Eochaid ab Rhun

{{chart top|collapsed=no|Simplified pedigree illustrating the kinship between Eochaid's family and the Pictish Alpínid dynasty.Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Walker (2013) ch. family trees tabs. 1, 5; Clarkson (2012a) ch. appendix a; Clarkson (2012b) ch. genealogical tables; Clarkson (2010) ch. genealogical tables; Broun (2004d) p. 135 tab.; Woolf (2007) pp. 257 tab. 6.6; Woolf (2002) p. 35 tab.; Lynch (2001) p. 680 tab.; Macquarrie (1998) p. 6 tab.; Duncan (1996) pp. 628–629 genealogical tree 1; Lynch (1991) p. 487 tab.; Collingwood (1920) p. 56 tab. The latter kindred is highlighted, and women are italicised.}}

{{tree chart/start|align=center|summary=Simplified pedigree illustrating the kinship between Eochaid's family and the Pictish Alpínid dynasty. The latter kindred is highlighted, and women are italicised.}}

{{tree chart |ART| | | | | | | | | |CIN| | | | | | |ART=Arthgal ap Dyfnwal |CIN=Cináed mac Ailpín|boxstyle_CIN = background-color: cornsilk}}

{{tree chart | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}

{{tree chart |RHU|v|DAU| |ÁE1|v|MAE|-|FLA| |CU1| |ÁE2|RHU=Rhun ab Arthgal |DAU=daughter |ÁE1=Áed Findliath mac Néill |ÁE2=Áed mac Cináeda |MAE=Máel Muire ingen Cináeda |FLA=Flann Sinna mac Maíl Shechnaill |CU1=Custantín mac Cináeda|boxstyle_DAU = background-color: cornsilk|boxstyle_ÁE2 = background-color: cornsilk|boxstyle_MAE = background-color: cornsilk|boxstyle_CU1 = background-color: cornsilk}}

{{tree chart | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}}

{{tree chart | | |EOC| | | | | |NIA| | | | | | | |DOM| |CU2|EOC=Eochaid |NIA=Niall Glúndub mac Áeda |CU2=Custantín mac Áeda |DOM=Domnall mac Custantín |boxstyle_CU2 = background-color: cornsilk|boxstyle_DOM = background-color: cornsilk}}

{{tree chart/end}}

{{chart bottom}}

File:Eochaid, son of Rhun (map1).png

Eochaid was a son of Rhun ab Arthgal, King of Strathclyde.Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Walker (2013) ch. family trees tab. 5; Clarkson (2012a) ch. appendix a; Clarkson (2012b) ch. genealogical tables; Clarkson (2010) ch. genealogical tables; Broun (2004d) p. 135 tab.; Lynch (2001) p. 680 tab.; Macquarrie (1998) p. 6 tab.; Duncan (1996) pp. 628–629 genealogical tree 1; Collingwood (1920) p. 56 tab. Rhun's patrilineal ancestry is evidenced by a pedigree preserved within a collection of tenth century Welsh genealogical material known as the Harleian genealogies. According to this source, he was descended from a long line of kings of Al Clud.Guy (2016) pp. 6 tab. 1, 22–23; Clarkson (2014) chs. genealogical tables, 1 ¶ 23, 2 ¶ 21; Clarkson (2010) chs. genealogical tables, introduction ¶ 12, 2 ¶ 35; Broun (2004d) p. 117; Dumville, DN (1999) p. 110; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331; Woolf (1998) pp. 159–160; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 134; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. clvii–clviii; Phillimore (1888) pp. 172–173; Skene (1867) p. 15. The ninth to twelfth century Chronicle of the Kings of Alba evinces that Rhun was married to a daughter of Cináed mac Ailpín, King of the Picts,Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Bartrum (2009) p. 286; Downham (2007) p. 163; Bhreathnach (2005) p. 269; Broun (2004d) p. 127; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 154; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 52, 55, 164 tab. 2a, 173 genealogy 6, 174 n. 3; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 363; Skene (1867) p. 9. and states that a product of the union was Eochaid himself.Bartrum (2009) pp. 286, 642; Clancy (2006b); Davidson (2002) p. 126; Hudson, BT (2002) p. 48; Woolf (2000) p. 147 n. 8; Macquarrie (1998) p. 13; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 154; Smyth (1989) p. 217; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 363; Skene (1867) p. 9.{{#tag:ref|Eochaid is not the only British contemporary known to have possessed a genealogical connection with the Pictish elite. For example, the tenth-century Life of St Cathróe reports that Cathróe was related to both the kings of Alba and Strathclyde.Evans (2015) p. 150; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 441; Skene (1867) p. 116; Colganvm (1645) p. 497 § xvii.|group=note}} Eochaid's maternal ancestry may be exemplified in the name he bore.Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Oram (2011) ch. 2. There is no known British form of the Gaelic {{lang|mga|Eochaid}}. In theory, a Pictish form of the name would be *{{lang|xpi|Ebid}} or *{{lang|xpi|Ebdei}}.Woolf (2007) pp. 62–63, 63 n. 32.{{#tag:ref|The personal name {{lang|mga|Eochaid}} is Celtic in origin, based upon an element meaning "horse" (for example, the Old Irish {{lang|sga|ech}} is derived from the Proto-Celtic {{lang|cel-x-proto|ekʷos}}).Koch (2006d). It was a very common Gaelic name.Busse; Koch (2006); Ó Corráin; Maguire (1981) pp. 86–87. In Dál Riata, the name may be associated with the Epidii. The name of this population group is derived from Proto-Celtic {{lang|cel-x-proto|Ekʷodii}}, meaning "horsemen". According to the early mediaeval genealogical tracts Cethri prímchenéla and Míniugud senchasa fher nAlban, the ultimate ancestor of the leading kindreds of Dál Riata was a man named Eochaid.Fraser (2009) p. 148.|group=note}}

File:Dumbarton Castle, 27 July 2006.jpg occupied Al Clud ("the rock of the Clyde").Yorke (2009) p. 49. The mediaeval citadel that sat atop this geological formation formed the capital of the Kingdom of Al Clud until the late ninth century.]]

