fit of revenge. She led an army in an invasion of a "promised land" (sometimes interpreted as lands on the Korean Peninsula), and returned to Japan victorious after three years.{{Cite web |url=http://www.j-texts.com/jodai/shoki9.html |title=Nihon Shoki, Volume 9 |access-date=November 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425133202/http://www.j-texts.com/jodai/shoki9.html |archive-date=2014-04-25 |url-status=live }} While returning to Japan she was nearly shipwrecked but managed to survive thanks to praying to Watatsumi, and she made the shrine to honor him.{{Cite web |title=Watatsumi Shrine {{!}} 海神社 {{!}}Hyogo-ken, Kobe-shi |url=https://www.rodsshinto.com/28-108-01 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=shintoshrines |language=en}} Ikasuri Shrine and Ikuta Shrine and Watatsumi Shrine were both also made at the same time by the Empress. She then ascended the Chrysanthemum Throne as Empress Jingū, and legend continues by saying that her son was conceived but unborn when Chūai died.

Italian author Fabio Rambelli cites an un-named source which says that Empress Jingu had sex with the god Azumi-no-isora while pregnant with Emperor Ojin after he said from the womb that it was acceptable. Azumi no Isora then gave her the tide jewels, and she later strapped a stone to her stomach to delay the birth of her son.{{Cite book |last=Rambelli |first=F |title=The Sea and The Sacred in Japan |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=978-1350062870 |location=Camden |pages=}}{{rp|xxvii}}{{Refn|According to a certain source, Isora offered his navigational services in "exchange for a sexual relationship" with the empress.{{sfnp|Rambelli|2018|p=77}} Though "the motif of divine union between Jingu and a sea god is relatively uncommon", the notion that Azumi-no-isora obtained sexual favors from the empress is attested in shrine-foundation myth ({{interlanguage link|jisha engi|ja|寺社縁起|lt=jisha engi}}) document called the {{nihongo|Rokugō kaizan Ninmmon daibosatsu hongi|六郷開山仁聞大菩薩本紀}}.{{sfnp|Rambelli|2018|p=69}} Other shrines of the cult do not promote this idea. Isora carries out the task "without any sexual compensation" in the {{interlanguage link|Hachiman gudōkun|ja|八幡愚童訓|lt=Hachiman gudōkun}} attributed to a priest at the Iwashimizu Hachimangu.{{sfnp|Rambelli|2018|p=74}}|group="lower-alpha"}} After those three years she gave birth to a baby boy whom she named Homutawake''.

The narrative of Empress Jingū invading and conquering the Korean Peninsula is now considered controversial and up for debate due to the complete lack of evidence and involvement of both the Japanese and Korean points of view. According to the {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}}, the king of Baekje gifted Jingū a Seven-Branched Sword sometime in 253 AD.William George, Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D.697, Tuttle Publishing, 1841{{efn|The {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} mentions her "fifty-second year" of reign}} Empress Jingū was the de facto ruler until her death in 269 at the age of 100. The modern traditional view is that Chūai's son (Homutawake) became the next Emperor after Jingū acted as a regent. She would have been de facto ruler in the interim.

File:Gosashi Kofun, haisho.jpg

Empress consort Jingū is regarded by historians as a legendary figure, as there is insufficient material available for further verification and study. The lack of this information has made her very existence open to debate. If Empress Jingū was an actual figure, investigations of her tomb suggest she may have been a regent in the late 4th century AD or late 5th century AD.{{cite web |author=Keally, Charles T. |title=Kofun Culture |url=http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/kofun.html |access-date=November 4, 2019 |work=www.t-net.ne.jp}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmYYAgAAQBAJ&q=Empress|isbn = 9780810878723|title = Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945|date = 7 November 2013|publisher = Scarecrow Press}}{{Page needed|date=May 2024}}

