Enthesis

A disease of the entheses is known as an enthesopathy or enthesitis.{{cite journal | vauthors = Benjamin M, Toumi H, Ralphs JR, Bydder G, Best TM, Milz S |author4-link=Graeme Bydder | title = Where tendons and ligaments meet bone: attachment sites ('entheses') in relation to exercise and/or mechanical load | journal = Journal of Anatomy | volume = 208 | issue = 4 | pages = 471–490 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16637873 | pmc = 2100202 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00540.x }}

Enthetic degeneration is characteristic of spondyloarthropathy and other pathologies.

The enthesis is the primary site of disease in ankylosing spondylitis.

Entheses are widely recorded in the field of bioarchaeology where the presence of anomalies at these sites, called entheseal changes, has been used to infer repetitive loading to study the division of labour in past populations.{{Cite book|title=A Companion to Paleopathology| vauthors = Jurmain R, Cardoso FA, Henderson C, Villotte S |date=2011-01-01|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=9781444345940| veditors = Grauer AL |pages=531–552|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781444345940.ch29}} Several different recording methods have been proposed to record the variety of changes seen at these sites.{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hawkey DE, Merbs CF |date=1995-12-01|title=Activity-induced musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) and subsistence strategy changes among ancient Hudson Bay Eskimos|journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology|language=en|volume=5|issue=4|pages=324–338|doi=10.1002/oa.1390050403|issn=1099-1212}}{{Cite journal| vauthors = Henderson CY, Mariotti V, Pany-Kucera D, Villotte S, Wilczak C |date=2013-03-01|title=Recording Specific Entheseal Changes of Fibrocartilaginous Entheses: Initial Tests Using the Coimbra Method|journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=152–162|doi=10.1002/oa.2287|issn=1099-1212|hdl=10316/44423|s2cid=145571511 |hdl-access=free}}{{Cite journal | vauthors = Henderson CY, Mariotti V, Pany-Kucera D, Villotte S, Wilczak C |date=2016-09-01|title=The New 'Coimbra Method': A Biologically Appropriate Method for Recording Specific Features of Fibrocartilaginous Entheseal Changes|journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology|language=en|volume=26|issue=5|pages=925–932|doi=10.1002/oa.2477|issn=1099-1212|hdl=10316/44421| url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03147020/file/2015%20Henderson%20et%20al.%20New%20Coimbra%20method.pdf |hdl-access=free}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Mariotti V, Facchini F, Belcastro MG | title = Enthesopathies--proposal of a standardized scoring method and applications | journal = Collegium Antropologicum | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 145–159 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15636072 | url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?id_clanak=4894&show=clanak }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Mariotti V, Facchini F, Giovanna Belcastro M | title = The study of entheses: proposal of a standardised scoring method for twenty-three entheses of the postcranial skeleton | journal = Collegium Antropologicum | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 291–313 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17598416 | url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=43175 }}{{Cite web | vauthors = Villotte S |title=Practical protocol for scoring the appearance of some fibrocartilaginous entheses on the human skeleton |url=https://www.academia.edu/1427191|language=en}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Villotte S, Castex D, Couallier V, Dutour O, Knüsel CJ, Henry-Gambier D | title = Enthesopathies as occupational stress markers: evidence from the upper limb | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 142 | issue = 2 | pages = 224–234 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20034011 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.21217 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Villotte S, Assis S, Cardoso FA, Henderson CY, Mariotti V, Milella M, Pany-Kucera D, Speith N, Wilczak CA, Jurmain R | display-authors = 6 | title = In search of consensus: Terminology for entheseal changes (EC) | journal = International Journal of Paleopathology | volume = 13 | pages = 49–55 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 29539508 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijpp.2016.01.003 | hdl = 10316/44443 | s2cid = 3902457 | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02266502/file/Villotte%20et%20al.%20Termino%20auteur.pdf }}{{Cite journal |last1=Karakostis |first1=Fotios Alexandros |last2=Lorenzo |first2=Carlos |date=2016 |title=Morphometric patterns among the 3D surface areas of human hand entheses |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.22999 |journal=American Journal of Biological Anthropology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=694–707 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22999|pmid=27166777 |url-access=subscription }} However, research has shown that, whichever recording method is used, entheseal changes occur more frequently in older individuals.{{Cite journal| vauthors = Cardoso FA, Henderson C |date=2013-03-01|title=The Categorisation of Occupation in Identified Skeletal Collections: A Source of Bias?|journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=186–196|doi=10.1002/oa.2285|issn=1099-1212|hdl=10316/21142|hdl-access=free}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Michopoulou E, Nikita E, Valakos ED | title = Evaluating the efficiency of different recording protocols for entheseal changes in regards to expressing activity patterns using archival data and cross-sectional geometric properties | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 158 | issue = 4 | pages = 557–568 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26239396 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.22822 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Milella M, Giovanna Belcastro M, Zollikofer CP, Mariotti V | title = The effect of age, sex, and physical activity on entheseal morphology in a contemporary Italian skeletal collection | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 148 | issue = 3 | pages = 379–388 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22460619 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.22060 }}{{Cite journal| vauthors = Henderson CY, Mariotti V, Santos F, Villotte S, Wilczak CA |date=2017-06-20|title=The new Coimbra method for recording entheseal changes and the effect of age-at-death|journal=BMSAP|volume=29|issue=3–4|language=en|pages=140–149|doi=10.1007/s13219-017-0185-x|issn=0037-8984|hdl=10316/44430|s2cid=29420179|hdl-access=free}} Research demonstrates that diseases, such as ankylosing spondylitis and calcific tendinitis,{{cite journal | vauthors = Henderson CY | title = Do diseases cause entheseal changes at fibrous entheses? | journal = International Journal of Paleopathology | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 64–69 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 29539362 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijpp.2013.03.007 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 10316/44415 | s2cid = 3916560 }} also have to be taken into consideration. Experimental studies have demonstrated how loading history (physical activity) can increase the relative size of muscle attachment sites.{{cite journal | vauthors = Karakostis FA, Jeffery N, Harvati K | title = Experimental proof that multivariate patterns among muscle attachments (entheses) can reflect repetitive muscle use | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 16577 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31719626 | pmc = 6851080 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-53021-8 | bibcode = 2019NatSR...916577K }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Karakostis FA, Wallace IJ, Konow N, Harvati K | title = Experimental evidence that physical activity affects the multivariate associations among muscle attachments (entheses) | journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 222 | issue = Pt 23 | pages = jeb213058 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31712353 | pmc = 6918778 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.213058 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Castro AA, Karakostis FA, Copes LE, McClendon HE, Trivedi AP, Schwartz NE, Garland T | title = Effects of selective breeding for voluntary exercise, chronic exercise, and their interaction on muscle attachment site morphology in house mice | journal = Journal of Anatomy | volume = 240 | issue = 2 | pages = 279–295 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 34519035 | doi = 10.1111/joa.13547 | pmc = 8742976 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Karakostis |first1=Fotios Alexandros |last2=Wallace |first2=Ian J. |date=2023-01-31 |title=Climbing influences entheseal morphology in the humerus of mice: An experimental application of the VERA methodology |journal=American Journal of Biological Anthropology |volume=181 |language=en |pages=130–139 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.24700 |s2cid=256486347 |issn=2692-7691|doi-access=free }}