In 870, during the reign of Rhun's father, Arthgal ap Dyfnwal, King of Al Clud, the fortress of Al Clud was captured and destroyed by the insular Scandinavian kings Amlaíb and Ímar.Jorgensen (2017) 48, 48 n. 145; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 870.6; McLeod, S (2015) pp. 3, 11; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Hudson, B (2014) p. 203; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 480; Downham (2013) p. 17; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 40; Fraser (2012) p. 71; Downham (2011) p. 192; Gigov (2011) p. 23; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 123–124; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 20; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2010) § 388; Davies (2009) p. 73, 73 n. 35; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 430; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2008) § 388; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 870.6; Downham (2007) pp. 66–67, 142, 240, 258; Woolf (2007) p. 109; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 88; Costambeys (2004); Valante (1998–1999) p. 245; Hicks (2003) p. 34; Driscoll, ST (1998a) p. 112; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38, 38 n. 141; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331, 331 n. 149; Crawford (1997) p. 50; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 50; Smyth (1989) p. 215; Holm (1986) p. 321; Brooks (1979) p. 6; Alcock (1975–1976) p. 106; McTurk (1976) p. 117 n. 173; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 301–302; Beaven (1918) p. 337 n. 36. In the following year, Amlaíb and Ímar returned to Ireland with a fleet of two hundred ships, and a mass of captives identified as English, British, and Pictish.Downham (2018) p. 49; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 871.2; Wadden (2016) p. 176; McLeod, S (2015) pp. 3, 11; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Hudson, B (2014) p. 204; Downham (2013) p. 17, 17 n. 38; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 871; Downham (2011) p. 192; Gigov (2011) p. 23; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 123–124, 171–172 n. 339; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 871; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 20; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2010) § 393; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (2008) § 393; Ó Corráin (2008) p. 430; Sheehan (2008) p. 289; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 871.2; Broun (2007) p. 80; Downham (2007) pp. 22–23, 66–67, 142, 240, 259; Woolf (2007) p. 109; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 88; Costambeys (2004); Hicks (2003) p. 34; Hudson, BT (2002) p. 33; Sawyer (2001) p. 10; Kelly; Maas (1999) p. 144; Driscoll, ST (1998a) p. 112; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38, 38 n. 142; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331, 331 n. 150; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 51; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 59; Smyth (1989) p. 215; Holm (1986) p. 321, 321 n. 10; Pelteret (1980) p. 106, 106 n. 64; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 319; Alcock (1975–1976) p. 106; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 302–303, 303 n. 1. Arthgal died in 872.Guy (2016) p. 5 n. 15; Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Evans (2015) p. 150; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 11; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 42; Woolf (2010) p. 225; Bartrum (2009) p. 29; Downham (2007) p. 163; Clancy (2006a); Clancy (2006c); Calise (2002) p. 197; Hicks (2003) pp. 16, 30; Dumville, DN (1999) pp. 110–111; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 52, 174 n. 1. The Annals of UlsterThe Annals of Ulster (2017) § 872.5; Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Evans (2015) p. 150; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 11, 3 n. 10; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 42; Woolf (2010) p. 225; Bartrum (2009) p. 29; Clancy (2009) p. 28; Davies (2009) p. 73, 73 n. 36; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 872.5; Downham (2007) p. 163; Clancy (2006a); Clancy (2006c); Hicks (2003) pp. 16, 30; Calise (2002) p. 197; Hudson, BT (2002) p. 41; Dumville, DN (1999) pp. 110–111; Macquarrie (1998) p. 12; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 52, 174 n. 1; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 60; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 304. and Chronicon Scotorum reveal that he was slain at the behest of Rhun's brother-in-law, Custantín mac Cináeda, King of the Picts.Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Evans (2015) p. 150; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 872; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 872; Calise (2002) p. 197; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 304 n. 2.{{#tag:ref|Arthgal's death is also reported by the reconstructed Chronicle of Ireland.Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Evans (2015) p. 150; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Charles-Edwards (2006) p. 324 § 872.5.|group=note}} The circumstances surrounding Arthgal's assassination are unknown,Clancy (2006a); Hudson, BT (1994) p. 52. and Rhun's reign probably commenced not long after his death.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 23; Woolf (2007) p. 111.

File:A view of the banks of the Clyde taken from York Hill.jpg at Govan. The scene shows a now-nonexistent artificial hill that could have been the royal assembly site of the Kingdom of Strathclyde following the fall of Al Clud.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 13; Crawford (2014) p. 77; Driscoll, S (2006); Driscoll, ST (2003) p. 80 ill. 32.{{#tag:ref|This site — identified in local tradition as "Doomster Hill" — was destroyed in the nineteenth century.Clarkson (2014) chs. 2 ¶ 50, 3 ¶ 13; Driscoll, ST (2003) p. 80; Driscoll, ST (2001c) Driscoll, ST (1998a) p. 101. The stepped sides of the hill are similar to those of some Scandinavian assembly sites in Britain and Ireland.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 13; Driscoll, S (2006); Driscoll, ST (2001c); Driscoll, ST (1998a) pp. 102–103.|group=note}}]]

Prior to its fall, the fortress of Al Clud served as the capital of Arthgal's Kingdom of Al Clud, and afterwards the capital appears to have relocated up the River Clyde to the vicinity of GovanFoley (2017); Driscoll, ST (2015) pp. 5, 7; Clarkson (2014) chs. 1 ¶ 23, 3 ¶ 11–12; Edmonds (2014) p. 201; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 9, 480–481; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 23; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 22; Davies (2009) p. 73; Oram (2008) p. 169; Downham (2007) p. 169; Clancy (2006c); Driscoll, S (2006); Forsyth (2005) p. 31; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 8, 10; Driscoll, ST (2003) pp. 81–82; Hicks (2003) pp. 32, 34; Driscoll, ST (2001a); Driscoll, ST (2001c); Driscoll, ST (1998a) p. 112. and Partick.Driscoll, ST (2015) pp. 5, 7; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 13; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 23; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 22; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 8, 10.{{#tag:ref|Al Clud had evidently been the principal stronghold of the Strathclyde Britons since the fifth century.Fraser (2012) p. 70 fig. 2.2.|group=note}} The relocation is partly exemplified by a shift in royal terminology. Until the fall of Al Clud, for example, the rulers of the realm were styled after the fortress; whereas following the loss of the site, the Kingdom of Al Clud came to be known as the Kingdom of Strathclyde in consequence to its reorientation towards Ystrad Clud (Strathclyde), the valley of the River Clyde.Driscoll, ST (2015) p. 5; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 11; Edmonds (2014) pp. 200–201; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 23; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 26; Downham (2007) p. 162 n. 158; Clancy (2006c); Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 8, 10; Hicks (2003) pp. 15, 16, 30. Either Arthgal or Rhun could have been the first monarch to rule the reconstructed realm of Strathclyde.Clarkson (2014) chs. 1 ¶ 23, 3 ¶ 18.

