Englishisation

{{For|the process by which a non-English word is adapted into English|Anglicisation (linguistics)}}

Englishisation refers to the introduction of English-language influences into other languages. English, as a world language, has had a very significant impact on other languages, with many languages borrowing words or grammar from English or forming calques based on English words.{{Cite book |last1=Bolton |first1=Kingsley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6BYrnD1XPMC&pg=PA253 |title=World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics |last2=Kachru |first2=Braj B. |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-31509-8}} Englishisation is often paired with the introduction of Western culture into other cultures,{{Cite journal |last=Shibata |first=Ayako |date=2009 |title=Englishization in Asia: Language and Cultural Issues |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13488678.2009.10801262 |journal=Asian Englishes |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=84–87 |doi=10.1080/13488678.2009.10801262 |s2cid=154078463 |issn=1348-8678|url-access=subscription }} and has resulted in a significant degree of code-mixing of English with other languages as well as the appearance of new varieties of English.{{Cite book |last1=Bolton |first1=Kingsley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6BYrnD1XPMC&pg=PA278 |title=World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics |last2=Kachru |first2=Braj B. |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-31509-8}}{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781405198431 |title=The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics |date=30 January 2013 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-9473-0 |editor-last=Chapelle |editor-first=Carol A. |edition=1 |doi=10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0550.pub2|s2cid=236410953 }} Other languages have also synthesised new literary genres through their contact with English,{{Cite book |last1=Kachru |first1=Yamuna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf7IAQAAQBAJ |title=World Englishes in Asian Contexts |last2=Nelson |first2=Cecil L. |date=1 April 2006 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-962-209-755-1}} and various forms of "language play" have emerged through this interaction.{{Citation |last=Rivlina |first=Alexandra A. |title=Bilingual Language Play and World Englishes |date=27 November 2019 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119147282.ch23 |work=The Handbook of World Englishes |pages=407–429 |editor-last=Nelson |editor-first=Cecil L. |access-date=29 October 2023 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.1002/9781119147282.ch23 |isbn=978-1-119-16421-0 |s2cid=213855655 |editor2-last=Proshina |editor2-first=Zoya G. |editor3-last=Davis |editor3-first=Daniel R.|url-access=subscription }} Englishisation has also occurred in subtle ways because of the massive amount of English content that is translated into other languages.{{Cite book |last1=Kruger |first1=Alet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnESBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |title=Corpus-Based Translation Studies: Research and Applications |last2=Wallmach |first2=Kim |last3=Munday |first3=Jeremy |date=16 June 2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4411-8919-6}}

Englishisation first happened on a worldwide scale because of the spread of the British Empire and American cultural influence, as the English language historically played a major role in the administration of Britain's colonies and is highly relevant in the modern wave of globalisation.{{Citation |last=Tam |first=Kwok-kan |title=Introduction: Englishization and the New Asian Subjectivity |date=2019 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2520-5_1 |work=The Englishized Subject: Postcolonial Writings in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia |pages=1–13 |editor-last=Tam |editor-first=Kwok-kan |access-date=29 October 2023 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2520-5_1 |isbn=978-981-13-2520-5|s2cid=159222176 |url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Boussebaa |first1=Mehdi |last2=Brown |first2=Andrew D. |date=2017 |title=Englishization, Identity Regulation and Imperialism |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0170840616655494 |journal=Organization Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=7–29 |doi=10.1177/0170840616655494 |s2cid=148270845 |issn=0170-8406}}{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Mansoor Ahmed |title=The Future of English by David Graddol |url=https://www.academia.edu/12529756}} One of the reasons for Englishisation is because other languages sometimes lacked vocabulary to talk about certain things, such as modern technologies or scientific concepts.{{Cite journal |last=Schneider |first=Edgar W. |date=2014 |title=New reflections on the evolutionary dynamics of world Englishes |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/weng.12069 |journal=World Englishes |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=9–32 |doi=10.1111/weng.12069 |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }} Another reason is that English is often considered a prestige language which symbolises or improves the educatedness or status of a speaker.{{Cite book |last=Kachru |first=Braj B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DV4pddGfYSIC&pg=PA355 |title=The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures |date=1992 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-06200-1}}

In some cases, Englishisation clashes with linguistic purism or the influence of other prestige languages,{{Cite news |last=Mikanowski |first=Jacob |date=27 July 2018 |title=Behemoth, bully, thief: how the English language is taking over the planet |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jul/27/english-language-global-dominance |access-date=14 November 2023 |issn=0261-3077}} as is the case with the contested Hindustani language,Yamuna Kachru. [https://www.academia.edu/7145522/Convergence_and_Syntactic_Reanalysis_The_case_of_so_in_Dakkhini#page=165 "Corpus planning for modernization: Sanskritization and Englishization of Hindi"]. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 1, Spring 1989, pages 153-164 which in its Englishised form becomes Hinglish, but which some seek to instead Sanskritise or Persianise in part as a reaction to the colonial associations of the English language within South Asia.{{Cite book |last1=Rauch |first1=Irmengard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZRsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199 |title=Linguistic Method: Essays in Honor of Herbert Penzl |last2=Carr |first2=Gerald F. |date=19 February 2018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-081566-5}}

