Eoin MacNeill

MacNeill was born John McNeill,{{cite journal|last=Ryan|first=John|date=December 1945|title=Eoin MacNeill (1867–1945)|journal=Irish Province of the Society of Jesus|volume=34|issue=136|pages=433–448|jstor=30100064}}, p. 433 one of five children born to Archibald McNeill, a Roman Catholic working-class baker, sailor and merchant, and his wife, Rosetta (née McAuley) McNeill, also a Catholic.{{cite web|url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/macneill-eoin-john-a5283|title=MacNeill, Eoin (John)|work=Dictionary of Irish Biography|last1=Maume|first1=Patrick|last2=Charles-Edwards|first2=Thomas|access-date=8 January 2022}} He was raised in Glenarm, County Antrim, an area which "still retained some Irish-language traditions".{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Irish Biography |last1=Maume |first1=Patrick |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |location=UK |last2=Charles-Edwards |first2=Thomas |chapter=MacNeill, Eoin |editor-last=McGuire |editor-first=James |editor-last2=Quinn |editor-first2=James}} His niece was nationalist and teacher, Máirín Beaumont.{{cite book|last1=Clarke|first1=Frances|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|last2=Murphy|first2=William|last3=Ó Ciosáin|first3=Éamon|last4=Beaumont|first4=Caitríona|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor1-last=McGuire|editor1-first=James|location=Cambridge|chapter=Beaumont (McGavock), Máirín (Mary)|editor2-last=Quinn|editor2-first=James}}

MacNeill was educated at St Malachy's College (Belfast) and Queen's College, Belfast. He was interested in Irish history and immersed himself in its study. He achieved a BA degree in economics, jurisprudence and constitutional history in 1888, and then worked in the British Civil Service.

He co-founded the Gaelic League in 1893, along with Douglas Hyde; MacNeill was unpaid secretary from 1893 to 1897 and then became the initial editor of the League's official newspaper An Claidheamh Soluis (1899–1901). He was also editor of the Gaelic Journal from 1894 to 1899. In 1908, he was appointed professor of early Irish history at University College Dublin.

He married Agnes Moore on 19 April 1898. The couple had eight children, four sons and four daughters{{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34813 |title=MacNeill, Eoin (1867–1945) |last=Maume |first=Patrick |access-date=10 September 2010 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34813 |year=2004}} (though the 1911 census entry for Mac Neill noted 11 children, seven of whom were still alive).{{cite web |url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/reels/nai000125664/ |title=Data |publisher=www.census.nationalarchives.ie |date= |accessdate=2021-05-12 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424215553/http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/reels/nai000125664/ |url-status=live }}

The Gaelic League was from the start strictly non-political, but in 1915, a proposal was put forward to abandon that policy and become a semi-political organisation.{{clarify|date=January 2016}} MacNeill strongly supported that and rallied to his side a majority of delegates at the 1915 Oireachtas. Douglas Hyde, a non-political Protestant, who had co-founded the League and been its president for 22 years, resigned immediately afterwards.{{cite journal |last=Ryan |first=John |date=December 1945 |title=Eoin Mac Neill 1867–1945 |journal=Irish Province of the Society of Jesus |volume=34 |issue=136 |pages=433–448 |jstor=30100064}}

File:Eoin_MacNeill.jpg

Through the Gaelic League, MacNeill met members of Sinn Féin, the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), and other nationalists and republicans. One such colleague, The O'Rahilly, ran the league's newspaper An Claidheamh Soluis, and in October 1913 they asked MacNeill to write an editorial for it on a subject broader than Irish language issues. MacNeill submitted a piece called "The North Began", encouraging the formation of a nationalist volunteer force committed to Irish Home Rule, much as the unionists had done earlier that year with the Ulster Volunteers to thwart Home Rule in Ireland.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} In July 1915 MacNeill commented on the threat that the unarmed nationalists in Ulster might face: "...a demented...English driven Orange Army would be let loose upon the helpless Catholic people of Ulster, who would be driven out of the province or massacred where they stood."{{cite book |last=McCluskey |first=Fergal |date=2014 |title=The Irish Revolution, 1912-23 |url= |location=Dublin |publisher=Four Courts Press |page=57 |isbn=978-1-84682-300-8 |access-date=}}