It is uncertain when Rhun's reign and life ended.Broun (2004d) p. 127 n. 61; Macquarrie (1998) p. 13 n. 2. One possibility is that Rhun died in 876 when Custantín seems to have been slain by Vikings.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25. Custantín's death is dated to 876 by the Annals of Ulster.The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 876.1; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 46; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 876.1; Calise (2002) p. 197; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 352; Inverdovat (n.d.). The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba appears to locate his fall in Atholl,Woolf (2007) pp. 111–112; Smyth (1989) p. 195; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 148–149, 154; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 353, 353 n. 1; Skene (1867) p. 8. whilst several king-lists locate his demise to a place variously called {{lang|la|Inverdufat}},Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 46; Woolf (2007) p. 112; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 40, § 40 n. 50; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 333, 333 n. 161; Smyth (1989) p. 195; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 353, 353 n. 3, 355 n. 4; Skene (1886) pp. 327–328 n. 103; Skene (1867) pp. 151, 174, 288, 301; Inverdovat (n.d.). an otherwise uncertain locationWoolf (2007) p. 112; Broun (2004a); Ó Corráin (1998a) § 40 n. 50; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 333 n. 161. that might refer to Inverdovat in Fife.Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 47; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Crawford (2000) p. 125; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 40 n. 50; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 333 n. 161; Smyth (1989) p. 195; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 353 n. 3; Skene (1886) pp. 327, 327–328 n. 103; Inverdovat (n.d.).{{#tag:ref|The twelfth-century Prophecy of Berchán also locates Custantín's death to a place name that may refer to Inverdovat.Hudson, BT (2002) p. 41; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 43 § 130, 85 § 130, 85 n. 81; Anderson, AO (1930) p. 40 § 128; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 355, 355 n. 4; Skene (1886) pp. 327, 327–328 n. 103; Skene (1867) p. 86; Inverdovat (n.d.).|group=note}}

File:Áed mac Cináeda (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489, folio 26r).jpg as it appears on folio 26r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489 (the Annals of Ulster).The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 878.2; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 878.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.). As far as the Irish annals are concerned, Áed was the last King of the Picts. Nevertheless, other sources report that Áed was succeeded by Eochaid and Giric.Woolf (2009) pp. 251–252.]]

It is uncertain who assumed the kingship of Strathclyde after Rhun.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Downham (2007) p. 163. If Rhun and Custantín both died in 876, Eochaid could well have succeeded his father.Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25. Certainly, Custantín's brother, Áed mac Cináeda, succeeded as King of the Picts and ruled as such upon his death two years later.Broun (2015a); Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Woolf (2007) p. 116; Broun (2004a); Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 54–55; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 4; Smyth (1989) p. 215. Whilst the Annals of Ulster reports that Áed was killed by his own companions,The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 878.2; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Anderson, MO (2010) p. 124 n. 69; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Woolf (2009) p. 251; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 878.2; Woolf (2007) p. 116; Calise (2002) p. 172; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Broun (1997) p. 122, 122 n. 50; Wormald (1996) p. 149; Lynch (1991) p. 44; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 356. several mediaeval king-lists state that he was slain by a certain Giric.Woolf (2007) p. 116; Calise (2002) pp. 166–167, 173, 233; Duncan (2002) p. 11; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 357, 357 n. 2; Skene (1867) pp. 151, 204, 288, 301, 400. Quite who reigned as king after Áed is uncertain, although there are several plausible possibilities.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24.

File:Barochan Cross 20120410.jpg, a stone high cross,Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ill.; Driscoll; O'Grady; Forsyth (2005); Allen; Anderson (1903) pp. 456 fig. 475a, 458–459 fig. 475b. dating between the eighth and tenth century.Laing (2000) p. 97; Keppie; Newall; Alldrit et al. (1996) p. 41 n. 2. This British monument is an example of the so-called 'Govan School' of sculpture.Driscoll; O'Grady; Forsyth (2005); Laing (2000) p. 97.]]

According to the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, Eochaid succeeded Áed and held the kingship for eleven years. The chronicle adds that it was further said that Giric also reigned during this period because he was Eochaid's {{lang|la|alumnus}}Broun (2015c); Evans (2015) p. 150; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Woolf (2009) pp. 252; Downham (2007) p. 163; Woolf (2007) pp. 118–119; Clancy (2006b); Broun (2004c); Broun (2004d) p. 127; Duncan (2002) pp. 11–12; Dumville, D (2000) p. 78; Woolf (2000) p. 147 n. 8; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 154–155, 155 n. 26; Macquarrie (1998) p. 13, 13 n. 3; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Smyth (1989) p. 216; Cowan (1981) pp. 10–11; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 363–364, 364 n. 1; Collingwood (1920) p. 58; Skene (1867) p. 9. ("foster father",Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Broun (2004c); Duncan (2002) pp. 11–12; Dumville, D (2000) p. 78; Hudson, BT (1998) p. 141, 155, 155 n. 26; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Smyth (1989) p. 217; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 364, 364 n. 1. "guardian") and {{lang|la|ordinator}} ("guardian",Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Broun (2004c); Smyth (1989) p. 217; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 364. "governor",Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Woolf (2007) p. 120. or "king-maker").Woolf (2007) p. 120. A solar eclipse is also noted during their reigns—an event dated to the feast of St Ciricius—and the two are stated to have been ejected from the kingdom.

The chronicle reports that Áed Findliath mac Néill died in the second year of Eochaid's reign. Since Áed indeed expired in 879, the chronicle's chronology is evidently accurate for the outset of Eochaid's reign.Woolf (2007) pp. 118–119. As for the eclipse, the chronicle appears to place it in the context of the final year of Eochaid's kingship.Woolf (2007) pp. 118–119; Cowan (1981) p. 10. Nevertheless, it is clear that the eclipse is identical to that which took place on 16 June 885,Woolf (2007) p. 119; Clancy (2006b); Broun (2004c); Dumville, D (2000) p. 78; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 134, 155 n. 27; McCarthy; Breen (1997) p. 16; Cowan (1981) p. 10; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 364 n. 3. as 16 June is certainly the feast day of at least one saint named Ciricius.Woolf (2007) p. 119; Thurston; Attwater (1990) pp. xviii, 553; Cowan (1981) p. 10; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 364 n. 3; Stokes (1895) p. 117; Ciric the Child Martyr (n.d.).{{#tag:ref|The feast day is that of St Cyricus, a fourth-century child martyr who was executed with his mother, Julitta, in Tarsus.Farmer (2004) § Cyricus and Julitta; Thurston; Attwater (1990) pp. xviii, 553; Cowan (1981) p. 10; Forbes (1872) p. 117; Ciric the Child Martyr (n.d.). This saint's name likely lies behind the historic Scottish place name of Lungyrg, now Kinneff and Catterline;Taylor (1998) p. 20. and of Ecclesgrieg, now known as St Cyrus.Clancy (2013) p. 20; Taylor (1998) p. 20; Cowan (1981) p. 10; Ciric the Child Martyr (n.d.). The handful of known dedications to St Cyricus in England, Scotland, and Wales probably date to the eighth century.Clancy (2013) p. 20. It is possible that Giric regarded him as his patron saint.Jackson (2008) p. 48; Cowan (1981) p. 10; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 364 n. 3; Ciric the Child Martyr (n.d.).|group=note}} Since the dates given by the chronicle and the Annals of Ulster show that there was an eleven-year gap between the previous reign and the next, it is evident that the eclipse indeed occurred in the midst of Eochaid's reign.Woolf (2007) p. 119. The chronicle's inconsistency in regard to the eclipse may owe itself to an attempt to increase the dramatic effect of the regime change by associating a remarkable astronomical event with Eochaid's expulsion.Woolf (2007) p. 119; Clancy (2006b).

