Energy density Extended Reference Table

This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page:

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;" \|+Energy densities table !Storage type !Specific energy (MJ/kg) !Energy density (MJ/L) !Peak recovery efficiency % !Practical recovery efficiency %
align=left\|Arbitrary Antimatter	89,875,517,874	depends on density
align=left\|Deuterium–tritium fusion	576,000,000
align=left\|Uranium-235 fissile isotope	144,000,000{{cite book \|last1=Prelas \|first1=Mark \|title=Nuclear-Pumped Lasers \|date=2015 \|publisher=Springer \|isbn=9783319198453 \|page=135 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hmn_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135}}	1,500,000,000		\|
align=left\|Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor	86,000,000
align=left\|Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor	3,456,000			35%
align=left\|Pu-238 α-decay	2,200,000
align=left\|Hf-178m2 isomer	1,326,000	17,649,060
align=left\|Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor	443,000			35%
align=left\|Ta-180m isomer	41,340	689,964
align=left\|Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy)	216{{Cite journal \|last=Silvera \|first=Isaac F \|last2=Cole \|first2=John W \|date=2010-03-01 \|title=Metallic hydrogen: The most powerful rocket fuel yet to exist \|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/215/1/012194 \|journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series \|volume=215 \|pages=012194 \|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/215/1/012194 \|issn=1742-6596}}
align=left\|Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit (approximate)	33.0
align=left\|Beryllium + Oxygen	23.9{{cite journal\|title=The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide1 \|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society \|volume=75 \|issue=13 \|pages=3102–3103 \|date=2002-05-01 \|doi=10.1021/ja01109a018 \|last1 = Cosgrove\|first1 = Lee A.\|last2=Snyder \|first2=Paul E. }}
align=left\|Lithium + Fluorine	23.75{{Citation needed\|date=August 2010}}
align=left\|Octaazacubane potential explosive	22.9{{cite journal\|title=Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?† \|journal=Inorganic Chemistry \|volume=35 \|issue=24 \|pages=7124–7133 \|date=1996-05-28 \|doi=10.1021/ic9606237 \|pmid=11666896 \|last1 = Glukhovtsev\|first1 = Mikhail N.\|last2=Jiao \|first2=Haijun \|last3=Schleyer \|first3=Paul von Ragué }}
align=left\|Hydrogen + Oxygen	13.4{{Cite web\|last=Miller\|first=Catherine\|date=1 February 2021\|title=Introduction to Rocket Propulsion\|url=https://www.cs.middlebury.edu/~cm2/personal-website/lecture_notes/lecture6.pdf\|access-date=9 May 2021\|archive-date=9 May 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509105240/https://www.cs.middlebury.edu/~cm2/personal-website/lecture_notes/lecture6.pdf\|url-status=dead}}
align=left\|Gasoline + Oxygen –> Derived from Gasoline	13.3{{Citation needed\|date=November 2019}}
align=left\|Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	9.8
align=left\|Octanitrocubane explosive	8.5[https://archive.today/20130105062703/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122324589/abstract Wiley Interscience]	16.9Octanitrocubane
align=left\|Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	8.3
align=left\|Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	8.2
align=left\|Sodium (reacted with chlorine){{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	7.0349
align=left\|Hexanitrobenzene explosive	7[https://archive.today/20130105055433/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/109618256/abstract Wiley Interscience]
align=left\|Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	6.95
align=left\|Ammonal (Al+NH₄NO₃ oxidizer){{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	6.9	12.7
align=left\|Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	6.6
align=left\|Nitroglycerin	6.38{{cite web\|url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/chemstry/chemstry.htm \|title=Chemical Explosives \|publisher=Fas.org \|date=2008-05-30 \|accessdate=2010-05-07}}	10.2Nitroglycerin
align=left\|ANFO-ANNM{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	6.26
