Enhanced geothermal system#European Union

{{short description|Type of electricity generation system}}Image:EGS diagram.svg

An enhanced geothermal system (EGS) generates geothermal electricity without natural convective hydrothermal resources. Traditionally, geothermal power systems operated only where naturally occurring heat, water, and rock permeability are sufficient to allow energy extraction.{{Citation | last =Lund | first =John W. | date =June 2007 | title =Characteristics, Development and utilization of geothermal resources | periodical =Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location =Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher =Oregon Institute of Technology | volume =28 | issue =2 | pages =1–9 | url =http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-2/art1.pdf | issn =0276-1084 | access-date =2009-04-16 | archive-date =2010-06-17 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100617215822/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-2/art1.pdf | url-status =dead }} However, most geothermal energy within reach of conventional techniques is in dry and impermeable rock.{{Citation | last1 =Duchane | first1 =Dave | last2 =Brown | first2 =Don | date =December 2002 | title =Hot Dry Rock (HDR) Geothermal Energy Research and Development at Fenton Hill, New Mexico | periodical =Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin | location =Klamath Falls, Oregon | publisher =Oregon Institute of Technology | volume =23 | issue =4 | pages =13–19 | url =http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull23-4/art4.pdf | issn =0276-1084 | access-date =2009-05-05 | archive-date =2010-06-17 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100617192841/http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull23-4/art4.pdf | url-status =dead }} EGS technologies expand the availability of geothermal resources through stimulation methods, such as 'hydraulic stimulation'.

Overview

In many rock formations natural cracks and pores do not allow water to flow at economic rates. Permeability can be enhanced by hydro-shearing, pumping high-pressure water down an injection well into naturally-fractured rock. The injection increases the fluid pressure in the rock, triggering shear events that expand pre-existing cracks and enhance the site's permeability. As long as the injection pressure is maintained, high permeability is not required, nor are hydraulic fracturing proppants required to maintain the fractures in an open state.{{Cite web| last = Pierce| first = Brenda| title = Geothermal Energy Resources| publisher = National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)| date = 2010-02-16| url = http://www.narucmeetings.org/Presentations/NARUC%20Pierce%20Geothermal%20presentation.pdf| format = PowerPoint| access-date = 2011-03-19| archive-date = 2011-10-06| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111006173034/http://www.narucmeetings.org/Presentations/NARUC%20Pierce%20Geothermal%20presentation.pdf| url-status = dead}}

Hydro-shearing is different from hydraulic tensile fracturing, used in the oil and gas industry, which can create new fractures in addition to expanding existing fractures.{{Cite web| last = Cichon| first = Meg| title = Is Fracking for Enhanced Geothermal Systems the Same as Fracking for Natural Gas?| publisher = RenewableEnergyWorld.com| date = 2013-07-16| url = http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/07/is-fracking-for-enhanced-geothermal-systems-the-same-as-fracking-for-natural-gas| access-date = 2014-05-07| archive-date = 2014-05-08| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140508025638/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/07/is-fracking-for-enhanced-geothermal-systems-the-same-as-fracking-for-natural-gas| url-status = dead}}

Water passes through the fractures, absorbing heat until forced to the surface as hot water. The water's heat is converted into electricity using either a steam turbine or a binary power plant system, which cools the water.{{Cite web|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation.html|title=How an Enhanced Geothermal System Works|last=US Department of Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520223811/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation.html|archive-date=2013-05-20}} The water is cycled back into the ground to repeat the process.

EGS plants are baseload resources that produce power at a constant rate. Unlike hydrothermal, EGS is apparently feasible anywhere in the world, depending on the resource depth. Good locations are typically over deep granite covered by a {{convert|3|-|5|km}} layer of insulating sediments that slow heat loss.{{Cite web|url=http://www.science.org.au/events/conferences-and-workshops/australiachina/raham.pdf|title=20 slide presentation inc geothermal maps of Australia}}

Advanced drilling techniques penetrate hard crystalline rock at depths of up to or exceeding 15 km, which give access to higher-temperature rock (400 °C and above), as temperature increases with depth.{{cite journal |title=Superhot Rock Energy: A Vision for Firm, Global Zero-Carbon Energy |journal=Clean Air Task Force |date=October 2022 |url=https://www.catf.us/resource/superhot-rock-energy-a-vision-for-firm-global-zero-carbon-energy/}}

EGS plants are expected to have an economic lifetime of 20–30 years.

EGS systems are under development in Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, and the United States. The world's largest EGS project is a 25-megawatt demonstration plant in Cooper Basin, Australia. Cooper Basin has the potential to generate 5,000–10,000 MW.

Research and development

File:Map of 64 EGS sites around the world.png

EGS technologies use a variety of methods to create additional flow paths. EGS projects have combined hydraulic, chemical, thermal, and explosive stimulation methods. Some EGS projects operate at the edges of hydrothermal sites where drilled wells intersect hot, yet impermeable, reservoir rocks. Stimulation methods enhance that permeability. The table below shows EGS projects around the world.{{Cite web|last=Pollack|first=Ahinoam|date=2020|title=Gallery of 1D, 2D, and 3D maps from enhanced geothermal systems around the world|url=https://stanford.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapTour/index.html?appid=5ee766694f484c908b093067ca8233a8}}{{Cite journal|last=Pollack|first=Ahinoam|date=2020|title=What Are the Challenges in Developing Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)? Observations from 64EGS Sites|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7086/9eb5565e691d9226f0077db4746291e56f03.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713175257/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7086/9eb5565e691d9226f0077db4746291e56f03.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-07-13|journal=World Geothermal Congress|s2cid=211051245}}

class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"