"Enthesis" is rooted in the Ancient Greek word, "ἔνθεσις" or "énthesis," meaning “putting in," or "insertion." This refers to the role of the enthesis as the site of attachment of bones with tendons or ligaments. Relatedly, in muscle terminology, the insertion is the site of attachment at the end with predominant movement or action (opposite of the origin). Thus the words (enthesis and insertion [of muscle]) are proximal in the semantic field, but insertion in reference to muscle can refer to any relevant aspect of the site (i.e., the attachment per se, the bone, the tendon, or the entire area), whereas enthesis refers to the attachment per se and to ligamentous attachments as well as tendinous ones.

• Sharpey's fibres

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.enthesis.info Enthesis information site] at www.enthesis.info
• [http://images.medscape.com/pi/editorial/cmecircle/2004/2890/images/slide13.gif Image of enthesis] at Medscape
• [http://www.chiroweb.com/archives/18/19/23.html Enthesopathy and Soft Tissue Shadows] at chiroweb.com

• {{cite journal | vauthors = Resnick D, Niwayama G | title = Entheses and enthesopathy. Anatomical, pathological, and radiological correlation | journal = Radiology | volume = 146 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–9 | date = January 1983 | pmid = 6849029 | doi = 10.1148/radiology.146.1.6849029 }}

{{Bone and cartilage}}

{{Joints}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Musculoskeletal system