align=left\|battery, Lithium–air	6.12
align=left\|Octogen (HMX)	5.7	10.8HMX
align=left\|TNT{{cite book \|last=Kinney \|first=G.F. \|author2=K.J. Graham \|title=Explosive shocks in air \|publisher=Springer-Verlag \|year=1985 \|isbn=978-3-540-15147-0}}	4.610	6.92
align=left\|Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer){{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	4.13	20.9
align=left\|Thermite (powder Al + Fe₂O₃ as oxidizer)	4.00	18.4
align=left\|ANFO{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	3.7
align=left\|Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)	2.7	3.8
align=left\|battery, Lithium-ion nanowire	2.54	29		95%{{Clarify\|date=February 2009\|cites do not mention 95%, is it mentioned in the paper "High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires" published on Dec. 16 in Nature Nanotechnology? nature.com gives broken link at http://www.nature.com/nnano/press_releases/nnano1207.html . Note "2.54 to 2.72" replaced with 2.54 to get sort to work}}{{cite web \|url=http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanowire-010908.html \|title=Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery \|publisher=News-service.stanford.edu \|date=2007-12-18 \|accessdate=2010-05-07 \|archive-date=2010-01-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107182920/http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanowire-010908.html \|url-status=dead }}
align=left\|battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2){{cite web \|url=http://www.nexergy.com/lithium-thionyl-chloride.htm \|title=Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries \|publisher=Nexergy \|accessdate=2010-05-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204131145/http://nexergy.com/lithium-thionyl-chloride.htm \|archive-date=2009-02-04 \|url-status=dead }}	2.5
align=left\|Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}{{Clarify\|date=November 2008}}	1.968	0.708
align=left\|Kinetic energy penetrator {{Clarify\|date=February 2009\|where does "1.9 to 3.4" and "30 to 54" come from? Note "to 3.4" and "to 54" removed to get sort to work.}}	\|1.9	\|30
align=left\|battery, Lithium–Sulfur{{cite web\|publisher=Sion Power, Inc. \|date=2005-09-28 \|url=http://www.sionpower.com/pdf/sion_product_spec.pdf \|title=Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828105501/http://www.sionpower.com/pdf/sion_product_spec.pdf \|archivedate=2008-08-28 }}	1.80{{cite journal \|last= Kolosnitsyn \|first= V.S. \|author2=E.V. Karaseva \|year= 2008 \|title = Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions \|journal= Russian Journal of Electrochemistry \|volume= 44 \|issue= 5 \|pages= 506–509 \|doi= 10.1134/s1023193508050029 \|s2cid= 97022927 }}	1.26
align=left\|battery, Fluoride-ion {{Citation needed\|date=May 2009}}	1.7	2.8
align=left\|battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell{{cite web \|url=http://www.llnl.gov/str/Mitlit.html \|title=The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell \|publisher=Llnl.gov \|date=1994-12-01 \|accessdate=2010-05-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920152815/https://www.llnl.gov/str/Mitlit.html \|archive-date=2008-09-20 \|url-status=dead }}	1.62
align=left\|Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant)	1.6	1.6
align=left\|Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)	1.4	2.5
align=left\|Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt	1{{Citation needed\|date=May 2009}}			98%{{cite web \|url=http://www.solar-reserve.com/technology.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119090114/http://www.solar-reserve.com/technology.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2008-01-19 \|title=Technology \|publisher=SolarReserve \|accessdate=2010-05-07 }}
align=left\|Molecular spring approximate{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	1
align=left\| battery, Lithium–Manganese{{cite web\|url=http://www.duracell.com/Procell/chemistries/lithium.asp \|title=ProCell Lithium battery chemistry \|publisher=Duracell \|accessdate=2009-04-21 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710160212/http://www1.duracell.com/procell/chemistries/lithium.asp \|archive-date=2011-07-10 \|url-status=dead }}{{cite web \|url=http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/PrimBatt/table2.htm \|publisher=corrosion-doctors.org \|title=Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries \|accessdate=2009-04-21}}	0.83-1.01	1.98-2.09