! Name

! Country

! State/region

! Year Start

! Stimulation method

! References

Mosfellssveit

|Iceland

|1970

|Thermal and hydraulic

|{{Cite journal|last1=Thorsteinsson|first1=T.|last2=Tomasson|first2=J.|date=1979-01-01|title=Drillhole stimulation in Iceland|url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6129079-drillhole-stimulation-iceland|journal=Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., (Pap.); (United States)|language=en|volume=78-PET-24|osti=6129079}}

Fenton Hill

|USA

|New Mexico

|1973

|Hydraulic and chemical

|{{Citation|last1=Brown|first1=Donald W.|title=Serendipity—A Brief History of Events Leading to the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Program at Los Alamos|date=2012|work=Mining the Earth's Heat: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy|pages=3–16|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Donald W.|series=Springer Geography|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-68910-2_1|isbn=978-3-540-68910-2|last2=Duchane|first2=David V.|last3=Heiken|first3=Grant|last4=Hriscu|first4=Vivi Thomas|editor2-last=Duchane|editor2-first=David V.|editor3-last=Heiken|editor3-first=Grant|editor4-last=Hriscu|editor4-first=Vivi Thomas}}

Bad Urach

|Germany

|1977

|Hydraulic

|{{Cite journal|last=Stober|first=Ingrid|date=2011-05-01|title=Depth- and pressure-dependent permeability in the upper continental crust: data from the Urach 3 geothermal borehole, southwest Germany|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0704-7|journal=Hydrogeology Journal|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=685–699|doi=10.1007/s10040-011-0704-7|bibcode=2011HydJ...19..685S|s2cid=129285719|issn=1435-0157}}

Falkenberg

|Germany

|1977

|Hydraulic

|{{cite book |last1=Rummel |first1=F. |last2=Kappelmeyer |first2=O. |chapter=The Falkenberg Geothermal Frac-Project: Concepts and Experimental Results |title=Hydraulic fracturing and geothermal energy |series=Mechanics of elastic and inelastic solids |date=1983 |volume=5 |pages=59–74 |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-6884-4_4 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-6884-4_4 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-009-6886-8 |language=en}}

Rosemanowes

|UK

|1977

|Hydraulic and explosive

|{{Cite journal|last=Batchelor|first=A. S.|date=1987-05-01|title=Development of hot-dry-rock geothermal systems in the UK|url=https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-a-1.1987.0058|journal=IEE Proceedings A |language=en|volume=134|issue=5|pages=371–380|doi=10.1049/ip-a-1.1987.0058|issn=2053-7905}}

Le Mayet

|France

|1978

|Hydraulic

|,{{Cite journal|last=Cornet|first=FH|date=1987-01-01|title=Results from Le Mayet de Montagne project|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0375-6505%2887%2990016-2|journal=Geothermics|language=en|volume=16|issue=4|pages=355–374|doi=10.1016/0375-6505(87)90016-2|bibcode=1987Geoth..16..355C |issn=0375-6505}}{{Cite journal|last1=Cornet|first1=F. H.|last2=Morin|first2=R. H.|date=1997-04-01|title=Evaluation of hydromechanical coupling in a granite rock mass from a high-volume, high-pressure injection experiment: Le Mayet de Montagne, France|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1365160997001858|journal=International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences|language=en|volume=34|issue=3|pages=207.e1–207.e14|doi=10.1016/S1365-1609(97)00185-8|bibcode=1997IJRMM..34E.207C |issn=1365-1609}}

East Mesa

|USA

|California

|1980

|Hydraulic

|{{Cite journal|last=Entingh|first=D. J.|date=2000|title=Geothermal Well Stimulation Experiments in the United States|url=https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2000/R0840.PDF|journal=Proceedings World Geothermal Congress}}

Krafla

|Iceland

|1980

|Thermal

|{{Cite journal|last=Axelsson|first=G|date=2009|title=Review of well stimulation operations in Iceland|url=http://pubs.geothermal-library.org/lib/grc/1028561.pdf|journal=Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council|access-date=2020-07-13|archive-date=2020-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713203918/http://pubs.geothermal-library.org/lib/grc/1028561.pdf|url-status=dead}}

Baca

|USA

|New Mexico

|1981

|Hydraulic

Geysers Unocal

|USA

|California

|1981

|Explosive

Beowawe

|USA

|Nevada

|1983

|Hydraulic

Bruchal

|Germany

|1983

|Hydraulic

Fjällbacka

|Sweden

|1984

|Hydraulic and chemical

|{{Cite journal|last1=Wallroth|first1=Thomas|last2=Eliasson|first2=Thomas|last3=Sundquist|first3=Ulf|date=1999-08-01|title=Hot dry rock research experiments at Fjällbacka, Sweden|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375650599000322|journal=Geothermics|language=en|volume=28|issue=4|pages=617–625|doi=10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00032-2|bibcode=1999Geoth..28..617W |issn=0375-6505}}

{{interlanguage link|Neustadt-Glewe (geothermal project)|lt=Neustadt-Glewe|de|Geothermiekraftwerk Neustadt-Glewe}}

|Germany

|1984

|{{cite journal |last1=Пашкевич |first1=Р.И. |last2=Павлов |first2=К.А. |date=2015 |title=Современное состояние использования циркуляционных геотермальных систем в целях тепло- и электроснабжения |journal=Горный информационно-аналитический бюллетень |pages=388–399 |issn=0236-1493}}

Hijiori

|Japan

|1985

|Hydraulic

|{{Cite journal|last=Matsunaga|first=I|date=2005|title=Review of the HDR Development at Hijiori Site, Japan|url=http://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2005/1635.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress}}