Bulmer Hobson, a member of the IRB, approached MacNeill about bringing the idea to fruition, and, through a series of meetings, MacNeill became chair of the council that formed the Irish Volunteers, later becoming its chief of staff. Unlike the IRB, MacNeill was opposed to the idea of an armed rebellion, except in resisting any suppression of the Volunteers, seeing little hope of success in open battle against the British army.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

The Irish Volunteers had been infiltrated by the Irish Republican Brotherhood, which planned on using the organisation to stage an armed rebellion, to separate Ireland from the United Kingdom and establishing an Irish Republic. The entry of the UK into the First World War was, in their view, a perfect opportunity to do that. With the cooperation of James Connolly and the Irish Citizen Army, a secret council of IRB officials planned a general rising at Easter 1916. On the Wednesday before Easter, they presented MacNeill with a letter, allegedly stolen from high-ranking British staff in Dublin Castle, indicating that the British were going to arrest him and all the other nationalist leaders. Unbeknownst to MacNeill, the letter—called the Castle Document—was a forgery.{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Francis X|title=Leaders and men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916|publisher=Cornell University Press|year= 1967|series=Thomas Davis lectures|pages=120, 147–148|isbn=978-0-8014-0290-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g65nAAAAMAAJ&q=+%22castle+document%22|access-date=13 February 2016}}

When MacNeill learned about the IRB's plans, and when he was informed that Roger Casement was about to land in County Kerry with a shipment of German arms, he was reluctantly persuaded to go along with them, believing British action was now imminent and that mobilization of the Irish Volunteers would be justified as a defensive act. However, after learning that the German arms shipment had been intercepted and Casement arrested, and having confronted Patrick Pearse, who refused to relent, MacNeill countermanded the order for the Rising by sending written messages to leaders around the country, and placing a notice in the Sunday Independent cancelling the planned "manoeuvres".{{cite book |last1=Townshend |first1=Charles |title=Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0-14-101216-1 |pages=136–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FNKxBJXMYC&pg=PT156 |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212211010/https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FNKxBJXMYC&pg=PT156 |url-status=live }} That greatly reduced the number of volunteers who reported for duty on the day of the Easter Rising.De Rosa, Peter. Rebels: The Irish Rising of 1916, Ballantine Books (18 February 1992); {{ISBN|0-449-90682-5}}/{{ISBN|978-0-449-90682-8}}

Pearse, Connolly and the others agreed that the uprising would go ahead anyway, but it began one day later than originally intended to ensure that the authorities were taken by surprise. Beginning on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, the Rising lasted less than a week. After the surrender of the rebels, MacNeill was arrested although he had taken no part in the insurrection.Townshend (2006), pp. 283–4 The rebel leader Tom Clarke, according to his wife Kathleen, warned her on the day before his execution, "I want you to see to it that our people know of his treachery to us. He must never be allowed back into the National life of this country, for so sure as he is, so sure will he act treacherously in a crisis. He is a weak man, but I know every effort will be made to whitewash him."{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Kathleen|title=Revolutionary Woman|publisher=The O'Brien Press|location=Dublin|date=2008|isbn=978-1-84717-059-0|page=94}}