align=left\|battery, Sodium–Sulfur	0.72{{cite web \|url=http://www.heraldextra.com/news/article_b0372fd8-3f3c-11de-ac77-001cc4c002e0.html \|title=New battery could change world, one house at a time \|publisher=Heraldextra.com \|date=2009-04-04 \|accessdate=2010-05-07 \|archive-date=2015-10-17 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017163418/http://www.heraldextra.com/news/article_b0372fd8-3f3c-11de-ac77-001cc4c002e0.html \|url-status=dead }}	1.23{{Citation needed\|date=May 2009}}		85%{{cite journal\|title=Energy Citations Database (ECD) - - Document #5960185 \|journal = Proc., Intersoc. Energy Convers. Eng. Conf.; (United States)\|volume = 2\|publisher=Osti.gov \|osti = 5960185\|date = August 1984\|last1 = Kita\|first1 = A.\|last2 = Misaki\|first2 = H.\|last3 = Nomura\|first3 = E.\|last4 = Okada\|first4 = K.}}
align=left\|battery, Lithium-ion{{cite web\|url=http://www.allaboutbatteries.com/Battery-Energy.html\|publisher=AllAboutBatteries.com\|title=Battery energy storage in various battery types\|accessdate=2009-04-21\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428060954/http://www.allaboutbatteries.com/Battery-Energy.html\|archive-date=2009-04-28\|url-status=dead}}A typically available lithium-ion cell with an Energy Density of 201 wh/kg {{cite web \|url=http://www.batteryspace.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=2763 \|title=Li-Ion 18650 Cylindrical Cell 3.6V 2600mAh - Highest Energy Density Cell in Market (LC-18650H4) - LC-18650H4 \|accessdate=2012-12-14 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201065328/http://www.batteryspace.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=2763 \|archivedate=2008-12-01 }}	0.46-0.72	0.83-3.6{{cite web\|url=http://www.globalspec.com/Specifications/Electrical_Electronic_Components/Batteries/Lithium_Batteries\|title=Lithium Batteries\|accessdate=2010-07-02\|archive-date=2011-08-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808112807/http://www.globalspec.com/Specifications/Electrical_Electronic_Components/Batteries/Lithium_Batteries\|url-status=dead}}		95%{{cite web \|author=Justin Lemire-Elmore \|date=2004-04-13 \|title=The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles \|url=http://www.ebikes.ca/sustainability/Ebike_Energy.pdf \|page=7 \|quote=Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries \|accessdate=2009-02-26 \|archive-date=2012-09-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913095738/http://www.ebikes.ca/sustainability/Ebike_Energy.pdf \|url-status=dead }}
align=left\|battery, Sodium–Nickel Chloride, High Temperature	0.56
align=left\| battery, Zinc–manganese (alkaline), long life design	0.4-0.59	1.15-1.43
align=left\|battery, Silver-oxide	0.47	1.8
align=left\|Flywheel	0.36-0.5{{Cite web \|url=http://www.itpower.co.uk/investire/pdfs/flywheelrep.pdf \|title=Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel \|access-date=2012-12-14 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114062530/http://www.itpower.co.uk/investire/pdfs/flywheelrep.pdf \|archive-date=2013-01-14 \|url-status=dead }}{{cite web \| title = Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage \| url = http://www.pddnet.com/article-next-gen-of-flywheel-energy-storage/ \| publisher = Product Design & Development \| accessdate = 2009-05-21 \| url-status = dead \| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100710052927/http://www.pddnet.com/article-next-gen-of-flywheel-energy-storage/ \| archivedate = 2010-07-10 }}			\|
align=left\|5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet muzzle energy density{{Clarify\|date=February 2009\|where does "0.4 to 0.8" and "3.2 to 6.4" come from? Note "to 0.8" and "to 6.4" removed to get sort to work. Note: 0.4..0.5 MJ/kg is an energy density of flying bullet, 2kJ/0.0035kg}}	\| 0.4	3.2