Soultz

|France

|1986

|Hydraulic and chemical

|{{Cite journal|last1=Genter|first1=Albert|last2=Evans|first2=Keith|last3=Cuenot|first3=Nicolas|last4=Fritsch|first4=Daniel|last5=Sanjuan|first5=Bernard|date=2010-07-01|title=Contribution of the exploration of deep crystalline fractured reservoir of Soultz to the knowledge of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631071310000179|journal=Comptes Rendus Geoscience|series=Vers l'exploitation des ressources géothermiques profondes des systèmes hydrothermaux convectifs en milieux naturellement fracturés|language=en|volume=342|issue=7|pages=502–516|doi=10.1016/j.crte.2010.01.006|bibcode=2010CRGeo.342..502G|issn=1631-0713}}

Altheim

|Austria

|1989

|Chemical

|{{Cite journal|last=Pernecker|first=G|date=1999|title=Altheim geothermal plant for electricity production by ORC-turbogenerator|url=http://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/EGC/1999/Pemecker.pdf|journal=Bulletin d'Hydrogéologie}}

Hachimantai

|Japan

|1989

|Hydraulic

|{{Cite journal|last=Niitsuma|first=H.|date=1989-07-01|title=Fracture mechanics design and development of HDR reservoirs— Concept and results of the Γ-project, Tohoku University, Japan|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0148-9062%2889%2991966-9|journal=International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts|language=en|volume=26|issue=3|pages=169–175|doi=10.1016/0148-9062(89)91966-9|bibcode=1989IJRMA..26..169N |issn=0148-9062}}

Ogachi

|Japan

|1989

|Hydraulic

|{{Cite journal|last=Ito|first=Hisatoshi|date=2003|title=Inferred role of natural fractures, veins, and breccias in development of the artificial geothermal reservoir at the Ogachi Hot Dry Rock site, Japan|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|language=en|volume=108|issue=B9|page=2426|doi=10.1029/2001JB001671|bibcode=2003JGRB..108.2426I|issn=2156-2202|doi-access=free}}

Sumikawa

|Japan

|1989

|Thermal

|{{Cite journal|last=Kitao|first=K|date=1990|title=Geotherm. Resourc. Counc. Trans|url=http://pubs.geothermal-library.org/lib/grc/1002028.pdf|journal=Cold-water Well Stimulation Experiments in the Sumikawa Geotheral Field, Japan|access-date=2020-07-13|archive-date=2020-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713224151/http://pubs.geothermal-library.org/lib/grc/1002028.pdf|url-status=dead}}

Tyrnyauz

|Russia

|1991

|Hydraulic

|,{{cite journal |last1=Дядькин|first1=Ю. Д.|date=2001|title=Извлечение и использование тепла земли|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izvlechenie-i-ispolzovanie-tepla-zemli|journal=Горный информационно-аналитический бюллетень (научно-технический журнал)|issue=9|pages=228–241}}{{cite book|last=Алхасов|first=А.Б.|title=Возобновляемые источники энергии|location=М.|publisher=Издательский дом МЭИ|page=108|date=2016|isbn=978-5-383-00960-4}}

Bacman

|Philippines

|1993

|Chemical

|{{cite journal |last1=Buoing |first1=Balbino C. |title=Recent Experiences in Acid Stimulation Technology by PNOC-Energy Development Corporation, Philippines |journal=World Geothermal Congress 1995 |date=1995 |url=https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/1995/3-buning.pdf}}

Seltjarnarnes

|Iceland

|1994

|Hydraulic

|{{Cite report |last1=Tulinius|first1=Helga|last2=Axelsson|first2=Gudni|last3=Tomasson|first3=Jens|last4=Kristmannsdóttir|first4=Hrefna|last5=Guðmundsson|first5=Ásgrímur|date=1996-01-01|title=Stimulation of well SN12 in the Seltjarnarnes low-temperature field in SW-Iceland|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255006189}}

Mindanao

|Philippines

|1995

|Chemical

|{{Cite journal|last=Malate|first=Ramonchito Cedric M.|date=2000|title=SK-2D: A CASE HISTORY ON GEOTHERMAL WELLBORE ENHANCEMENT, MINDANAO GEOTHERMAL PRODUCTION FIELD, PHILIPPINES|url=https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2000/R0486.PDF|journal=Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2000}}

Bouillante

|France

|1996

|Thermal

|{{Cite conference |last1=Sanjuan|first1=Bernard|last2=Jousset|first2=Philippe|last3=Pajot|first3=Gwendoline|last4=Debeglia|first4=Nicole|last5=Michele|first5=Marcello de|last6=Brach|first6=Michel|last7=Dupont|first7=François|last8=Braibant|first8=Gilles|last9=Lasne|first9=Eric|last10=Duré|first10=Frédéric|date=2010-04-25 |title=Monitoring of the Bouillante Geothermal Exploitation (Guadeloupe, French West Indies) and the Impact on Its Immediate Environment |conference=World Geothermal Congress 2010 |url=https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00496141|language=en|pages=11 p}}

Leyte

|Philippines

|1996

|Chemical

|{{Cite journal|last=Malate|date=2003|title=ACID STIMULATION OF INJECTION WELLS IN THE LEYTE GEOTHERMAL POWER PROJECT, PHILIPPINES|journal=Twenty-Second Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University|s2cid=51736784}}

Hunter Valley

|Australia

|1999

Groß Schönebeck

|Germany

|2000

|Hydraulic and chemical

|{{Cite journal|last1=Zimmermann|first1=Günter|last2=Moeck|first2=Inga|last3=Blöcher|first3=Guido|date=2010-03-01|title=Cyclic waterfrac stimulation to develop an Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS)—Conceptual design and experimental results|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375650509000674|journal=Geothermics|series=The European I-GET Project: Integrated Geophysical Exploration Technologies for Deep Geothermal Reservoirs|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=59–69|doi=10.1016/j.geothermics.2009.10.003|bibcode=2010Geoth..39...59Z |issn=0375-6505}}

Tiwi

|Philippines

|2000

|Chemical

|{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Tianfu |title=Scaling of hot brine injection wells: supplementing field studies with reactive transport modeling |journal=TOUGH Symposium 2003 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228588056}}