Around the world

= Africa =

Pidgin Englishes are common throughout Africa, such as West African Pidgin English.{{Citation |last=van Rooy |first=Bertus |title=English in Africa |date=2020 |work=The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes |pages=210–235 |editor-last=Schreier |editor-first=Daniel |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-world-englishes/english-in-africa/35317B2E0E6BA8CC7E5D2B06EB65551F |access-date=1 May 2024 |series=Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42595-7 |editor2-last=Schneider |editor2-first=Edgar W. |editor3-last=Hundt |editor3-first=Marianne}}{{Cite web |last=Mesthrie |first=Rajend |date=24 July 2016 |title=How the Queen’s English has had to defer to Africa’s rich multilingualism |url=http://theconversation.com/how-the-queens-english-has-had-to-defer-to-africas-rich-multilingualism-57673 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=The Conversation}}

Swahili, which is common in the former British colonies of East Africa, has been intentionally Englishised in order to allow for more conversation around modern technologies and concepts.{{Cite journal |last=Kishe |first=Anne J. |date=1994 |title=The Englishization of Tanzanian Kiswahili |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00306.x |journal=World Englishes |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00306.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}

= Americas =

{{See also|Spanglish|Influences on the Spanish language}}The Spanish language, which is widespread in the Americas, typically received loanwards from British English (often through French) until the 1950s, when American English's influence became more prominent.{{Cite book |last=Penny |first=Ralph John |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA277 |title=A History of the Spanish Language |date=21 October 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01184-6}}

== Northern America ==

{{See also|Native American English|African-American Vernacular English}}File:Spanglish sign for mecanic.jpg

Spanish as spoken in the United States has significant amounts of English influence, dating back to the early 19th century and America's southwestern territorial expansion into Mexico.{{Cite web |title=The influence of English on U.S. Spanish: Introduction - ProQuest |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/bf2043b2aab4592b7a636440a2971294/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1036398 |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=www.proquest.com}}

== Latin America and the Caribbean ==

English influences are common in Puerto Rican Spanish, due to the Americanisation of the island since the turn of the 20th century.{{Cite web |last=DesRochers |first=Aly |title=Research Guides: Yo Soy (I am): The Historical Trajectory of Language in Puerto Rico: English Language Influence |url=https://guides.loc.gov/language-in-puerto-rico/english-language |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=guides.loc.gov}}

= Asia =

== East Asia ==

{{See also|Wasei-eigo|North–South differences in the Korean language}}

File:Example of Chinese Pinyin.png, a Romanisation scheme, has aided Chinese speakers in learning English.{{Cite journal |last=Dong |first=Shuyang |date=31 October 2023 |title=The Influence of Pinyin on English Learning and the Way to Learn Phonetic Symbols Correctly to Avoid the Adverse Effect of Pinyin |url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/isemss-23/125993484 |publisher=Atlantis Press |pages=436–442 |doi=10.2991/978-2-38476-126-5_51 |isbn=978-2-38476-126-5|doi-access=free }}]]

Both Japanese and Korean have borrowed many words from English.{{Cite journal |last=Yoneoka |first=Judy |date=2005 |title=The Striking Similarity between Korean and Japanese English Vocabulary: — historical and linguistic relationships — |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13488678.2005.10801153 |journal=Asian Englishes |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=26–47 |doi=10.1080/13488678.2005.10801153 |issn=1348-8678|url-access=subscription }} In Japan, English words are often used in a "decorative" manner to make a message look more modern.{{Cite web |last=Jozuka |first=Emiko |date=26 February 2020 |title=When languages collide: How Japanese and English merged to create a new language |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/japan-decorative-engrish-japanglish-hnk-intl/index.html |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=CNN}}