align=left\|battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries{{Cite web \|url=http://www.ovonic.com/PDFs/ovonic-materials/Ovonic-Fetcenko-2008-Wolsky-Seminar.pdf \|title=Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008 \|access-date=2012-12-14 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104134725/http://ovonic.com/PDFs/ovonic-materials/Ovonic-Fetcenko-2008-Wolsky-Seminar.pdf \|archive-date=2010-01-04 \|url-status=dead }}	0.4	1.55
align=left\|Liquid Nitrogen	0.349
align=left\|Water – Enthalpy of Fusion	0.334	0.334
align=left\|battery, Zinc–Bromine flow (ZnBr){{cite web \|title=ZBB Energy Corp \|url=http://www.zbbenergy.com/technology.htm \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015134212/http://zbbenergy.com/technology.htm \|archivedate=2007-10-15 \|quote=75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram}}	\|0.27
align=left\|battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), High-Power design as used in cars[http://www.movitrom.com/files_pdf/baterias/saft/NHE_en.pdf High Energy Metal Hydride Battery] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930120510/http://www.movitrom.com/files_pdf/baterias/saft/NHE_en.pdf \|date=2009-09-30 }}	0.250	0.493
align=left\|battery, Nickel–Cadmium (NiCd)	0.14	1.08		80%
align=left\| battery, Zinc–Carbon	0.13	0.331
align=left\|battery, Lead–acid	0.14	0.36
align=left\|battery, Vanadium redox	0.09{{Citation needed\|date=May 2009}}	0.1188		\|7070-75%
align=left\|battery, Vanadium–Bromide redox	0.18	0.252		80%–90%{{cite web \|url=http://www.vfuel.com.au/infosheet.pdf \|title=Microsoft Word - V-FUEL COMPANY AND TECHNOLOGY SHEET 2008.doc \|accessdate=2010-05-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122114137/http://www.vfuel.com.au/infosheet.pdf \|archive-date=2010-11-22 \|url-status=dead }}
align=left\|Capacitor Ultracapacitor	0.0199{{cite web\|url=http://maxwell.com/ultracapacitors/products/large-cell/bcap3000.asp \|title=Maxwell Technologies: Ultracapacitors - BCAP3000 \|publisher=Maxwell.com \|accessdate=2010-05-07}}	0.050{{Citation needed\|date=May 2009}}
align=left\|Capacitor Supercapacitor	0.01{{Citation needed\|date=May 2009}}		80%–98.5%{{cite web \|last=Zdenek \|first=Cerovský \|last2=Pavel \|first2=Mindl \|title=Hybrid drive with super-capacitor energy storage \|url=http://www2.fs.cvut.cz/web/fileadmin/documents/12241-BOZEK/publikace/2004/Sup-Cap-Energy-Storage.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722130618/http://www3.fs.cvut.cz/web/fileadmin/documents/12241-BOZEK/publikace/2004/Sup-Cap-Energy-Storage.pdf \|archivedate=2012-07-22 \|accessdate=2012-12-14 \|website=Faculty of Mechanical Engineering CTU in Prague}}	39%–70%
align=left\|Superconducting magnetic energy storage	0	0.008[http://www.accel.de/pages/2_mj_superconducting_magnetic_energy_storage_smes.html] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216175256/http://www.accel.de/pages/2_mj_superconducting_magnetic_energy_storage_smes.html\|date=February 16, 2010}}		>95%
align=left\|Capacitor	0.002{{Cite web \| url=http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~mpj01/ise2grp/energystorage_report/node9.html \| title=Department of Computing \| access-date=2012-12-14 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006125946/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~mpj01/ise2grp/energystorage_report/node9.html \| archive-date=2006-10-06 \| url-status=dead }}
align=left\|Neodymium magnet		0.003{{Cite journal \|last=Rahman \|first=M. \|last2=Slemon \|first2=G. \|date=September 1985 \|title=Promising applications of neodymium boron Iron magnets in electrical machines \|url=http://www.askmar.com/Magnets/Promising%20Magnet%20Applications.pdf \|url-status=dead \|journal=IEEE Transactions on Magnetics \|language=en \|volume=21 \|issue=5 \|pages=1712–1716 \|doi=10.1109/TMAG.1985.1064113 \|issn=0018-9464 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513205201/http://www.askmar.com/Magnets/Promising%20Magnet%20Applications.pdf \|archive-date=13 May 2011}}
align=left\|Ferrite magnet		0.0003
align=left\|Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring	0.0003{{cite web\|url=http://garagedoor.org/residential/torsion-springs.php \|title=Garage Door Springs \|publisher=Garagedoor.org \|accessdate=2010-05-07}}	0.0006
class="sortbottom" !Storage type !Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) !Energy density by volume (MJ/L) !Peak recovery efficiency % !Practical recovery efficiency %