Berlin

|El Salvador

|2001

|Chemical

|{{cite journal |last1=Barrios |first1=L. A. |title=Enhanced Permeability by Chemical Stimulation at the Berlín Geothermal field |journal=Geothermal Resources Council Transactions |date=2002 |volume=26 |url=http://pubs.geothermal-library.org/lib/grc/1019575.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Cooper Basin: Habanero

|Australia

|2002

|Hydraulic

|{{cite report |last1=Holl |first1=Heinz-Gerd |title=What did we learn about EGS in the Cooper Basin? |date=2015 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.33547.49443 |url=https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33547.49443}}

Cooper Basin: Jolokia 1

|Australia

|2002

|Hydraulic

Coso

|USA

|California

|1993, 2005

|Hydraulic and chemical

|{{cite journal |last1=Evanoff |first1=Jerry |title=STIMULATION AND DAMAGE REMOVAL OF CALCIUM CARBONATE SCALING IN GEOTHERMAL WELLS: A CASE STUDY |journal=Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress |date=2004 |s2cid=199385006 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e3da/b00454742fde4f087775c7e5c630e5e97579.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227064652/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e3da/b00454742fde4f087775c7e5c630e5e97579.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-02-27 }}

Hellisheidi

|Iceland

|1993

|Thermal

|{{cite journal |last1=Bjornsson |first1=Grimur |title=RESERVOIR CONDITIONS AT 3-6 KM DEPTH IN THE HELLISHEIDIGEOTHERMAL FIELD, SW-ICELAND, ESTIMATED BY DEEP DRILLING, COLD WATER INJECTION AND SEISMIC MONITORING |journal=Twenty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering |date=2004 |url=https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2004/Bjornsson.pdf}}

Genesys: Horstberg

|Germany

|2003

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Tischner |first1=Torsten |title=New Concepts for Extracting Geothermal Energy from One Well: The GeneSys-Project |journal=Proceedings World Geothermal Congress |date=2010 |url=https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2010/2272.pdf}}

{{interlanguage link|Landau (geothermal project)|lt=Landau|de|Geothermiekraftwerk Landau}}

|Germany

|2003

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Schindler |first1=Marion |title=Successful Hydraulic Stimulation Techniques for Electric Power Production in the Upper Rhine Graben, Central Europe |journal=Proceedings World Geothermal Congress |date=2010 |url=https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2010/3163.pdf}}

Unterhaching

|Germany

|2004

|Chemical

|{{cite journal |last1=Sigfússon |first1=B. |title=2014 JRC geothermal energy status report : technology, market and economic aspects of geothermal energy in Europe. |journal=Op.europa.eu |date=1 March 2016 |doi=10.2790/959587 |isbn=9789279540486 |url=https://doi.org/10.2790/959587 |language=en}}

Salak

|Indonesia

|2004

|Chemical, thermal, hydraulic and cyclic pressure loading

|{{cite journal |last1=Pasikki |first1=Riza |title=COILED TUBING ACID STIMULATION: THE CASE OF AWI 8-7 PRODUCTION WELL IN SALAK GEOTHERMAL FIELD, INDONESIA |journal=Thirty-First Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering |date=2006 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242188963}}

Olympic Dam

|Australia

|2005

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Bendall |first1=Betina |title=Australian Experiences in EGS Permeability Enhancement –A Review of 3 Case Studies |journal=Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering |url=https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2014/Bendall.pdf}}

Paralana

|Australia

|2005

|Hydraulic and chemical

|{{cite journal |last1=Albaric |first1=J. |last2=Oye |first2=V. |last3=Langet |first3=N. |last4=Hasting |first4=M. |last5=Lecomte |first5=I. |last6=Iranpour |first6=K. |last7=Messeiller |first7=M. |last8=Reid |first8=P. |title=Monitoring of induced seismicity during the first geothermal reservoir stimulation at Paralana, Australia |journal=Geothermics |date=1 October 2014 |volume=52 |pages=120–131 |doi=10.1016/j.geothermics.2013.10.013 |bibcode=2014Geoth..52..120A |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2013.10.013 |language=en |issn=0375-6505}}

Los Azufres

|Mexico

|2005

|Chemical

|{{cite journal |last1=Armenta |first1=Magaly Flores |title=Productivity Analysis and Acid Treatment of Well AZ-9ADat the Los Azufres Geothermal Field, Mexico |journal=GRC Transactions |date=2006 |volume=30 |url=http://pubs.geothermal-library.org/lib/grc/1025131.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{interlanguage link|Deep Heat Mining Basel|lt=Basel|de|Deep Heat Mining Basel}}

|Switzerland

|2006

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Häring |first1=Markus O. |last2=Schanz |first2=Ulrich |last3=Ladner |first3=Florentin |last4=Dyer |first4=Ben C. |title=Characterisation of the Basel 1 enhanced geothermal system |journal=Geothermics |date=1 October 2008 |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=469–495 |doi=10.1016/j.geothermics.2008.06.002 |bibcode=2008Geoth..37..469H |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2008.06.002 |language=en |issn=0375-6505}}

Larderello

|Italy

|1983, 2006

|Hydraulic and chemical

|{{cite journal |last1=Carella |first1=R. |last2=Verdiani |first2=G. |last3=Palmerini |first3=C. G. |last4=Stefani |first4=G. C. |title=Geothermal activity in Italy: Present status and future prospects |journal=Geothermics |date=1 January 1985 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=247–254 |doi=10.1016/0375-6505(85)90065-3 |bibcode=1985Geoth..14..247C |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0375-6505%2885%2990065-3 |language=en |issn=0375-6505}}