There is no evidence to suggest that the title tennō was used during the time to which Jingū's regency has been assigned. It is certainly possible that she was a chieftain or local clan leader, and that the polity she ruled would have only encompassed a small portion of modern-day Japan. The name Jingū was more than likely assigned to her posthumously by later generations; during her lifetime she would have been called Okinaga-Tarashi respectively. Empress Jingū was later removed from the imperial lineage during the reign of Emperor Meiji as a way of making sure the lineage remained unbroken. This occurred when examining the emperors of the Northern Court and Southern Court of the fourteenth century. Focus was given on who should be the "true" ancestors of those who occupied the throne.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m34p1f93HogC&q=Jingu+removed+imperial+lineage&pg=PA22|title=From Sovereign to Symbol: An Age of Ritual Determinism in Fourteenth Century Japan|author=Conlan, Thomas|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|page=22|isbn=9780199778102}}

While the actual site of Jingū's grave is not known, this regent is traditionally venerated at a kofun-type Imperial tomb in Nara.{{citation | place = JP | publisher = Nara shikanko | url = http://narashikanko.jp/english/aria_map/map_pdf/39.pdf | title = Jingū's misasagi | at = lower right | type = map | access-date = January 7, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090124082216/http://narashikanko.jp/english/aria_map/map_pdf/39.pdf | archive-date = 2009-01-24 | url-status = dead }}. This kofun is also known as the "Gosashi tomb", and is managed by the Imperial Household Agency. The tomb was restricted from archaeology studies in 1976 as the tomb dates back to the founding of a central Japanese state under imperial rule. The Imperial Household Agency had also cited "tranquility and dignity" concerns in making their decision. Serious ethics concerns had been raised in 2000 after a massive archaeological hoax was exposed. Things changed in 2008 when Japan allowed limited access to Jingū's kofun to foreign archaeologists, who were able to determine that the tomb likely dated to the 4th century AD. The examination also discovered haniwa terracotta figures.Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 424. Empress Jingū is also enshrined at Sumiyoshi-taisha in Osaka, which was established in the 11th year of her reign (211 AD).{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111551/http://www.sumiyoshitaisha.net/outline/history.html|archive-date=September 24, 2015|url=http://www.sumiyoshitaisha.net/outline/history.html|title=歴史年表 (History of Sumiyoshi-taisha)|work=sumiyoshitaisha.net|access-date=November 11, 2019}}

According to the Kiki, Empress Jingū gave birth to a baby boy whom she named Homutawake (aka Emperor Ōjin) following her return from Korean conquest. The legend alleges that her son was conceived but unborn when Emperor Chūai died. As three more years would pass before Homutawake was finally born, this claim appears to be mythical and symbolic rather than real. Scholar William George Aston has suggested that this claim was misinterpreted, and instead refers to a period of less than nine months containing three "years" (some seasons), e.g. three harvests.Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253. If Ōjin was an actual historical figure then historians have proposed that he ruled later than attested years of 270 to 310 AD.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrdZAAAAYAAJ&q=Emperor+%C5%8Cjin+historical+figure|title=Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia, Volumes 1-3|author=Jestice, Phyllis G.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2004|page=653|isbn=9781576073551}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPvBrIQbj6QC&pg=PA108|title=Japanese loyalism reconstrued|author=Wakabayashi, Tadashi|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1995|page=108|isbn=9780824816674}}