Other than the chronicle, the only source to associate both Eochaid and Giric as kings is the twelfth century The Prophecy of Berchán.Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 44–45 §§ 134–140, 85–86 §§ 134–140; Anderson, AO (1930) pp. 40–42 §§ 132–138; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 366–367; Skene (1867) pp. 87–88. According to the latter, Eochaid ruled as king for thirteen years until he was expelled and succeeded by Giric (described as "the son of fortune").Macquarrie (1998) p. 13; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 44–45 §§ 134–140, 85–86 §§ 134–140; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 55–57; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7; Anderson, AO (1930) pp. 40–42 §§ 132–138; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 366–367, 366 n. 3; Skene (1867) pp. 87–88. The discrepancies between the two sources may partly stem from an ethnic bias. Certainly, The Prophecy of Berchán is critical of Eochaid's British heritage whilst Giric is celebrated as a Scot.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 25; Hudson, BT (1998) p. 154 n. 23; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 55–56; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 44–45 §§ 134–140, 85–86 §§ 134–140; Anderson, AO (1930) pp. 40–42 §§ 132–138; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 366–367; Skene (1867) pp. 87–88.

File:Giric (Lat. 4126, folio 30v).jpg p. 131; Lat. 4126 (n.d.) fol. 30v.]]

Giric's familial origins are uncertain.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24; Jackson (2008) p. 47; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 56. According to several versions of the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba his father's name was {{lang|mga|Dúngal}},Jackson (2008) p. 47; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 357, 357 n. 2; Skene (1867) pp. 151, 174, 288, 301. whereas certain versions of the Verse Chronicle equate his father's name to {{lang|mga|Domnall}}.Jackson (2008) p. 47; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 56; Stevenson (1835) p. 224; Skene (1867) p. 178 nn. 4–5. Although it is possible that Giric's association with kingship stems from an ancestral claim, the evidence for this is uncertain.Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123. Giric need not have possessed any claim of his own,Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Broun (2004c); Duncan (1996) pp. 115–116 n. 29. and could have merely played the role of kingmaker, by orchestrating the removal of Áed, and installing Eochaid in his place.Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Woolf (2007) pp. 120–121.

File:Govan sarcophagus, black and white (cropped horseman).jpg; Driscoll, ST (1998a) pp. 108–109; Renwick; Lindsay (1921) pp. 38–39 pl. 10. This monument is perhaps the finest example of the "Govan School" of sculpture. The sarcophagus could be that of Custantín mac Cináeda,Driscoll, ST (2014). the Pictish king who orchestrated the death of Eochaid's paternal grandfather.]]

Nevertheless, there is also reason to suspect that Giric's patronym, "son of Dúngal", may actually refer to an early form of the Welsh {{lang|cy|Dyfnwal}} rather than the Gaelic {{lang|mga|Dúngal}}.Anderson, MO (2010) pp. 123–124 n. 68; Jackson (2008) pp. 47-48; Bruford (2000) p. 65, 65 n. 76; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 56; Skene (1886) p. 330.{{#tag:ref|The Gaelic personal names {{lang|mga|Dúngal}} and {{lang|mga|Domnall}} are unrelated.Jackson (2008) p. 47; Ó Corráin; Maguire (1981) pp. 75, 80. The latter is a cognate of the Welsh {{lang|cy|Dyfnwal}},Woolf (2007) pp. xiii, 184, 184 n. 17; Koch (2006b); Bruford (2000) pp. 64, 65 n. 76; Schrijver (1995) p. 81. which in turn corresponds to the Old Welsh/Cumbric {{lang|xcb|Dumnagual}},Koch; Minard (2006a); Koch (2006c); Jackson (2008) p. 47; Bruford (2000) p. 65 n. 76. and {{lang|xcb|Dumngual}}.Koch; Minard (2006a).|group=note}} If correct, Giric's patronym could be evidence that his father was Dyfnwal ap Rhydderch, King of Al Clud and that Giric was a brother of Arthgal.Jackson (2008) pp. 47–48; Bruford (2000) p. 65; Collingwood (1920) p. 56 tab.; Skene (1886) p. 330. Such a relationship could indicate that Giric's apparent killing of Áed was undertaken in the context of avenging Arthgal's demise at Custantín's behest.Bruford (2000) p. 65 n. 76. If Giric and Eochaid were indeed both descendants of Dyfnwal, Eochaid could well have ruled as king under the tutelage of Giric, his granduncle.Jackson (2008) pp. 47-48; Bruford (2000) p. 65.{{#tag:ref|Alternately, if Giric's father was indeed named Dúngal, it could be evidence that he was a member of Cenél Loairn,Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Hudson, BT (2002) p. 49; Grant (2000) p. 97; Hudson, BT (1998) p. 142; Broun (1996); Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 57, 166 tab. 2b, 170 tab. genealogy 3. a Gaelic kindred which was ruled by a like-named king in the eighth century, Dúngal mac Selbaig. If this relationship is correct, Giric's actions could have been conducted in the context of a continuous rivalry between Cenél Loairn and Cenél nGabráin, a Gaelic kindred which later Alpínids were alleged to have descended from.Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 57.|group=note}}

Giric's patronym may instead identify him as a son of Domnall mac Ailpín.Walker (2013) ch. family trees tab. 1; Oram (2011) ch. 5; Anderson, MO (2010) pp. 123–124 n. 68; Jackson (2008) p. 47; Bruford (2000) p. 65 n. 76; Duncan (1996) pp. 115–116 n. 29, 628–629 genealogical tree 1; Lynch (1991) p. 487 tab.; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) pp. 134, 143; Smyth (1989) pp. 220–221 tab 4. If such a parentage is correct, it would certainly mean that Giric possessed a strong claim to the Pictish throne.Jackson (2008) p. 47. The fact that Áed seems to have succeeded Custantín could indicate that Giric had been denied the kingship. Such a possibility could account for Giric's apparent killing of Áed. It could also reveal that Giric received or was reliant upon significant assistance from Eochaid — in this case his maternal kinsmanWalker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 48; Oram (2011) chs. 2, 5; Smyth (1989) p. 216. — which would in turn account for the evidence that Giric and Eochaid shared the Pictish kingship in some manner.Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 48; Oram (2011) chs. 2, 5.

File:Cináed mac Ailpín (Lat. 4126, folio 30v).jpg, as it appears on folio 30v of Lat. 4126: "{{lang|la|Kynedus filius Alpini}}{{-"}}. Eochaid's maternal Alpínid ancestry could well account for his association with the Pictish kingship.]]