Insheim

|Germany

|2007

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Küperkoch |first1=L. |last2=Olbert |first2=K. |last3=Meier |first3=T. |title=Long-Term Monitoring of Induced Seismicity at the Insheim Geothermal Site, GermanyLong-Term Monitoring of Induced Seismicity at the Insheim Geothermal Site, Germany |journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America |date=1 December 2018 |volume=108 |issue=6 |pages=3668–3683 |doi=10.1785/0120170365 |s2cid=134085568 |url=https://doi.org/10.1785/0120170365 |language=en |issn=0037-1106}}

Desert Peak

|USA

|Nevada

|2008

|Hydraulic and chemical

|{{cite journal |last1=Chabora |first1=Ethan |title=HYDRAULIC STIMULATION OF WELL 27-15, DESERT PEAK GEOTHERMAL FIELD, NEVADA, USA |journal=Thirty-Seventh Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering |date=2012 |url=https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2012/Chabora.pdf}}

Brady Hot Springs

|USA

|Nevada

|2008

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Drakos |first1=Peter |title=Feasibility of EGS Development at Brady Hot Springs, Nevada |journal= US DOE Geothermal Office |date=2017 |url=https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/12/f46/1_3_EGS%20Demo_Ormat%20Technologies_Ormat-Bradys_Presentation.pdf}}

Southeast Geysers

|USA

|California

|2008

|Hydraulic

|{{cite report |last1=Alta Rock Energy |title=Engineered Geothermal SystemDemonstration ProjectNorthern California Power Agency, The Geysers, CA |date=2013 |doi=10.2172/1134470 |osti=1134470 |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1134470}}

Genesys: Hannover

|Germany

|2009

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Tischner |first1=T. |title=MASSIVE HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN LOW PERMEABLESEDIMENTARY ROCK IN THE GENESYS PROJECT |journal=Thirty-EighthWorkshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering |date=2013 |url=https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2013/Tischner.pdf}}

St. Gallen

|Switzerland

|2009

|Hydraulic and chemical

|{{cite journal |last1=Moeck |first1=I. |last2=Bloch |first2=T. |last3=Graf |first3=R. |last4=Heuberger |first4=S. |last5=Kuhn |first5=P. |last6=Naef |first6=H. |last7=Sonderegger |first7=Michael |last8=Uhlig |first8=S. |last9=Wolfgramm |first9=M. |title=The St. Gallen Project: Development of Fault Controlled Geothermal Systems in Urban Areas |date=2015 |s2cid=55741874 |journal=Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015}}

New York Canyon

|USA

|Nevada

|2009

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Moeck |first1=Inga |title=The St. Gallen Project: Development of Fault Controlled Geothermal Systems in Urban Areas |journal=Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 |date=2015 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc843866/m2/1/high_res_d/1043718.pdf}}

Northwest Geysers

|USA

|California

|2009

|Thermal

|{{cite journal |last1=Garcia |first1=Julio |last2=Hartline |first2=Craig |last3=Walters |first3=Mark |last4=Wright |first4=Melinda |last5=Rutqvist |first5=Jonny |last6=Dobson |first6=Patrick F. |last7=Jeanne |first7=Pierre |title=The Northwest Geysers EGS Demonstration Project, California: Part 1: Characterization and reservoir response to injection |journal=Geothermics |date=1 September 2016 |volume=63 |pages=97–119 |doi=10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.08.003 |bibcode=2016Geoth..63...97G |s2cid=140540505 |language=en |issn=0375-6505|doi-access=free }}

Newberry

|USA

|Oregon

|2010

|Hydraulic

|{{Cite journal|last1=Cladouhos|first1=Trenton T.|last2=Petty|first2=Susan|last3=Swyer|first3=Michael W.|last4=Uddenberg|first4=Matthew E.|last5=Grasso|first5=Kyla|last6=Nordin|first6=Yini|date=2016-09-01|title=Results from Newberry Volcano EGS Demonstration, 2010–2014|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375650515001108|journal=Geothermics|series=Enhanced Geothermal Systems: State of the Art|language=en|volume=63|pages=44–61|doi=10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.08.009|bibcode=2016Geoth..63...44C |issn=0375-6505}}

Mauerstetten

|Germany

|2011

|Hydraulic and chemical

|{{cite journal |last1=Mraz |first1=Elena |last2=Moeck |first2=Inga |last3=Bissmann |first3=Silke |last4=Hild |first4=Stephan |title=Multiphase fossil normal faults as geothermal exploration targets in the Western Bavarian Molasse Basin: Case study Mauerstetten |journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften |date=31 October 2018 |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=389–411 |doi=10.1127/zdgg/2018/0166 |s2cid=135225984 |url=https://doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/2018/0166 |language=en}}

Soda Lake

|USA

|Nevada

|2011

|Explosive

|{{cite journal |last1=Ohren |first1=Mary |title=Permeability Recovery and Enhancements in the Soda Lake Geothermal Field, Fallon, Nevada |journal=GRC Transactions |date=2011 |volume=35 |url=http://pubs.geothermal-library.org/lib/grc/1029283.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Raft River

|USA

|Idaho

|1979, 2012

|Hydraulic and thermal

|{{cite journal |last1=Bradford |first1=Jacob |title=Hydraulic and Thermal Stimulation Program at Raft River Idaho, A DOE EGS |journal=GRC Transactions |date=2015 |url=http://pubs.geothermal-library.org/lib/grc/1032159.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Blue Mountain

|USA

|Nevada

|2012

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Petty |first1=Susan |title=Current Status of Geothermal Stimulation Technology |journal=2016 GRC Annual Meeting Presentations |date=2016 |url=https://geothermal.org/Annual_Meeting/PDFs/Reservoir-Stimulation_2016/12Petty.pdf |access-date=2020-09-08 |archive-date=2020-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718225036/https://geothermal.org/Annual_Meeting/PDFs/Reservoir-Stimulation_2016/12Petty.pdf |url-status=dead }}