Jingū's identity has since been questioned by medieval and modern scholars whom have put forward different theories. Kitabatake Chikafusa (1293–1354) and Arai Hakuseki (1657–1725) asserted that she was actually the shaman-queen Himiko.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UNJAQAAIAAJ&q=Himiko|title=History of Japanese Art Second Edition|author=Mason, Penelope|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|year=2005|page=29|isbn=9780131176027}} The kiki does not include any mentions of Queen Himiko, and the circumstances under which these books were written is a matter of unending debate. Even if such a person was known to the authors of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, they may have intentionally decided not to include her.{{cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/557291|title=Rebranding Himiko, the Shaman Queen of Ancient History|author=Miller, Laura|journal=Mechademia|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2014|volume=9|pages=179–198|doi=10.1353/mec.2014.0015|s2cid=122601314|url-access=registration|author-link=Laura Miller (anthropologist)}} However, they do include imperial-family shamans identified with her which include Jingū. Modern scholars such as Naitō Torajirō have stated that Jingū was actually Yamatohime-no-mikoto and that Wa armies obtained control of southern Korea.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCNioYQ1HfsC&q=Torajir%C5%8D|title=Sacred Texts and Buried Treasures: Issues in the Historical Archaeology of Ancient Japan|author=Farris, William|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1998|page=17|isbn=9780824820305}} Yamatohime-no-Mikoto supposedly founded the Ise Shrine in tribute to the sun-goddess Amaterasu. While historian Higo Kazuo suggested that she is a daughter of Emperor Kōrei (Yamatototohimomosohime-no-Mikoto).

According to world-renowned linguist and Japanese language expert Alexander Vovin, due to Amenohiboko being of Korean origin, Jingū and her son and successor, Emperor Ōjin might have been native speakers of the Korean language.{{Quote|text="According to the legend, future Emperor Ōjin was born in Kyūshū after Empress Jingū returned from her military expedition to Korea. It is highly doubtful that he was given a Korean name in order to honor the defeated enemies. This fact brings us to a reasonable suspicion that both Ōjin and Jingū were actually native speakers of Korean."|author=Alexander Vovin (2012)|title=Immigrants or Overlords? Korean Influences on Japan in the Archaic Period: a Linguistic Perspective}}{{Cite book |last=Vovin |first=Alexander |title=Immigrants or Overlords? Korean Influences on Japan in the Archaic Period: a Linguistic Perspective |date=2012-06-14 |publisher=Institut für Kulturund Geitestesgeschichte Asiens |pages=29 |language=en}}

{{further|Mimana|Gwanggaeto Stele}}

File:Map of Gaya - en.png (42–562 AD).]]

File:Returning boats at Tsukushi.jpg]]

Both the {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} and the {{Lang|ja-latn|Kojiki}} give accounts of how Okinaga-Tarashi (Jingū) led an army to invade a "promised land" (sometimes interpreted as lands on the Korean Peninsula). She then returned to Japan victorious after three years of conquest where she was proclaimed as Empress. The second volume of the {{Lang|ja-latn|Kojiki}} ({{Lang|ja|中巻}} or "Nakatsumaki") states that the Korean kingdom of Baekje ({{Lang|ja|百済}} or "Kudara") paid tribute to Japan under "Tribute from Korea".{{cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj117.htm|title=[SECT. CX.—EMPEROR Ō-JIN (PART VIII.—TRIBUTE FROM KOREA).]|author=Chamberlain, Basil Hall.|year=1920}} The {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} states that Jingū conquered a region in southern Korea in the 3rd century AD naming it "Mimana".{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe4PoOd89XIC&q=empress&pg=PA31|title=A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century|author=Seth, Michael J.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|page=31|isbn=9780742540057}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6W6uQEACAAJ&q=Historia+Korei|title=Historia Korei|author=Joanna Rurarz|publisher=Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog|language=pl|year=2014|page=89|isbn=9788363778866}} One of the main proponents of this theory was Japanese scholar Suematsu Yasukazu, who in 1949 proposed that Mimana was a Japanese colony on the Korean peninsula that existed from the 3rd until the 6th century. The Chinese Book of Song of the Liu Song dynasty also allegedly notes the Japanese presence in the Korean Peninsula, while the Book of Sui says that Japan provided military support to Baekje and Silla.[http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/suisu/sui_081.htm Chinese History Record] Book of Sui: 隋書 東夷伝 第81巻列伝46 : 新羅、百濟皆以倭為大國，多珍物，並敬仰之，恆通使往來.

