Enramycin
{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
{{Drugbox
| image = Enramycins.png
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number = 11115-82-5
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 4GP7CLG9EG
| PubChem = 56842192
| ATCvet = yes
| ATC_prefix = A07
| ATC_suffix = AA94
| C=107 | H=138
| Cl=2 | N=26 | O=31
}}
Enramycin (also known as enduracidin) is a polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fungicidus. Enramycin is widely used as a feed additive for pigs and chickens to prevent necrotic enteritis induced by Gram-positive gut pathogens.Schering-Plough. "Enramycin." Darou Gostar Group. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
Mechanism of action
Enramycin acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme MurG, which is essential for cell wall biosynthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. MurG catalyzes the transglycosylation reaction in the last step of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Inhibiting this step greatly compromises cell wall integrity leading to cell lysis.{{cite journal | vauthors = Fang X, Tiyanont K, Zhang Y, Wanner J, Boger D, Walker S | title = The mechanism of action of ramoplanin and enduracidin | journal = Molecular BioSystems | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 69–76 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16880924 | doi = 10.1039/b515328j }}
Spectrum of susceptibility
Enramycin has been found to be very effective against Gram-positive gut pathogens, most notably, Clostridium perfringens; a leading cause of necrotic enteritis.{{Citation needed|reason="leading cause" claim not found in toku-e.com reference below|date=May 2017}} The following represents MIC data for a couple of veterinary pathogens.{{cite web |url=http://www.toku-e.com/Assets/MIC/Enramycin.pdf |title=Enramycin Susceptibility and Resistance Data}}
- Clostridium perfringens: 0.05 μg/ml – 1.6 μg/ml
- Staphylococcus aureus: 0.013 μg/ml – 0.413 μg/ml
Composition
Standard grade enramycin is composed of two main components called enramycin A and enramycin B. These two components are routinely used as analytical reference standards; however, their activity as individual compounds does not appear to be widely studied or characterized.{{cite journal | vauthors = Inoue K, Hattori Y, Hino T, Oka H | title = An approach to on-line electrospray mass spectrometric detection of polypeptide antibiotics of enramycin for high-speed counter-current chromatographic separation | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis | volume = 51 | issue = 5 | pages = 1154–60 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20004073 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.11.010 }}