Rittershoffen

|France

|2013

|Thermal, hydraulic and chemical

|{{cite journal |last1=Baujard |first1=C |title=Hydrothermal characterization of wells GRT-1 and GRT-2 in Rittershoffen, France: Implications on the understanding of natural flow systems in the rhine graben |journal=Geothermics |date=1 January 2017 |volume=65 |pages=255–268 |doi=10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.11.001 |bibcode=2017Geoth..65..255B |language=en |issn=0375-6505|doi-access=free }}

Klaipėda

|Lithuania

|2015

|Jetting

|{{cite journal |last1=Nair |first1=R. |title=A case study of radial jetting technology for enhancing geothermal energy systems at Klaipėda geothermal demonstration plant |journal=42nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering |date=2017 |url=https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2017/Nair.pdf}}

Otaniemi

|Finland

|2016

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Ader |first1=Thomas |last2=Chendorain |first2=Michael |last3=Free |first3=Matthew |last4=Saarno |first4=Tero |last5=Heikkinen |first5=Pekka |last6=Malin |first6=Peter Eric |last7=Leary |first7=Peter |last8=Kwiatek |first8=Grzegorz |last9=Dresen |first9=Georg |last10=Bluemle |first10=Felix |last11=Vuorinen |first11=Tommi |title=Design and implementation of a traffic light system for deep geothermal well stimulation in Finland |journal=Journal of Seismology |date=29 August 2019 |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=991–1014 |doi=10.1007/s10950-019-09853-y |s2cid=201661087 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-019-09853-y |language=en |issn=1573-157X}}

South Hungary EGS Demo

|Hungary

|2016

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Garrison |first1=Geoffrey |title=The South Hungary Enhanced Geothermal System (SHEGS) Demonstration Project |journal=GRC Transactions |date=2016 |url=http://pubs.geothermal-library.org/lib/grc/1032340.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Pohang

|South Korea

|2016

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Kwang-Hee |last2=Ree |first2=Jin-Han |last3=Kim |first3=YoungHee |last4=Kim |first4=Sungshil |last5=Kang |first5=Su Young |last6=Seo |first6=Wooseok |title=Assessing whether the 2017 Mw 5.4 Pohang earthquake in South Korea was an induced event |journal=Science |date=1 June 2018 |volume=360 |issue=6392 |pages=1007–1009 |doi=10.1126/science.aat6081 |pmid=29700224 |bibcode=2018Sci...360.1007K |s2cid=13876371 |language=en |issn=0036-8075|doi-access=free }}

FORGE Utah

|USA

|Utah

|2016

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Joseph |title=The Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE): An International Laboratory for Enhanced Geothermal System Technology Development |journal=44th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering |date=2019 |url=https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2019/Moore.pdf}}

Reykjanes

|Iceland

|2006, 2017

|Thermal

|{{cite journal |last1=Friðleifsson |first1=Guðmundur Ómar |title=TheReykjanes DEEPEGS Demonstration Well –IDDP-2 |journal=European Geothermal Congress 2019 |date=2019 |url=http://europeangeothermalcongress.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/51.pdf}}

Roter Kamm (Schneeberg)

|Germany

|2018

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=Steffen |title=PetrothermalEnergyGenerationin Crystalline Rocks (Germany) |journal=Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 |date=2015 |url=https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2015/31000.pdf}}

United Downs Deep Geothermal Power (Redruth)

|UK

|2018

|Hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Ledingham |first1=Peter |title=The United Downs Deep Geothermal Power Project |journal=44th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering |date=2019 |url=https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/GeoConf/papers/SGW/2019/Law.pdf}}

Eden (St Austell)

|UK

|2018

|Hydraulic

|{{cite web |title=Understanding geothermal power |url=https://www.edenproject.com/geothermal-power-infographic |website=Eden Project |language=en |date=15 February 2014}}

Qiabuqia

|China

|2018

|Thermal and hydraulic

|{{cite journal |last1=Lei |first1=Zhihong |last2=Zhang |first2=Yanjun |last3=Yu |first3=Ziwang |last4=Hu |first4=Zhongjun |last5=Li |first5=Liangzhen |last6=Zhang |first6=Senqi |last7=Fu |first7=Lei |last8=Zhou |first8=Ling |last9=Xie |first9=Yangyang |title=Exploratory research into the enhanced geothermal system power generation project: The Qiabuqia geothermal field, Northwest China |journal=Renewable Energy |date=1 August 2019 |volume=139 |pages=52–70 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.088 |bibcode=2019REne..139...52L |s2cid=116422325 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.088 |language=en |issn=0960-1481}}

Vendenheim

|France

|2019

|{{cite journal |last1=Bogason |first1=Sigurdur G. |title=DEEPEGS project management -Lessons learned |journal=European Geothermal Congress 2019 |date=2019 }}

Project Red

|USA

|Nevada

|2023

|Hydraulic

|{{Cite web |last=Clifford |first=Catherine |date=2023-07-18 |title=Fervo Energy hits milestone in using oil drilling technology to tap geothermal energy |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/18/fervo-energy-hits-milestone-using-oil-drilling-tech-to-tap-geothermal.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=CNBC |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last1=Norbeck |first1=Jack Hunter |last2=Latimer |first2=Timothy |date=2023-07-18 |title=Commercial-Scale Demonstration of a First-of-a-Kind Enhanced Geothermal System |url=https://eartharxiv.org/repository/view/5704/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |journal=Eartharxiv ePrints |doi=10.31223/x52x0b |bibcode=2023EaArX...X52X0BN |language=en-US |type=preprint submitted to EarthArXiv}}

Cape Station

|USA

|Utah

|2023

|Hydraulic

|{{Cite web |title=Fracking for heat: Utah could become home to world's largest enhanced geothermal plant |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2024/03/09/fracking-heat-utah-could-become/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=The Salt Lake Tribune |language=en-US}}