In China, English vocabulary had a minimal influence on local languages, with new words often being coined to replace historical English loanwords. This is due in part to the Chinese writing system, which favours words which can be broken down into meaningful components.{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Liulin |date=3 January 2024 |title=On the Chinese resistance to lexical borrowing: a writing-driven self-purification system |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-023-02556-3 |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1057/s41599-023-02556-3 |issn=2662-9992|doi-access=free }} An exception to this is Hong Kong Cantonese, which has many words from English due to British rule in the city until 1997.{{Cite web |date=21 January 2016 |title=Hongkongers mix English and Cantonese into new language, Kongish |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/1903452/hongkongers-mix-english-and-cantonese-new-language-kongish |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=South China Morning Post}} Taiwan also tends to borrow more words directly from English. However, English grammar did have an influence on Chinese due to the amount of material being translated between the two languages during the Westernisation of China.{{Cite journal |last=HSU |first=JIA‐LING |date=1994 |title=Englishization and language change in modern Chinese in Taiwan |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.1994.tb00305.x |journal=World Englishes |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=167–184 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971x.1994.tb00305.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}

== South Asia ==

File:Kismet-1943-movie-poster.jpg film Kismet, which features the movie's name written in three different alphabets: Roman, Devanagari, and Urdu scripts. (in Hunterian: qismat)]]

English has been accepted in South Asia to some extent because of its neutrality i.e. its lack of association with any ethnic group in the region. It has played a significant role in enabling migration within the Indian subcontinent, and contributes a major share of the vocabulary used in more technical fields;{{Cite book |last=Cheshire |first=Jenny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cPLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |title=English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives |date=26 April 1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-58235-0}}{{Cite book |last1=Rauch |first1=Irmengard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZRsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199 |title=Linguistic Method: Essays in Honor of Herbert Penzl |last2=Carr |first2=Gerald F. |date=19 February 2018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-081566-5}}{{Cite book |last1=Hodges |first1=Amy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txxQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |title=Going Global: Transnational Perspectives on Globalization, Language, and Education |last2=Seawright |first2=Leslie |date=26 September 2014 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6761-0}}{{Cite book |last=Kachru |first=Braj B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgEEptNmwEwC&pg=PP59 |title=The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes |date=1986 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-06172-1}} even when Sanskrit words have been created to replace English words, they are often calqued off of English words.{{Cite journal |last=Hock |first=Hans Henrich |date=1992 |title=A note on English and modern Sanskrit |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1992.tb00061.x |journal=World Englishes |volume=11 |issue=2–3 |pages=163–171 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1992.tb00061.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}[https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/12671283/v12i1jan2012.pdf?1335948499=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCauses_of_Secondary_Students_Failure_in.pdf&Expires=1698609162&Signature=XZsWIsQiB1cYv9jxH~Og2KB3OLsIu5JuuzMLHkHh60baMyR7iNPIFm04THGkA03MfzgI1HeEiemB2B4ceynSGOF1dXZsHa8spCcf8BbcpnpxgQWXvvcw6OARSjT6iUxc83UVXjSaZo6LMDxpNeRjNGsTgHxbThcZrJI9ZR5AyBqVuvZ6l3Fptogi522CsO-D6bvpxLcQ5T9IuOgf1uMeaFjOjjLPrWEULGrFv8Gdu8sSLYE~uJirCi2x09HRTPTbaWvYDAgmRijign-18dzRRABFDx1YOC~QQI-mlWkyekZFRajummqjr8xN1kDw7bYIQ5bGF~oceZKXEA-09X8gaA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=6 Revisiting the Making of Hindi as a ‘National’ Language] Ganpat Teli, M.Phil.{{Cite journal |last=D'Souza |first=Jean |date=1987 |title=English in India's language modernization |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1987.tb00177.x |journal=World Englishes |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=63–70 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1987.tb00177.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}

Due to the nature and long duration of British rule in India, some of the English words used are of military origin or are now obscure in the rest of the English-speaking world.{{Cite news |date=30 June 2014 |title=English explodes in India - and it's not just Hinglish |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28054460 |access-date=24 November 2024 |work=BBC News}}

== Southeast Asia ==

{{See also|Singlish|Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay#Loanword source differences}}

The English language has had a significant influence on Tagalog since the 1898 American acquisition of the Philippines.{{Cite journal |title=On the Influence of English on the Tagalog Language {{!}} The Archive |url=https://www.journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/archive/article/view/9909}}

== West Asia ==

English has had a growing presence in the Middle East due to the need for locals to interact with expatriate workers.{{Cite book |last=Hewish |first=Tim |url=https://www.econbiz.de/Record/old-friends-new-deals-the-route-to-the-uk-s-global-prosperity-through-international-networks-hewish-tim/10010340771 |title=Old friends, new deals : the route to the UK's global prosperity through international networks |date=2014 |publisher=London : Institute of Economic Affairs |pages=67}} Modern Standard Arabic has been noted for incorporating new speech reporting styles (ways of quoting other people's words) due to Englishisation.{{Cite journal |last=Al-Wahy |first=Ahmed Seddik |date=1 August 2021 |title=The influence of English on Modern Standard Arabic speech reporting styles: A corpus-based study |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024384121000565 |journal=Lingua |volume=259 |pages=103084 |doi=10.1016/j.lingua.2021.103084 |issn=0024-3841|url-access=subscription }} The Turkish language has become more open to English influences due to Turkey's Westernisation in the early 20th century and adoption of the Latin alphabet.{{Cite journal |last=Zok |first=David |date=2010 |title=Turkey’s Language Revolution and the Status of English Today |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/elhdc/article/view/14300 |journal=The English Languages: History, Diaspora, Culture |volume=1 |issn=1929-5855}}