Notes

Category:Energy storage

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;" \|+Energy densities table !Storage type !Specific energy (MJ/kg) !Energy density (MJ/L) !Peak recovery efficiency % !Practical recovery efficiency %
align=left\|Arbitrary Antimatter	89,875,517,874	depends on density
align=left\|Deuterium–tritium fusion	576,000,000
align=left\|Uranium-235 fissile isotope	144,000,000{{cite book \|last1=Prelas \|first1=Mark \|title=Nuclear-Pumped Lasers \|date=2015 \|publisher=Springer \|isbn=9783319198453 \|page=135 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hmn_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135}}	1,500,000,000		\|
align=left\|Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor	86,000,000
align=left\|Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor	3,456,000			35%
align=left\|Pu-238 α-decay	2,200,000
align=left\|Hf-178m2 isomer	1,326,000	17,649,060
align=left\|Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor	443,000			35%
align=left\|Ta-180m isomer	41,340	689,964
align=left\|Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy)	216{{Cite journal \|last=Silvera \|first=Isaac F \|last2=Cole \|first2=John W \|date=2010-03-01 \|title=Metallic hydrogen: The most powerful rocket fuel yet to exist \|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/215/1/012194 \|journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series \|volume=215 \|pages=012194 \|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/215/1/012194 \|issn=1742-6596}}
align=left\|Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit (approximate)	33.0
align=left\|Beryllium + Oxygen	23.9{{cite journal\|title=The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide1 \|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society \|volume=75 \|issue=13 \|pages=3102–3103 \|date=2002-05-01 \|doi=10.1021/ja01109a018 \|last1 = Cosgrove\|first1 = Lee A.\|last2=Snyder \|first2=Paul E. }}
align=left\|Lithium + Fluorine	23.75{{Citation needed\|date=August 2010}}
align=left\|Octaazacubane potential explosive	22.9{{cite journal\|title=Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?† \|journal=Inorganic Chemistry \|volume=35 \|issue=24 \|pages=7124–7133 \|date=1996-05-28 \|doi=10.1021/ic9606237 \|pmid=11666896 \|last1 = Glukhovtsev\|first1 = Mikhail N.\|last2=Jiao \|first2=Haijun \|last3=Schleyer \|first3=Paul von Ragué }}
align=left\|Hydrogen + Oxygen	13.4{{Cite web\|last=Miller\|first=Catherine\|date=1 February 2021\|title=Introduction to Rocket Propulsion\|url=https://www.cs.middlebury.edu/~cm2/personal-website/lecture_notes/lecture6.pdf\|access-date=9 May 2021\|archive-date=9 May 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509105240/https://www.cs.middlebury.edu/~cm2/personal-website/lecture_notes/lecture6.pdf\|url-status=dead}}
align=left\|Gasoline + Oxygen –> Derived from Gasoline	13.3{{Citation needed\|date=November 2019}}
align=left\|Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	9.8
align=left\|Octanitrocubane explosive	8.5[https://archive.today/20130105062703/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122324589/abstract Wiley Interscience]	16.9Octanitrocubane
align=left\|Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	8.3
align=left\|Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	8.2
align=left\|Sodium (reacted with chlorine){{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	7.0349
align=left\|Hexanitrobenzene explosive	7[https://archive.today/20130105055433/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/109618256/abstract Wiley Interscience]
align=left\|Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	6.95
align=left\|Ammonal (Al+NH₄NO₃ oxidizer){{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	6.9	12.7
align=left\|Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	6.6
align=left\|Nitroglycerin	6.38{{cite web\|url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/chemstry/chemstry.htm \|title=Chemical Explosives \|publisher=Fas.org \|date=2008-05-30 \|accessdate=2010-05-07}}	10.2Nitroglycerin
align=left\|ANFO-ANNM{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	6.26
align=left\|battery, Lithium–air	6.12