=Australia=

The Australian government has provided research funding for the development of Hot Dry Rock technology. Projects include Hunter Valley (1999), Cooper Basin: Habanero (2002), Cooper Basin: Jolokia 1 (2002), and Olympic Dam (2005).{{Cite web |url=http://www.ret.gov.au/energy/energy%20programs/cei/acre/gdp/Pages/default.aspx |title=Geothermal Drilling Program |access-date=2010-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606181052/http://www.ret.gov.au/energy/energy%20programs/cei/acre/gdp/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2010-06-06 |url-status=dead }}

=European Union=

The EU's EGS R&D project at Soultz-sous-Forêts, France, connects a 1.5 MW demonstration plant to the grid. The Soultz project explored the connection of multiple stimulated zones and the performance of triplet well configurations (1 injector/2 producers). Soultz is in the Alsace.

Induced seismicity in Basel led to the cancellation of the EGS project there.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

The Portuguese government awarded, in December 2008, an exclusive license to Geovita Ltd to prospect and explore geothermal energy in one of the best areas in continental Portugal. Geovita is studying an area of about 500 square kilometers together with the Earth Sciences department of the University of Coimbra's Science and Technology faculty.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

=South Korea=

The Pohang EGS project started in December 2010, with the goal of producing 1 MW.{{cite web |url=http://www.destress-h2020.eu/en/demonstration-sites/pohang/ |title=DESTRESS - Pohang | publisher=DESTRESS |website=DESTRESS H2020 |access-date=January 3, 2019}}

The 2017 Pohang earthquake may have been linked to the activity of the Pohang EGS project. All research activities were stopped in 2018.

= United Kingdom =

=United States=

==Early days — Fenton Hill==

The first EGS effort — then termed Hot Dry Rock — took place at Fenton Hill, New Mexico with a project run by the federal Los Alamos Laboratory.{{Harvnb|Tester|2006|pp=4–7 to 4–13}} It was the first attempt to make a deep, full-scale EGS reservoir.

The EGS reservoir at Fenton Hill was completed in 1977 at a depth of about 2.6 km, exploiting rock temperatures of 185{{nbsp}}°C. In 1979 the reservoir was enlarged with additional hydraulic stimulation and was operated for about 1 year. The results demonstrated that heat could be extracted at reasonable rates from a hydraulically stimulated region of low-permeability hot crystalline rock. In 1986, a second reservoir was prepared for initial hydraulic circulation and heat extraction testing. In a 30-day flow test with a constant reinjection temperature of 20{{nbsp}}°C, the production temperature steadily increased to about 190{{nbsp}}°C, corresponding to a thermal power level of about 10{{nbsp}}MW. Budget cuts ended the study.

== 2000-2010 ==

In 2009, The US Department of Energy (USDOE) issued two Funding Opportunity Announcements (FOAs) related to enhanced geothermal systems. Together, the two FOAs offered up to $84 million over six years.

{{Cite web

| title = EERE News: DOE to Invest up to $84 Million in Enhanced Geothermal Systems

| access-date = 2009-07-04

| date = 2009-03-04

| url = http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12279

| archive-date = 2009-06-09

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090609171632/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12279

| url-status = dead

}}

The DOE opened another FOA in 2009 using stimulus funding from the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act for $350 million, including $80 million aimed specifically at EGS projects,{{Cite web

| title = Department of Energy – President Obama Announces Over $467 Million in Recovery Act Funding for Geothermal and Solar Energy Projects

| access-date = 2009-07-04

| date = 2009-05-27

| url = https://www.energy.gov/news2009/7427.htm

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090624215012/http://www.energy.gov/news2009/7427.htm

| archive-date = 2009-06-24

| url-status = dead

}}

== FORGE ==

== Cornell University — Ithaca, NY ==

Developing EGS in conjunction with a district heating system is a part in Cornell University's Climate Action Plan for their Ithaca campus.{{cite web|url=https://sustainablecampus.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/2019-01/Cornell%20University%20CAP%20Roadmap%20-%202013_0.pdf |last=Whang |first=Jyu |display-authors=et al. |title=Climate Action Plan & roadmap 2014-2015 |publisher=Cornell University |year=2013|access-date= 2020-12-07}} The project began in 2018 to determine feasibility, gain funding and monitor baseline seismicity.{{Cite web|title=Cornell's Commitment to a Sustainable Campus – Earth Source Heat|url=https://earthsourceheat.cornell.edu/cornells-commitment-to-sustainability/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=earthsourceheat.cornell.edu|archive-date=2020-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618074850/https://earthsourceheat.cornell.edu/cornells-commitment-to-sustainability/|url-status=dead}} The project received $7.2 million in USDOE funding.{{Cite web|title=$7.2M grant funds exploratory research into Earth Source Heat|url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2020/08/72m-grant-funds-exploratory-research-earth-source-heat|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Cornell Chronicle|language=en}} A test well was to be drilled in spring of 2021, at a depth of 2.5 –5 km targeting rock with a temperature > 85 °C. The site is planned to supply 20% of the campus' annual heating load. Promising geological locations for reservoir were proposed in the Trenton-Black River formation (2.2 km) or in basement crystalline rock (3.5 km).{{cite web|url=https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/WGC/papers/WGC/2020/35011.pdf |last=Tester|first= Jeffery |display-authors=et al. |title=District Geothermal Heating Using EGS Technology to Meet Carbon Neutrality Goals: A Case Study of Earth Source Heat for the Cornell University Campus |work=Proceedings World Geothermal Congress April 26-May 2, 2020 |date=April 26, 2020|access-date= 2020-12-07}} The 2 mile deep borehole was completed in 2022.{{Cite web |last=University |first=Office of Web Communications, Cornell |title=Earth Source Heat {{!}} Cornell University |url=https://earthsourceheat.cornell.edu/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Earth Source Heat {{!}} Cornell University |language=en}}