MacNeill was released from prison in 1917 and was elected MP for the National University and Londonderry City constituencies for Sinn Féin in the 1918 general election. In line with abstentionist Sinn Féin policy, he refused to take his seat in the British House of Commons in London and sat instead in the newly convened Dáil Éireann in Dublin,{{cite web |url=http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=1160 |title=Eoin MacNeill |work=ElectionsIreland.org |access-date=11 February 2012 |archive-date=13 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413115649/http://www.electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=1160 |url-status=live }} where he was made Secretary for Industries in the second ministry of the First Dáil.{{cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-04-02/7/|title=Dáil Éireann debate – Wednesday, 2 April 1919: Secretary for Industries|access-date=25 February 2020|website=Houses of the Oireachtas|archive-date=31 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831140247/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-04-02/7/|url-status=live}} He was a member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland for Londonderry between 1921 and 1925, although he never took his seat. In 1921, he supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty. In 1922, he was in a minority of pro-Treaty delegates at the Irish Race Convention in Paris. Following the establishment of the Irish Free State, he became Minister for Education in its second (provisional) government, the third Dáil.{{cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-09-09/10/|title=Dáil Éireann debate – Saturday, 9 September 1922: MINISTER FOR EDUCATION|access-date=22 August 2019|website=Houses of the Oireachtas|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822135624/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-09-09/10/|url-status=live}} He strongly supported the execution of Richard Barrett, Liam Mellows, Joe McKelvey and Rory O'Connor during the Irish Civil War. {{cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-12-08/9/|title=Dáil Éireann debate - Friday, 8 Dec 1922|access-date=26 July 2024|website=Houses of the Oireachtas}}

In 1923, MacNeill, a committed internationalist, was also a key member of the diplomatic team that oversaw Ireland's entry to the League of Nations.Phelan, Mark. [http://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/the-origins-of-an-international-good-citizen-an-irishman-s-diary-on-ireland-and-the-corfu-crisis-of-1923-1.2768556 "The Origins of an international good citizen – Ireland and the Corfu Crisis of 1923"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205030057/http://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/the-origins-of-an-international-good-citizen-an-irishman-s-diary-on-ireland-and-the-corfu-crisis-of-1923-1.2768556 |date=5 February 2017 }}, The Irish Times, 26 August 2016.

MacNeill's family was split on the treaty issue. One son, Brian, took the anti-Treaty side and was killed in disputed circumstances near Sligo by Free State troops during the Irish Civil War in September 1922.{{cite web|author=Michael McDowell|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/family-of-divided-loyalties-that-was-reunited-in-grief-1.1391641|title=Family of divided loyalties that was reunited in grief|website=Irishtimes.com|access-date=22 January 2017|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110843/http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/family-of-divided-loyalties-that-was-reunited-in-grief-1.1391641|url-status=live}} Two other sons, Niall and Turloch, as well as nephew Hugo MacNeill, served as officers in the Free State Army.{{cite news |last=McGee |first=Harry |title=McDowell's search for the rebel uncle he never knew |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2012/1208/1224327639761.html |access-date=11 December 2012 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=8 December 2012 |archive-date=11 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211004928/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2012/1208/1224327639761.html |url-status=live }} One of Eoin's brothers, James McNeill, was the second and penultimate Governor-General of the Irish Free State.

In 1924 the three-man Irish Boundary Commission was set up to settle the border between Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State; MacNeill represented the Irish Free State. MacNeill was the only member of the Commission without legal training and has been described as having been “pathetically out of his depth”.‘THE PROVENANCE AND DISSOLUTION OF THE IRISH BOUNDARY COMMISSION‘ by KJ Rankin; Working Papers in British-Irish Studies No. 79, 2006 However, each of the Commissioners was selected out of political expediency rather than for any established competence or insight into boundary making. On 7 November 1925, a conservative British newspaper, The Morning Post, published a leaked map showing a part of eastern County Donegal (mainly The Laggan district) that was to be transferred to Northern Ireland; the opposite of the main aims of the Commission. Perhaps embarrassed by that, especially since he said that it had declined to respect the terms of the Treaty,[http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0013/D.0013.192511240015.html Dáil Éireann – Volume 13 – 24 November 1925: THE BOUNDARY COMMISSION] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609132238/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0013/D.0013.192511240015.html |date=9 June 2011 }} Historical debates of Dáil Éireann; accessed 5 April 2017. MacNeill resigned from the Commission on 20 November.{{cite web|url=http://www.difp.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=672|title=Executive Council minutes – 10 November 1925 – Documents on IRISH FOREIGN POLICY|website=Difp.ie|date=10 November 1925|access-date=22 January 2017|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819020130/http://www.difp.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=672|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.difp.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=679|title=Statement by Eoin MacNeill from Eoin MacNeill – 21 November 1925 – Documents on IRISH FOREIGN POLICY|website=Difp.ie|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818215152/http://www.difp.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=679|url-status=live}} On 24 November 1925 he also resigned as Minister for Education, a position unrelated to his work on the Commission.MacEoin, Uinseann (1997), The IRA in the twilight years 1923–1948, Argenta Publications, Dublin, pg 124, ISBN 0951117246