Conversely, it could have been Eochaid who claimed the kingship by right of his maternal Alpínid ancestry.Anderson, MO (2010) p. 123; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Macquarrie (1998) p. 13; Lynch (1991) p. 453 n. 18; Macquarrie (1990) p. 8. If this was indeed the case, one possibility is that Eochaid was only able to hold authority in conjunction with Giric — either as an ally or client,Macquarrie (1998) p. 13; Macquarrie (1990) p. 8. or perhaps as a youthful ward under Giric's guardianship. In the ninth century, the term {{lang|la|ordinator}} was used to describe the relationship between a powerful ruler and a satellite. One such example is the establishment of Bran mac Fáeláin as King of Leinster by Niall Caille mac Áeda, King of Tara.The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 835.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 835.1; Hudson, BT (2004a); Hudson, BT (1998) p. 142; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206. As such, the terminology employed by the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba could reveal that Giric — as {{lang|la|ordinator}} — similarly established Eochaid as king.Hudson, BT (1998) p. 142; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206.

It is conceivable that Eochaid ruled over both the Strathclyde Britons and Picts.Downham (2007) p. 163. If so, he could have initiated his royal career as King of Strathclyde before succeeding as King of the Picts.Clancy (2006b); Collingwood (1920) p. 57. In fact, the evidence of shared kingship may merely mean that Eochaid ruled the British kingdom whilst Giric ruled the Pictish realm.Oram (2011) ch. 5; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 25; Duncan (2002) p. 12; Smyth (1989) p. 216. As such, it is possible that Giric was successful in imposing some form of authority over the Kingdom of Strathclyde during Eochaid's floruit.Oram (2011) ch. 5.{{#tag:ref|The Prophecy of Berchán certainly hints that the Britons endured subordination during Giric's reign.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 26; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 44 §§ 136–138, 85 §§ 136–138; Anderson, AO (1930) pp. 41 §§ 134–136; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 366–367; Skene (1867) pp. 87–88.|group=note}} If correct, the price for Eochaid's assistance may have been the preservation of the British realm from other descendants of Cináed.Smyth (1989) p. 216. The fact that Eochaid's grandfather died in 872 could indicate that, if his father died soon after, Eochaid may have succeeded to the kingship of Strathclyde as a youth.Duncan (2002) p. 12.{{#tag:ref|Although the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba identifies Eochaid as a maternal grandson of Cináed, and numbers the years of his reign to eleven, the source abruptly ends Giric's patronym without actually naming a father ("{{lang|la|Ciricium filium}}"). This could be evidence that the chronicle has erroneously attributed an Alpínid ancestral connection to Eochaid instead of Giric.Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 § 25; Duncan (2002) p. 12; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 154–155; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 363–364; Skene (1867) p. 9.|group=note}}

The remarkable uncertainty surrounding the Pictish kingship during this period means that it is also possible that Eochaid and Giric were rivals rather than allies.Broun (2004c). An adversarial relationship between the two may well be evidenced by The Prophecy of Berchán which gives a negative account of the Britons during Giric's tenure.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 25; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 44–45 §§ 134–140, 85–86 §§ 134–140, 206; Anderson, AO (1930) pp. 40–42 §§ 132–138; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 366–367; Skene (1867) pp. 87–88.

File:Hogsback Stones within the Nave.jpgs on display in Govan. These massive sculpted monuments show influence of Scandinavian, Pictish, English, and Gaelic artistry.Downham (2007) p. 170. They probably marked the graves of the royalty and nobility of the Kingdom of Strathclyde. Such stones are found in regions of northern Britain settled by Vikings.]]

It is not until the turn of the tenth century before sources cast light upon the history of the Kingdom of Strathclyde.Evans (2015) p. 150; Clarkson (2014) chs. 3 ¶ 26, 4 ¶ 12.{{#tag:ref|Although it is sometimes claimed that Brut y Tywysogyon contains a passage dictating that the Strathclyde Britons were forced to relocate to Gwynedd in about 890,Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶¶ 27–30; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 482 n. 68; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 27; Woolf (2007) pp. 155–156; Hicks (2003) pp. 34–35, 34 n. 76; Macquarrie (1998) p. 13; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 57–58, 56 n. 69; Macquarrie (1990) pp. 7–8; Smyth (1989) pp. 217–218; Macquarrie (1986) pp. 14–15; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 368; Jones; Williams; Pughe (1870) p. 688; Skene (1868) pp. 181–182. the passage is actually derived from an early nineteenth century forgery perpetrated by Iolo Morganwg.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 28; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 482 n. 68; Woolf (2007) pp. 155–156; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 57–58, 56 n. 69. The claim is otherwise not attested by any historical source.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 30; Hicks (2003) p. 35.|group=note}} At some point after the loss of Al Clud, the Kingdom of Strathclyde appears to have undergone a period of expansion.Dumville, DN (2018) p. 118; Driscoll, ST (2015) pp. 6–7; Edmonds (2015) p. 44; James (2013) pp. 71–72; Parsons (2011) p. 123; Davies (2009) p. 73; Downham (2007) pp. 160–161, 161 n. 146; Woolf (2007) p. 153; Breeze (2006) pp. 327, 331; Clancy (2006c); Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 9–10; Hicks (2003) pp. 35–38, 36 n. 78. Although the precise chronology is uncertain, by 927 the southern frontier appears to have reached the River Eamont, close to Penrith.Dumville, DN (2018) pp. 72, 110, 118; Edmonds (2015) pp. 44, 53, 62; Charles-Edwards (2013a) p. 20; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 9, 481; Davies (2009) p. 73, 73 n. 40; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Parsons (2011) p. 138 n. 62; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 10; Downham (2007) p. 165; Woolf (2007) p. 154; Clancy (2006c); Todd (2005) p. 96; Hicks (2003) pp. 35–38; Stenton (1963) p. 328.{{#tag:ref|On one hand, it is possible that the southern expansion of the realm accounts for the evidence of the mediaeval cults of St Constantine, St Patrick, and St Kentigern, stretching south from the Clyde down into England.Clancy (2009) pp. 28–29; Davies (2009) p. 76; Edmonds (2009) pp. 60–61. On the other hand, there is also reason to suspect that this swathe of church dedications stems from a much later period, in the twelfth century.Davies (2009).|group=note}} The catalyst for this southern extension may have been the dramatic decline of the Kingdom of Northumbria at the hands of conquering Scandinavians,Lewis (2016) p. 15; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 9, 481–482; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Breeze (2006) pp. 327, 331; Hicks (2003) pp. 35–38, 36 n. 78; Woolf (2001); Macquarrie (1998) p. 19; Fellows-Jensen (1991) p. 80. and the expansion may have been facilitated by cooperation between the Cumbrians and insular Scandinavians in the late ninth- and early tenth centuries.Evans (2015) pp. 150–151; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 481–482.{{#tag:ref|The expansion of the Cumbrian kingdom may be perceptible in some of the place names of southern Scotland and northern England.James (2013) p. 72; James (2011); James (2009) p. 144, 144 n. 27; Millar (2009) p. 164.|group=note}} Amiable relations between these powers may be evidenced by the remarkable collection of contemporary Scandinavian-influenced sculpture at Govan.Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 482; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 24; Downham (2007) pp. 162, 170. There is reason to suspect that Eochaid reigned during this expansion of the Kingdom of Strathclyde.Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Downham (2007) p. 163; Macquarrie (1998) p. 19; Collingwood (1920) pp. 57–58. The Pictish and British realms are certainly not recorded to have been assailed by Vikings during Eochaid's floruit.Evans (2015) pp. 150–151. Furthermore, a union of the Pictish and British kingdoms could well have allowed him to extend British authority southward.Downham (2007) p. 163; Hicks (2003) p. 35.