==EGS "earthshot"==

In September 2022, the Geothermal Technologies Office within the Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy announced an "Enhanced Geothermal Shot" as part of their Energy Earthshots campaign.{{cite web |title=DOE Launches New Energy Earthshot to Slash the Cost of Geothermal Power |url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-launches-new-energy-earthshot-slash-cost-geothermal-power |website=Department of Energy |date=8 September 2022 |access-date=18 January 2023}} The goal of the Earthshot is to reduce the cost of EGS by 90%, to $45/megawatt hour by 2035.{{cite web |title=Enhanced Geothermal Shot |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/enhanced-geothermal-shot |website=Department of Energy |access-date=18 January 2023}}

==Other federal funding and support==

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act authorized $84 million to support EGS development through four demonstration projects.{{cite web |author1=Ben Lefebvre |author2=Kelsey Tamborrino |title=Meet the renewable energy source poised for growth with the help of the oil industry |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/01/renewable-energy-source-oil-industry-00075008 |website=Politico |date=January 2023 |access-date=18 January 2023}} The Inflation Reduction Act extended the production tax credit (PTC) for renewable energy sources (including geothermal) until 2024 and included geothermal energy in the new Clean Electricity PTC to begin in 2024.{{cite journal |title=Inflation Reduction Act Summary |journal=Bipartisan Policy Center |date=August 4, 2022 |url=https://bipartisanpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Energy-IRA-Brief_R04-9.26.22.pdf}}

Induced seismicity

Induced seismicity is earth tremors caused by human activity. Seismicity is common in EGS, because of the high pressures involved.{{Harvnb|Tester|2006|pp=4–5 to 4–6}}{{Harvnb|Tester|2006|pp=8–9 to 8–10}} Seismicity events at the Geysers geothermal field in California are correlated with injection activity.{{Cite report |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0t19709v|title=The Impact of Injection on Seismicity at The Geyses, California Geothermal Field|first1=Ernest L.|last1=Majer|first2=John E.|last2=Peterson|date=May 21, 2008|via=escholarship.org}}

Induced seismicity in Basel led the city to suspend its project and later cancel the project.{{Citation

| last =Glanz

| first = James

| title = Quake Threat Leads Swiss to Close Geothermal Project

| newspaper = The New York Times

| date = 2009-12-10

| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/11/science/earth/11basel.html?_r=1}}

According to the Australian government, risks associated with "hydrofracturing induced seismicity are low compared to that of natural earthquakes, and can be reduced by careful management and monitoring" and "should not be regarded as an impediment to further development".{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA11478.pdf |title=Induced Seismicity and Geothermal Power Development in Australia |author=Geoscience Australia |publisher=Australian Government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011143551/http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA11478.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-11 }} Induced seismicity varies from site to site and should be assessed before large scale fluid injection.

EGS potential

= United States =

Image:Geothermal energy methods.png technologies.]]

A 2006 report by MIT, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, conducted the most comprehensive analysis to date on EGS. The report offered several significant conclusions:

Resource size: The report calculated United States total EGS resources at 3–10 km of depth to be over 13,000 zettajoules, of which over 200 ZJ were extractable, with the potential to increase this to over 2,000 ZJ with better technology.{{Cite book | last=Tester | first=Jefferson W. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) | title=The Future of Geothermal Energy – Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) on the United States in the 21st Century | year=2006 | publisher=Idaho National Laboratory | location=Idaho Falls | isbn=0-615-13438-6 | url=http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf | format=14MB PDF | access-date=2007-02-07 | display-authors=etal | archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110310030646/http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf | archive-date=2011-03-10 | url-status=dead }} It reported that geothermal resources, including hydrothermal and geo-pressured resources, to equal 14,000 ZJ — or roughly 140,000 times U.S. primary energy use in 2005.
Development potential: With an R&D investment of $1 billion over 15 years, the report estimated that 100 GWe (gigawatts of electricity) or more could be available by 2050 in the United States. The report further found that "recoverable" resources (accessible with today's technology) were between 1.2 and 12.2 TW for the conservative and moderate scenarios respectively.
Cost: The report claimed that EGS could produce electricity for as low as 3.9 cents/kWh. EGS costs were found to be sensitive to four main factors:
# Temperature of the resource
# Fluid flow through the system
# Drilling costs
# Power conversion efficiency

References

External links

EERE:
[https://web.archive.org/web/20090316171425/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/geothermal_basics.html Geothermal basics]
[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/pdfs/geo_hotdry_rock.pdf Hot Dry Rock (HDR)]
[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation.html How an Enhanced Geothermal System Works]
NREL: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140320125135/http://www.nrel.gov/gis/tools_gt_prospector.html Interactive Data Map - Geothermal Prospector Tool] (see Geothermal - Deep Enhanced Geothermal Potential)
[http://au.legalbusinessonline.com/news/breaking-news/31608/details.aspx Geothermal investment rocks says DLA Phillips Fox] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006082635/http://au.legalbusinessonline.com/news/breaking-news/31608/details.aspx |date=2011-10-06 }}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20160401010300/http://www.megsorg.org/ MEGSorg]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20121229225514/http://www.google.org/egs/ EGS]

Category:Power station technology

Category:Geothermal energy

Category:Machining

Enhanced geothermal system#European Union

Overview

Research and development

=Australia=

=European Union=

=South Korea=

= United Kingdom =

=United States=

==Early days — Fenton Hill==

== 2000-2010 ==

== FORGE ==

== Cornell University — Ithaca, NY ==

==EGS "earthshot"==

==Other federal funding and support==

Induced seismicity

EGS potential

= United States =

See also

References

External links