In 1883, a memorial stele for the tomb of King Gwanggaeto (374 – 413) of Goguryeo was discovered and hence named the Gwanggaeto Stele. An issue arose though, when the inscriptions describing events during the king's reign were found to be in bad condition with portions illegible.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p1NCgAAQBAJ&q=Gwanggaeto+Stele+1883&pg=PA243|title=Early Modern China and Northeast Asia: Cross-Border Perspectives|author=Rawski, Evelyn S.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|pages=243–244|author-link=Evelyn S. Rawski|isbn=9781316300350}} At the center of the disagreement is the "sinmyo passage" of year 391 as it can be interpreted in multiple ways. Korean scholars maintain that it states the Goguryeo subjugated Baekje and Silla, while Japanese scholars have traditionally interpreted that Wa had at one time subjugated Baekje and Silla. The stele soon caught the interest of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, who obtained a rubbed copy from its member Kageaki Sakō in 1884. They particularly became intrigued over the passage describing the king's military campaigns for the sinmyo in 391 AD.Xu, Jianxin. 好太王碑拓本の研究 (An Investigation of Rubbings from the Stele of Haotai Wang). {{interlanguage link|Tokyodo Shuppan|ja|東京堂出版}}, 2006. {{ISBN|978-4-490-20569-5}}. Additional research was done by some officers in the Japanese army and navy, and the rubbed copy was later published in 1889.Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Park Jinhoon; Yi Huyn-hae (2014), Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press, p. 49, {{ISBN|1107098467}} The interpretation was made by Japanese scholars at the time that the "Wa" had occupied and controlled the Korean Peninsula. The legends of Empress Jingū's conquest of Korea could have then been used by Imperial Japan as reasoning for their annexation of Korea in 1910 as "restoring" unity between the two countries. As it was, imperialists had already used this historical claim to justify expansion into the Korean Peninsula.

The second volume of the Samguk Sagi states that Wa forces stormed Geumseong in 205 CE, after some minor invasions and the arrival of starving Wajin in Silla.{{Cite web |title=번역:삼국사기/권02 |url=https://ko.wikisource.org/wiki/%EB%B2%88%EC%97%AD:%EC%82%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC%EA%B8%B0/%EA%B6%8C02 |website=Wikisource |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |language=ko |access-date=2025-04-09}} The text further describes that the King of Silla, Jobun Isageum, personally departed to battle them; this may be likened to the claim in the Nihongi that Jingu met and subjugated the ruling Isageum of the time,{{Cite web |title=日本書紀/卷第九 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9B%B8%E7%B4%80/%E5%8D%B7%E7%AC%AC%E4%B9%9D |website=Wikisource |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |language=zh |access-date=2025-04-09}} though the campaign and encounter were in reality a failure.

The main issue with an invasion scenario is a lack of evidence of Jingū's rule in Korea, or the existence of Jingū as an actual historical figure. This suggests that the accounts given are either fictional or an inaccurate/misleading account of events that occurred.{{cite book|author=E. Taylor Atkins|title=Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze, 1910–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmdskbM_VgAC&pg=PT114|date=10 July 2010|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-94768-9|pages=114–117}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&q=inscription|title=Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix|author=Kenneth B. Lee|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year=1997|isbn=0-275-95823-X|pages=31–35|chapter=4. Korea and Early Japan, 200 BC – 700 AD}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_6lp8IOK8C&q=Jing%C5%AB+archaeological+evidence+Korea&pg=PA123|title=The Cambridge History of Japan|author=Hall, John Whitney|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1988|isbn=0-521-22352-0|page=123|author-link=John Whitney Hall}} According to the book "From Paekchae Korea to the Origin of Yamato Japan", the Japanese had misinterpreted the Gwanggaeto Stele. The Stele was a tribute to a Korean king, but because of a lack of correct punctuation, the writing can be translated in 4 different ways. This same Stele can also be interpreted as saying Korea crossed the strait and forced Japan into subjugation, depending on where the sentence is punctuated. An investigation done by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2006 suggested that the inscription could also be interpreted as "Silla and Baekje were dependent states of Yamato Japan."Xu, Jianxin. An Investigation of Rubbings from the Stele of Haotai Wang. Tokyodo Shuppan, 2006. {{ISBN|978-4-490-20569-5}}.