File:Domnall mac Custantín (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489, folio 27v).jpg, the first recorded King of Alba, as it appears on folio 27v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489.The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 900.6; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 900.6; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).]]

As for the Scottish kingdom, the succeeding king is identified as Domnall mac Custantín by the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba.Woolf (2007) pp. 122–123; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 149, 155; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 395–396; Skene (1867) p. 9. Domnall's kingship is corroborated by the Annals of Ulster and Chronicon Scotorum which report his death in 900.The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 900.6; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 900; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 900; Woolf (2007) p. 122; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 900.6. The fact the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba accords Domnall an eleven-year reign places the inception of his rule in 889 and therefore corroborates the eleven-year reign accorded to Eochaid. Domnall is the first monarch to be styled King of Alba by a contemporary annalistic source.Evans (2015) p. 151 n. 96; Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 50; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 24; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 48; Anderson, MO (2010) p. 124; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 26; Hadley (2009) p. 203; Charles-Edwards (2008) p. 170; Broun (2007) pp. 21, 33 n. 115; Woolf (2007) p. 320 n. 18; Charles-Edwards (2006) p. 343 n. 2; Clancy (2006a); Forsyth (2005) p. 32; Broun (2004b); Foster (2004) p. 108; Davidson (2002) p. 128; Bruford (2000) p. 59; Woolf (2000) p. 151; Veitch (1998) p. 199 n. 34; Bannerman (1997) p. 35; Lynch (1991) p. 40; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 103. Prior to about this period, the Gaelic {{lang|mga|Alba}} stood for "Britain".Downham (2017) p. 91; Koch (2006a); Broun (1997) p. 113 n. 6. In fact, the shifting terminology employed by various English, Irish, and Scottish sources may be evidence that the Pictish realm underwent a radical transformation during this period in history.Charles-Edwards (2008) p. 170; Broun (2007) pp. 72–75; Broun (2004b); Broun (1997) p. 113 n. 6.

File:Picts (British Library Cotton MS Tiberius B I, folio 124r).jpg): "{{lang|ang|Peohtas}}".O'Keeffe (2001) p. 43; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.). The excerpt refers to eighth century Picts of the Kingdom of the Picts.]]

For example, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle identifies the Irish as {{lang|ang|Scottas}} up until the 890s.Woolf (2009) p. 251; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 170, 187; Swanton (1998) p. 82; Thorpe (1861) pp. 160–161. By the 920s, this term came to be accorded to the people formerly regarded as PictishCharles-Edwards (2008) pp. 170, 187; Swanton (1998) pp. 104–105; Thorpe (1861) pp. 196–197. (and last recorded as such in the 870s).Woolf (2009) p. 251; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 170, 187; Woolf (2007) pp. 117, 124; Swanton (1998) pp. 74–75; Thorpe (1861) pp. 144–145.{{#tag:ref|One version of the eleventh-century Lebor Bretnach alleges that the last Pictish king was a certain Custantín. This man appears to be identical to Custantín mac Cináeda, and the record itself appears to reveal that—by the eleventh century at least—this monarch's demise marked the end of the Pictish realm. In fact, the Picts' final attestation by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refers to the Viking campaigning that evidently brought about Custantín's destruction.The Irish Version of (2015) § historia 27; The Irish Version of (2009) § historia 27; Woolf (2007) p. 124.|group=note}} As for the Irish annals—specifically the hypothesised Chronicle of Ireland—the terms {{lang|la|Picti}} and {{lang|la|rex Pictorum}} ("king of the Picts") are last accorded to the Picts and their kings in the 870s.The Annals of Ulster (2017) §§ 875.3, 876.1, 878.2; Broun (2015b) p. 120; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 876; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 876; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 170, 187; The Annals of Ulster (2008) §§ 875.3, 876.1, 878.2; Broun (2007) pp. 84, 89 n. 6; Charles-Edwards (2006) pp. 326 § 875.3, 326 § 876.1, 328 § 878.3, 343 n. 2; Davidson (2002) p. 128; Bruford (2000) p. 59 n. 52; Broun (1997) p. 112, 122 nn. 2–3, 122 n. 50. In fact, the last Pictish king to be styled thus was Domnall's uncle, Áed.Woolf (2009) pp. 251–252; Broun (2007) p. 72; Woolf (2007) pp. 117, 340; Broun (1997) p. 112. By the 900s, the terms {{lang|mga|fir Alban}} ("men of Alba") and {{lang|mga|rí Alban}} ("king of Alba") are utilised for these people.The Annals of Ulster (2017) §§ 900.6, 918.4; Broun (2015b) pp. 119–120; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 900; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 900; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 170, 187; The Annals of Ulster (2008) §§ 900.6, 918.4; Broun (2007) pp. 21, 33 n. 115, 72, 84, 89 n. 6; Charles-Edwards (2006) p. 343 § 900.9, 343 n. 2; Broun (2004b); Duncan (2002) p. 14; Davidson (2002) p. 128; Bruford (2000) p. 59, 59 n. 52; Broun (1997) pp. 112, nn. 2–3, 124 n. 56; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 59. The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba last utilises the term {{lang|la|Pictavia}} in the midst of Domnall's reign. Thereafter, the realm is called {{lang|la|Albania}}.Anderson, MO (2010) p. 124; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 170, 180, 187; Broun (2007) pp. 72–73, 84–85; Charles-Edwards (2006) p. 343 n. 2; Foster (2004) p. 108; Woolf (2000) pp. 151–152; Broun (1997) p. 118 n. 33; Lynch (1991) p. 40.

File:Scottish people (British Library Cotton MS Tiberius B I, folio 141r).jpg p. 77; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.). The excerpt refers to tenth-century Scottish people of the Kingdom of Alba.]]