align=left\|Octogen (HMX)	5.7	10.8HMX
align=left\|TNT{{cite book \|last=Kinney \|first=G.F. \|author2=K.J. Graham \|title=Explosive shocks in air \|publisher=Springer-Verlag \|year=1985 \|isbn=978-3-540-15147-0}}	4.610	6.92
align=left\|Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer){{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	4.13	20.9
align=left\|Thermite (powder Al + Fe₂O₃ as oxidizer)	4.00	18.4
align=left\|ANFO{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	3.7
align=left\|Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)	2.7	3.8
align=left\|battery, Lithium-ion nanowire	2.54	29		95%{{Clarify\|date=February 2009\|cites do not mention 95%, is it mentioned in the paper "High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires" published on Dec. 16 in Nature Nanotechnology? nature.com gives broken link at http://www.nature.com/nnano/press_releases/nnano1207.html . Note "2.54 to 2.72" replaced with 2.54 to get sort to work}}{{cite web \|url=http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanowire-010908.html \|title=Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery \|publisher=News-service.stanford.edu \|date=2007-12-18 \|accessdate=2010-05-07 \|archive-date=2010-01-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107182920/http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanowire-010908.html \|url-status=dead }}
align=left\|battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2){{cite web \|url=http://www.nexergy.com/lithium-thionyl-chloride.htm \|title=Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries \|publisher=Nexergy \|accessdate=2010-05-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204131145/http://nexergy.com/lithium-thionyl-chloride.htm \|archive-date=2009-02-04 \|url-status=dead }}	2.5
align=left\|Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}{{Clarify\|date=November 2008}}	1.968	0.708
align=left\|Kinetic energy penetrator {{Clarify\|date=February 2009\|where does "1.9 to 3.4" and "30 to 54" come from? Note "to 3.4" and "to 54" removed to get sort to work.}}	\|1.9	\|30
align=left\|battery, Lithium–Sulfur{{cite web\|publisher=Sion Power, Inc. \|date=2005-09-28 \|url=http://www.sionpower.com/pdf/sion_product_spec.pdf \|title=Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828105501/http://www.sionpower.com/pdf/sion_product_spec.pdf \|archivedate=2008-08-28 }}	1.80{{cite journal \|last= Kolosnitsyn \|first= V.S. \|author2=E.V. Karaseva \|year= 2008 \|title = Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions \|journal= Russian Journal of Electrochemistry \|volume= 44 \|issue= 5 \|pages= 506–509 \|doi= 10.1134/s1023193508050029 \|s2cid= 97022927 }}	1.26
align=left\|battery, Fluoride-ion {{Citation needed\|date=May 2009}}	1.7	2.8
align=left\|battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell{{cite web \|url=http://www.llnl.gov/str/Mitlit.html \|title=The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell \|publisher=Llnl.gov \|date=1994-12-01 \|accessdate=2010-05-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920152815/https://www.llnl.gov/str/Mitlit.html \|archive-date=2008-09-20 \|url-status=dead }}	1.62
align=left\|Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant)	1.6	1.6
align=left\|Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)	1.4	2.5
align=left\|Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt	1{{Citation needed\|date=May 2009}}			98%{{cite web \|url=http://www.solar-reserve.com/technology.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119090114/http://www.solar-reserve.com/technology.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2008-01-19 \|title=Technology \|publisher=SolarReserve \|accessdate=2010-05-07 }}
align=left\|Molecular spring approximate{{Citation needed\|date=November 2008}}	1
align=left\| battery, Lithium–Manganese{{cite web\|url=http://www.duracell.com/Procell/chemistries/lithium.asp \|title=ProCell Lithium battery chemistry \|publisher=Duracell \|accessdate=2009-04-21 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710160212/http://www1.duracell.com/procell/chemistries/lithium.asp \|archive-date=2011-07-10 \|url-status=dead }}{{cite web \|url=http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/PrimBatt/table2.htm \|publisher=corrosion-doctors.org \|title=Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries \|accessdate=2009-04-21}}	0.83-1.01	1.98-2.09