Because English is among the most common languages in Israel, it has also influenced Modern Hebrew,[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0449010X.1956.10704036 The Impact of English on Modern Hebrew] Shabtai A. Teveth though it has less presence in the Arab areas.{{Cite journal |last=Shohamy |first=Elana |date=2014 |title=The Weight of English in Global Perspective: The Role of English in Israel |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43284070 |journal=Review of Research in Education |volume=38 |pages=273–289 |issn=0091-732X}} English's role in Israel became more prevalent with the 1967 Six-Day War and later cultural Americanisation.[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377592381_Foreign_Influences_on_Modern_Hebrew Foreign Influences on Modern Hebrew] Angelika Adamczyk

= Europe =

The initial spread of the English language took place with continental Europeans who conquered England. England then spread the language through the rest of the British Isles, sometimes through conquest.{{Citation |last=Northrup |first=David |title=The Language of the British Isles |date=2013 |work=How English Became the Global Language |pages=27–47 |editor-last=Northrup |editor-first=David |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137303073_2 |access-date=25 November 2024 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9781137303073_2 |isbn=978-1-137-30307-3|url-access=subscription }}

Some languages in Europe, such as some of the Scandinavian languages, have been prone to significant Englishisation, while other languages, such as Icelandic, have tended towards linguistic purism.{{Cite journal |last=Filipović |first=R. |date=1 January 1977 |title=English Words in European Mouths and Minds |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/flin.1977.11.3-4.195/html |journal=Folia Linguistica |volume=11 |issue=3–4 |pages=195–206 |doi=10.1515/flin.1977.11.3-4.195 |issn=1614-7308 |s2cid=145280920|url-access=subscription }} The similarity and long-standing history of English having connections with Western European languages has played a role in its modern-day influence on them,{{Cite journal |last=Furiassi |first=Cristiano |date=2012 |title=The Anglicization of European Lexis |url=https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/5015134 |pages=1–366}}{{Cite book |last1=Rosenhouse |first1=Judith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdoDAQAAQBAJ |title=Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages |last2=Kowner |first2=Rotem |date=22 May 2008 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-78309-153-9}}{{Cite book |last=Görlach |first=Manfred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7YfZpQjeewC&pg=PR7 |title=A Dictionary of European Anglicisms: A Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Sixteen European Languages |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-823519-4}} and has resulted in altered interpretations of English words in some cases.{{Cite book |last=Görlach |first=Manfred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kma6Sipww4UC&pg=PR7 |title=English in Europe |date=23 May 2002 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-158069-7}} Englishisation has occurred to some extent particularly in the business and finance-related vocabularies of various European languages.{{Cite journal |last1=Anglemark |first1=Linnéa |last2=John |first2=Andrew |date=2018 |title=The Use of English-Language Business and Finance Terms in European Languages |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2329488418768698 |journal=International Journal of Business Communication |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=406–440 |doi=10.1177/2329488418768698 |issn=2329-4884 |s2cid=158407633|url-access=subscription }} Some impacts of Englishisation have worn off over time, as Englishisation sometimes takes place in a way that is too "trendy" and which does not become well-absorbed into a given language.{{Cite book |last=Görlach |first=Manfred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kma6Sipww4UC&pg=PR7 |title=English in Europe |date=23 May 2002 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-158069-7}}

There is also research around the increasing usage of English in European universities.{{Cite journal |last=Hultgren |first=Anna Kristina |date=1 June 2014 |title=English language use at the internationalised universities of Northern Europe: Is there a correlation between englishisation and world rank? |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/multi-2014-0018/html |journal=Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication |volume=33 |issue=3-4 |pages=389–411 |doi=10.1515/multi-2014-0018 |issn=1613-3684}}

= Oceania =

Several English-based creoles were formed in Oceania during the colonial period, with even the English spoken in British colonies such as Australia and New Zealand mixing with local languages. In modern times, the appeal of Australia and New Zealand has served to bolster the English language in the region.{{Cite journal |last=Da Silva |first=Diego Barbosa 1 1 National Archives of Brazil (AN) |date=2019 |title=Language Policy in Oceania: In the Frontiers of Colonization and Globalization |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2297099085 |pages=327–356 |doi=10.1590/1981-5794-1909-4|doi-access=free }}

References

Category:English language