There is reason to suspect that the political and dynastic upheaval endured by the Pictish realm in the last quarter of the ninth century was the catalyst for a radically new political order based upon the reestablishment of the Alpínids in the kingship.Broun (2007) p. 73; Broun (2004b); Broun (1997) pp. 115, 123–124. Alternately, the transformation could have taken place specifically during the floruit of Giric and Eochaid. For instance, it is conceivable that Giric gained the throne by seizing upon the upheaval caused by the incessant Viking depredations that assailed Pictavia. At an earlier date, the Gaelic realm of Dál Riata appears to have crumbled under such pressures, and it is possible that Giric drew military power from this broken polity to forcefully seize the Pictish throne. In any case, the accommodation of significant Gaelic aristocratic power in the wavering Pictish realm could account for the eventual transformation of Pictavia into Alba.Woolf (2007) pp. 321, 340–342, 351.{{#tag:ref|The last notice of the Dál Riata by a contemporary secular source is the Annals of Ulster's report of Conall mac Taidg's slaying in 807.The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 807.3; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 807.3; Woolf (2007) p. 59.|group=note}}

File:Máel Muire ingen Cináeda (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489, folio 28v).jpg, as it appears on folio 28v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489.The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 913.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 913.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).]]

The temporary exclusion of the Alpínids from the Pictish throne could well have meant that they endured exile in Ireland.Woolf (2007) pp. 321–322. Certainly, Domnall's paternal aunt, Máel Muire ingen Cináeda, possessed significant Irish connections as the wife of two successive kings of Tara—Áed Findliath and Flann Sinna mac Maíl ShechnaillClarkson (2012a) ch. appendix a; Clarkson (2012b) ch. genealogical tables; Broun (2007) p. 96 n. 84; Woolf (2007) pp. 257 tab. 6.6, 321–322; Herbert (2000) pp. 68–69; Broun (1997) p. 117; Hudson, BT (1998) p. 157 nn. 41–42; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 120, 134; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 171 genealogy 4.—and the mother of another—Niall Glúndub mac Áeda.Woolf (2007) pp. 257 tab. 6.6, 321–322; Bhreathnach (2005) p. 269; Hudson, BT (2004b); Herbert (2000) pp. 69–70; Hudson, BT (1998) p. 157 n. 42; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 120, 134, 148; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 171 genealogy 4. If Domnall and his succeeding first cousin, Custantín mac Áeda, indeed spent their youth in Ireland prior to assuming the kingship of Alba, their Gaelic upbringing could well have ensured the continuation of Pictavia's Gaelicisation. If the eventual Alpínid successors of Eochaid and Giric were indeed sheltered in Ireland, this could account for the fact that the Chronicle of Ireland fails to acknowledge their usurpation.Woolf (2007) p. 124.

File:Eochaid, son of Rhun (map2).png and Strathclyde, and the Scandinavian and Northumbrian territories in about 900.Foster (2004) p. 8 ill. 1.]]

Furthermore, if the Pictish transformation indeed stems from the floruit of Giric and Eochaid, the new terminology could indicate that the Kingdom of Alba was envisioned to include Pictish, Gaelic, British, and English inhabitants.Evans (2015) 151 n. 96; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 178–179. Several king-lists allege that Giric subjugated Ireland and England during his reign,Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 177, 179; Woolf (2007) p. 120; Veitch (1998) p. 211; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Macquarrie (1990) p. 7; Cowan (1981) p. 10; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 364–365, 365 n. 2; Skene (1867) pp. 151, 174, 204, 288, 301, 305. an outlandish claim that could instead evince a multi-ethnic northern alliance under his authority. As such, there is reason to suspect that {{lang|mga|Alba}} — a term previously used for Britain — may have been meant to encapsulate a new political construction, a polity of "North Britain".{{#tag:ref|There is reason to suspect that the new terminology is related to similar recently-adopted terminology employed in Ireland — such as {{lang|mga|rí Érenn}} and {{lang|mga|fir Érenn}} — which may have been employed to represent a territorial-based multi-ethnic authority.Davidson (2002) pp. 128–129, 159; Herbert (2000). Alternately, another possibility is that the recorded shift in terminology — from {{lang|la|rex Pictorum}} and {{lang|la|Picti}} to {{lang|mga|rí Alban}} and {{lang|mga|fir Alban}} — may merely be a translational shift from Latin to Gaelic.Evans (2015) p. 151 n. 96; Broun (2015b) pp. 122–124; Broun (2007) pp. 86–87; Broun (1997) p. 123 n. 54.|group=note}}

File:St Fillan's Hill - geograph.org.uk - 945328.jpg, said to be the site of Giric's last stand. One possibility is that Eochaid perished with Giric here.]]

Although the apparent reigns of Eochaid and Giric are obscure and uncertain, Giric eventually came to remembered as a legendary figure, credited as the liberator of the Gaelic Church from the Picts,Broun (2015d); Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 48; Woolf (2007) pp. 120, 320; Broun (2004c); Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206. and the architect of military conquests of Ireland and England.Broun (2015d); Terrell (2011) p. 338, 338 n. 50; Charles-Edwards (2008) pp. 177, 179; Broun (2004c); Woolf (2007) p. 120; Veitch (1998) p. 211; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Clancy (1996) p. 125; Anderson, AO (1922) pp. 364–365, 365 n. 2; Skene (1867) pp. 151, 174, 204, 288, 301, 305.{{#tag:ref|The fortress of Dundurn sits near Loch Earn.Woolf (2007) p. 120 n. 55. The name of this body of water is derived from the Gaelic {{lang|mga|Éire}} or {{lang|mga|Éireann}}, which refer to Ireland.Woolf (2007) p. 120 n. 55; Watson (2002) pp. 175, 183. This derivation could indicate that the claims of Giric's military conquest of Ireland actually refer to the region of Strathearn. Another source that may cast light upon this era is the Dunkeld Litany. Although parts of this liturgical text date to the post-mediaeval period, it is possible that others preserve an authentic contemporary core.Edmonds (2015) p. 60; Hudson, B (2014) p. 89; Woolf (2007) p. 120; Clancy (1996) p. 121. At one point, the litany implores God to protect Giric from his enemies and grant him a long life.Hudson, B (2014) p. 89; Woolf (2007) p. 120; Veitch (1998) pp. 198, 207; Clancy (1996) p. 122; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206; Wormald (1996) pp. 142, 150; Haddan; Stubbs (1873) p. 283; Forbes (1872) p. xliii.|group=note}} Eochaid, on the other hand, is only attested by the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba and The Prophecy of Berchán.Hudson, BT (2002) p. 49; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 206. Unlike Giric, later mediaeval king-lists and chronicles fail to include Eochaid within their accounts of Scottish history.Hudson, BT (2002) p. 49. In fact, Eochaid, and the later Alpínid Amlaíb mac Illuilb, King of Alba, are the only Scottish kings not noted by the king-lists.Hudson, BT (1990) p. 107 n. 21. The window within which Eochaid and Giric appear to have reigned marks the only point between the careers of Cináed and Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba that a patrilineal Alpínid is not known to have ruled the Pictish/Alban realm.Broun (2015b) p. 187; Lynch (1991) p. 42.