The imperialist reasoning for occupation eventually led to an emotional repulsion from Jingu after World War II had ended as she had symbolized Japan's nationalistic foreign policy. Historian Chizuko Allen notes that while these feelings are understandable, they are not academically justifiable. The overall popularity of the Jingū theory has been declining since the 1970s due to concerns raised about available evidence.

File:1-Yen Banknote with Empress Jingu 1881.jpg representing Empress Jingū, 1881]]

In 1881, Empress Jingū became the first woman to be featured on a Japanese banknote. As no actual images of this legendary figure are known to exist, the representation of Jingū which was artistically contrived by Edoardo Chiossone is entirely conjectural; Chiossone used a female employee of the Government Printing Bureau as his model for Jingū.{{citation | title = History | url = http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english_htmls/history_18sub.htm | publisher = Bank of Japan | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071214195526/http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english_htmls/history_18sub.htm | archive-date = 2007-12-14 }}. This picture was also used for 1908/14 postage stamps, the first postage stamps of Japan to show a woman. A revised design by Yoshida Toyo was used for the 1924/37 Jingū design stamps. The usage of a Jingū design ended with a new stamp series in 1939.続逓信事業史 (Continued - History of Communications Business) vol. 3 郵便 (mails), ed. 郵政省 (Ministry of Postal Services), Tokyo 1963

Excluding the legendary Empress Jingū, there were eight reigning empresses and their successors were most often selected from amongst the males of the paternal Imperial bloodline, which is why some conservative scholars argue that the women's reigns were temporary and that male-only succession tradition must be maintained in the 21st century.Yoshida, Reiji. [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/03/27/reference/life-in-the-cloudy-imperial-fishbowl/#.UhYzedK-2uI "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927234519/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/03/27/reference/life-in-the-cloudy-imperial-fishbowl/#.UhYzedK-2uI#.UhYzedK-2uI |date=2013-09-27 }} Japan Times. March 27, 2007; retrieved 2013-8-22.

{{Generations of Jimmu}}

• Empress of Japan
• Emperor of Japan
• List of emperors of Japan
• Japan–Korea disputes
• Queen Himiko

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• Aston, William George. (1896). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_oEfAAAAYAAJ Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697.] London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/448337491 OCLC 448337491]
• Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho Gukanshō: The Future and the Past.] Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251325323 OCLC 251325323]
• Chamberlain, Basil Hall. (1920). [http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/index.htm The Kojiki.] Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882; reprinted, May, 1919. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1882339 OCLC 1882339]
• Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan The Imperial House of Japan.] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887 OCLC 194887]
• Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran Annales des empereurs du Japon.] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691]
• Varley, H. Paul. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59145842 OCLC 59145842]

{{commons category|Empress Jingū}}

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{{succession box | title=Empress of Japan | before=Emperor Chūai | after=Emperor Ōjin | years=201–269
(traditional dates)}}

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{{succession box | title=Empress consort of Japan | before={{ill|Yasakairi-hime|lt=Yasakairi-hime|ja|八坂入媛命}} | after=Nakatsuhime | years=192–200}}

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{{Emperors of Japan}}

{{Consorts of Japan}}

{{Empress dowagers of Japan}}

{{Sumiyoshi and Watatsumi Faiths}}

{{Hachiman Faith}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jingu}}

Category:Japanese empresses consort

Category:Legendary emperors of Japan

Jingu, Empress

Jingu, Empress

Category:Japanese empresses regnant

Category:People of Yayoi-period Japan

Category:3rd-century empresses consort

Category:Women in 3rd-century warfare

Category:3rd-century Japanese women

Category:3rd-century Japanese people

Category:Ancient Japanese women

Category:Hachiman faith

Category:Japan–Korea relations

Category:Japanese princesses

Category:3rd-century women regents

Category:3rd-century regents