align=left\|battery, Sodium–Sulfur	0.72{{cite web \|url=http://www.heraldextra.com/news/article_b0372fd8-3f3c-11de-ac77-001cc4c002e0.html \|title=New battery could change world, one house at a time \|publisher=Heraldextra.com \|date=2009-04-04 \|accessdate=2010-05-07 \|archive-date=2015-10-17 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017163418/http://www.heraldextra.com/news/article_b0372fd8-3f3c-11de-ac77-001cc4c002e0.html \|url-status=dead }}	1.23{{Citation needed\|date=May 2009}}		85%{{cite journal\|title=Energy Citations Database (ECD) - - Document #5960185 \|journal = Proc., Intersoc. Energy Convers. Eng. Conf.; (United States)\|volume = 2\|publisher=Osti.gov \|osti = 5960185\|date = August 1984\|last1 = Kita\|first1 = A.\|last2 = Misaki\|first2 = H.\|last3 = Nomura\|first3 = E.\|last4 = Okada\|first4 = K.}}
align=left\|battery, Lithium-ion{{cite web\|url=http://www.allaboutbatteries.com/Battery-Energy.html\|publisher=AllAboutBatteries.com\|title=Battery energy storage in various battery types\|accessdate=2009-04-21\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428060954/http://www.allaboutbatteries.com/Battery-Energy.html\|archive-date=2009-04-28\|url-status=dead}}A typically available lithium-ion cell with an Energy Density of 201 wh/kg {{cite web \|url=http://www.batteryspace.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=2763 \|title=Li-Ion 18650 Cylindrical Cell 3.6V 2600mAh - Highest Energy Density Cell in Market (LC-18650H4) - LC-18650H4 \|accessdate=2012-12-14 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201065328/http://www.batteryspace.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=2763 \|archivedate=2008-12-01 }}	0.46-0.72	0.83-3.6{{cite web\|url=http://www.globalspec.com/Specifications/Electrical_Electronic_Components/Batteries/Lithium_Batteries\|title=Lithium Batteries\|accessdate=2010-07-02\|archive-date=2011-08-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808112807/http://www.globalspec.com/Specifications/Electrical_Electronic_Components/Batteries/Lithium_Batteries\|url-status=dead}}		95%{{cite web \|author=Justin Lemire-Elmore \|date=2004-04-13 \|title=The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles \|url=http://www.ebikes.ca/sustainability/Ebike_Energy.pdf \|page=7 \|quote=Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries \|accessdate=2009-02-26 \|archive-date=2012-09-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913095738/http://www.ebikes.ca/sustainability/Ebike_Energy.pdf \|url-status=dead }}
align=left\|battery, Sodium–Nickel Chloride, High Temperature	0.56
align=left\| battery, Zinc–manganese (alkaline), long life design	0.4-0.59	1.15-1.43
align=left\|battery, Silver-oxide	0.47	1.8
align=left\|Flywheel	0.36-0.5{{Cite web \|url=http://www.itpower.co.uk/investire/pdfs/flywheelrep.pdf \|title=Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel \|access-date=2012-12-14 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114062530/http://www.itpower.co.uk/investire/pdfs/flywheelrep.pdf \|archive-date=2013-01-14 \|url-status=dead }}{{cite web \| title = Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage \| url = http://www.pddnet.com/article-next-gen-of-flywheel-energy-storage/ \| publisher = Product Design & Development \| accessdate = 2009-05-21 \| url-status = dead \| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100710052927/http://www.pddnet.com/article-next-gen-of-flywheel-energy-storage/ \| archivedate = 2010-07-10 }}			\|
align=left\|5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet muzzle energy density{{Clarify\|date=February 2009\|where does "0.4 to 0.8" and "3.2 to 6.4" come from? Note "to 0.8" and "to 6.4" removed to get sort to work. Note: 0.4..0.5 MJ/kg is an energy density of flying bullet, 2kJ/0.0035kg}}	\| 0.4	3.2
align=left\|battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries{{Cite web \|url=http://www.ovonic.com/PDFs/ovonic-materials/Ovonic-Fetcenko-2008-Wolsky-Seminar.pdf \|title=Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008 \|access-date=2012-12-14 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104134725/http://ovonic.com/PDFs/ovonic-materials/Ovonic-Fetcenko-2008-Wolsky-Seminar.pdf \|archive-date=2010-01-04 \|url-status=dead }}	0.4	1.55