Eochaid is unattested after his apparent expulsion in 889,Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 3. and the date of his death is unrecordedWoolf (2007) p. 123; Macquarrie (1998) pp. 13–14; Macquarrie (1990) p. 8. and unknown.Hudson, BT (1994) p. 163 tab. 1a. According to various king-lists, Giric was slain at Dundurn.Hudson, B (2014) p. 99; Konstam (2010) p. 36; Woolf (2007) pp. 120 n. 55, 125; Clancy (1996) p. 125; Alcock; Alcock; Driscoll (1989) pp. 192–194; Driscoll, ST (1987) pp. 178–179, 193; Skene (1867) pp. 151, 174, 178, 288, 301.{{#tag:ref|The Prophecy of Berchán associates Giric with a "strong house" on the banks of the Earn. This might also refer to the fortress of Dundurn.Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 45 § 139, 86 § 139, 206–207; Anderson, AO (1930) p. 41 § 137; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 367; Skene (1886) p. 330 n. 107; Skene (1867) p. 88. If the association of Giric with Dundurn is accurate, it would appear to demonstrate that the fortress was Giric's power base,Grant (2000) p. 97. and served as a royal site.Alcock; Alcock; Driscoll (1989) p. 194.|group=note}} Evidence of extensive burning at the site may relate to this event, and may mark the end of the fort's use.Driscoll, ST (2001b).{{#tag:ref|The destruction of Al Clud in the 870s marks the last time that this fortress appears on record until the thirteenth century.Clancy (2009) p. 28; Woolf (2007) p. 109; Driscoll, ST (2003) p. 81; Driscoll, ST (2001a); Duncan (1996) p. 90. One possibility is that the site was discredited by its fall, and came to be regarded as unsuitable to the ruling dynasty thereafter.Oram (2008) p. 169; Driscoll, ST (1998b) p. 40. Such degradation may explain the apparent abandonment of Dundurn.Oram (2008) p. 169.|group=note}} If the accounts of Giric's downfall are to be believed, and if both he and Eochaid were allied together at the time, it is conceivable that both Eochaid and Giric fell together.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 26; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 143. Alternately, Giric's killing could have contributed to Eochaid's ejection from the kingship.Walker (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 48. Although it is unknown who was responsible for Giric's reported demise, one candidate is the succeeding Domnall.Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 26; Woolf (2007) p. 125; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 143. Alternately, Domnall's path to throne could have been paved by magnates who afterwards sent for him.Woolf (2007) p. 125.

File:Dyfnwal, King of the Britons (Lat. 4126, folio 29r).jpg, a possible descendant of Eochaid, as it appears on folio 29r of Paris Bibliothèque Nationale Latin 4126: "{{lang|la|rex Britanniorum}}".Hudson, BT (1998) p. 150; Skene (1867) p. 9; Lat. 4126 (n.d.) fol. 29v.]]

Certainly, nothing is recorded concerning the kingship of Strathclyde until the turn of the tenth century, when the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba notes the passing of a certain Dyfnwal, King of Strathclyde.Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 4; Downham (2007) p. 163; Davidson (2002) p. 130; Hudson, BT (1998) pp. 150, 156–157; Anderson, AO (1922) p. 445; Skene (1867) p. 9. Dyfnwal's parentage is uncertain. On one hand, he could have been another son of Rhun.Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Clarkson (2010) chs. genealogical tables, 9 ¶ 4; Broun (2004d) p. 135 tab. On the other hand, he could have been descended from Eochaid:Hudson, BT (1998) p. 157 n. 39. either as a sonClarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 4; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 56, 72, 173 genealogy 6; Collingwood (1920) pp. 56 tab., 58. or grandson. Alternately, Dyfnwal could have represented a more distant branch of the same dynasty.Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 4. Eochaid may have also had a daughter, Lann, the wife of Niall Glúndub attested by the Great Book of Lecan version of the twelfth century Banshenchas.Bartrum (2009) p. 286; Clancy (2006b); Bhreathnach (2005) p. 270; Hudson, BT (2004b); Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 56, 171 genealogy 4, 173 genealogy 6, 174 n. 6; Dobbs (1931) p. 188. As such, if the Banshenchas is to be believed, a maternal grandson of Eochaid was Lann's son, Muirchertach mac Néill.Bartrum (2009) p. 286; Hudson, BT (2006); Bhreathnach (2005) p. 270; Hudson, BT (2004b); Hudson, BT (1994) p. 171 genealogy 4; Dobbs (1931) p. 188.{{#tag:ref|Nevertheless, this version of the Banshenchas and others also state that Muirchertach's mother was Ailinn, daughter of Ainbíth mac Áeda, King of Dál Fiatach.Bhreathnach (2005) p. 270; Dobbs (1931) pp. 187, 226; Dobbs (1930) pp. 312, 336.|group=note}}

{{ahnentafel

|collapsed=yes |align=center

|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;

|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;

|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;

|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;

|1= 1. Eochaid

|2= 2. Rhun ab Arthgal

|3= 3. name unknown

|4= 4. Arthgal ap Dyfnwal (died 872)

|5=

|6= 6. Cináed mac Ailpín (died 858)

|7=

|8= 8. Dyfnwal ap RhydderchClarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Clarkson (2012b) ch. genealogical tables; Clarkson (2010) ch. genealogical tables; Macquarrie (1998) p. 6 tab.; Collingwood (1920) p. 56 tab.

|9=

|10=

|11=

|12=12. AlpínClarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Walker (2013) ch. family trees tab. 1; Clarkson (2012a) ch. appendix a; Clarkson (2012b) ch. genealogical tables; Lynch (2001) p. 680 tab.; Macquarrie (1998) p. 6 tab.; Duncan (1996) pp. 628–629 genealogical tree 1.{{#tag:ref|Although there are several pedigrees of outlining a paternal ancestry of Alpín, there is reason to suspect that they are unreliable.Woolf (2007) p. 96.|group=note}}

|13=

|14=

|15=

}}

• Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians, a probable member of Eochaid's kindred who could have reigned as either King of Strathclyde or King of Alba

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{{refend}}

{{s-start}}

{{s-hou ||||||name=Eochaid}}

{{s-reg}}

|-

{{s-vac |unknown |unknlast=Rhun ab Arthgal}}

{{s-ttl |title=King of Strathclyde¹}}

{{s-vac|unknown|unknnext=Dyfnwal}}

|-

{{s-vac |unknown |unknlast=Áed mac Cináeda}}

{{s-ttl |title=King of the Picts² |regent1=Giric |years=878–889}}

{{s-vac|unknown|unknnext=Domnall mac Custantín|as=King of Alba}}

{{s-ref |It is unknown if Eochaid ruled as King of Strathclyde. It is unknown when Rhun's reigned concluded and Dyfnwal's began.|It is uncertain if Eochaid ruled as King of the Picts. If he did, it is uncertain if he reigned concurrently or successively with Giric.}}

{{Kings of Strathclyde}}

{{Pictish and Scottish monarchs}}

{{English, Scottish and British monarchs}}

Category:9th-century Scottish monarchs

Category:Monarchs of Strathclyde

Category:Year of death unknown