align=left\|Liquid Nitrogen	0.349
align=left\|Water – Enthalpy of Fusion	0.334	0.334
align=left\|battery, Zinc–Bromine flow (ZnBr){{cite web \|title=ZBB Energy Corp \|url=http://www.zbbenergy.com/technology.htm \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015134212/http://zbbenergy.com/technology.htm \|archivedate=2007-10-15 \|quote=75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram}}	\|0.27
align=left\|battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), High-Power design as used in cars[http://www.movitrom.com/files_pdf/baterias/saft/NHE_en.pdf High Energy Metal Hydride Battery] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930120510/http://www.movitrom.com/files_pdf/baterias/saft/NHE_en.pdf \|date=2009-09-30 }}	0.250	0.493
align=left\|battery, Nickel–Cadmium (NiCd)	0.14	1.08		80%
align=left\| battery, Zinc–Carbon	0.13	0.331
align=left\|battery, Lead–acid	0.14	0.36
align=left\|battery, Vanadium redox	0.09{{Citation needed\|date=May 2009}}	0.1188		\|7070-75%
align=left\|battery, Vanadium–Bromide redox	0.18	0.252		80%–90%{{cite web \|url=http://www.vfuel.com.au/infosheet.pdf \|title=Microsoft Word - V-FUEL COMPANY AND TECHNOLOGY SHEET 2008.doc \|accessdate=2010-05-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122114137/http://www.vfuel.com.au/infosheet.pdf \|archive-date=2010-11-22 \|url-status=dead }}
align=left\|Capacitor Ultracapacitor	0.0199{{cite web\|url=http://maxwell.com/ultracapacitors/products/large-cell/bcap3000.asp \|title=Maxwell Technologies: Ultracapacitors - BCAP3000 \|publisher=Maxwell.com \|accessdate=2010-05-07}}	0.050{{Citation needed\|date=May 2009}}
align=left\|Capacitor Supercapacitor	0.01{{Citation needed\|date=May 2009}}		80%–98.5%{{cite web \|last=Zdenek \|first=Cerovský \|last2=Pavel \|first2=Mindl \|title=Hybrid drive with super-capacitor energy storage \|url=http://www2.fs.cvut.cz/web/fileadmin/documents/12241-BOZEK/publikace/2004/Sup-Cap-Energy-Storage.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722130618/http://www3.fs.cvut.cz/web/fileadmin/documents/12241-BOZEK/publikace/2004/Sup-Cap-Energy-Storage.pdf \|archivedate=2012-07-22 \|accessdate=2012-12-14 \|website=Faculty of Mechanical Engineering CTU in Prague}}	39%–70%
align=left\|Superconducting magnetic energy storage	0	0.008[http://www.accel.de/pages/2_mj_superconducting_magnetic_energy_storage_smes.html] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216175256/http://www.accel.de/pages/2_mj_superconducting_magnetic_energy_storage_smes.html\|date=February 16, 2010}}		>95%
align=left\|Capacitor	0.002{{Cite web \| url=http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~mpj01/ise2grp/energystorage_report/node9.html \| title=Department of Computing \| access-date=2012-12-14 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006125946/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~mpj01/ise2grp/energystorage_report/node9.html \| archive-date=2006-10-06 \| url-status=dead }}
align=left\|Neodymium magnet		0.003{{Cite journal \|last=Rahman \|first=M. \|last2=Slemon \|first2=G. \|date=September 1985 \|title=Promising applications of neodymium boron Iron magnets in electrical machines \|url=http://www.askmar.com/Magnets/Promising%20Magnet%20Applications.pdf \|url-status=dead \|journal=IEEE Transactions on Magnetics \|language=en \|volume=21 \|issue=5 \|pages=1712–1716 \|doi=10.1109/TMAG.1985.1064113 \|issn=0018-9464 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513205201/http://www.askmar.com/Magnets/Promising%20Magnet%20Applications.pdf \|archive-date=13 May 2011}}
align=left\|Ferrite magnet		0.0003
align=left\|Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring	0.0003{{cite web\|url=http://garagedoor.org/residential/torsion-springs.php \|title=Garage Door Springs \|publisher=Garagedoor.org \|accessdate=2010-05-07}}	0.0006
class="sortbottom" !Storage type !Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) !Energy density by volume (MJ/L) !Peak recovery efficiency % !Practical recovery efficiency %