On 3 December 1925, the Free State government agreed with the governments in London and Belfast to end its onerous treaty requirement to pay its share of the United Kingdom's "imperial debt" and, in exchange, agreed that the 1920 boundary would remain as it was, overriding the Commission. That angered many nationalists and MacNeill was the subject of much criticism, but in reality, he and the Commission had been sidestepped by the intergovernmental debt renegotiation. In any case, despite his resignations, the intergovernmental boundary deal was approved by a Dáil vote of 71–20 on 10 December 1925, and MacNeill is listed as voting with the majority in favour.[http://www.difp.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=708 Cosgrave's letter of thanks, 22 December 1925] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721124117/http://www.difp.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=708 |date=21 July 2011 }}, Difp.ie; accessed 19 March 2016. He lost his Dáil seat at the June 1927 election.

MacNeill was an important scholar of Irish history and among the first to study Early Irish law, offering both his interpretations, which at times were coloured by his nationalism, and translations into English. He was also the first to uncover the nature of succession in Irish kingship, and his theories are the foundation for modern ideas on the subject.Bart Jaski, Early Irish Kingship and Succession, p. 27f.

He was a contributor to the Royal Irish Academy's Clare Island Survey, recording the Irish place names of the island.{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/could-clare-island-be-the-next-gaeltacht-1.640961 |title=Could Clare Island be the next Gaeltacht? |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329055928/http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/could-clare-island-be-the-next-gaeltacht-1.640961 |url-status=live }} On 25 February 1911, he delivered the inaugural address on "Academic Education and Practical Politics" to the Legal and Economic Society of University College Dublin.{{citation needed|date=February 2011}}. His disagreements and disputes with Goddard Henry Orpen, particularly over the latter's book Ireland under the Normans, generated controversy.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

He was President of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland from 1937 to 1940{{cite news|url=http://historyhub.ie/eoin-macneill-celtic-studies-america|title=Eoin MacNeill and the promotion of Celtic Studies in America|newspaper=History Hub|date=16 August 2013|access-date=30 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030030839/http://historyhub.ie/eoin-macneill-celtic-studies-america|url-status=live}} and President of the Royal Irish Academy from 1940 to 1943.{{cite web|url=https://www.ria.ie/News/RIA-Elects-first-Woman-President-in-229-years-%282%29|title=RIA Elects first Woman President in 229 years|publisher=Royal Irish Academy|access-date=30 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114155050/https://www.ria.ie/News/RIA-Elects-first-Woman-President-in-229-years-%282%29|archive-date=14 January 2015}}

He retired from politics completely and became Chair of the Irish Manuscripts Commission. In his later years he devoted his life to scholarship, he published several books on Irish history. MacNeill died in Dublin of natural causes, aged 78 in 1945. He is buried in Kilbarrack Cemetery.{{cite book |last1=Doran |first1=Beatrice |title=From the Grand Canal to the Dodder Illustrious Lives |date=2021 |publisher=History Press}}

His grandson Michael McDowell served as Tánaiste, Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform, TD and a Senator. Another grandson, Myles Tierney, served as a member of Dublin County Council, where he was Fine Gael whip on the council.[http://www.easter1916.ie/index.php/people/a-z/eoin-macneill Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118051435/http://www.easter1916.ie/index.php/people/a-z/eoin-macneill/ |date=18 November 2017 }}, Easter1916.ie; accessed 15 September 2015.

• Ireland Before Saint Patrick (1903)
• Duanaire Finn: The Book of the lays of Fionn (1908)
• Early Irish population groups: their nomenclature, classification and chronology (1911)
• The Authorship and Structure of the Annals of Tigernach (1913)
• Phases of Irish history (1919)
• The Irish law of dynastic succession (1919)
• The Case for an Irish Republic (1920)
• Celtic Ireland (1921)
• History of Ireland: Pre-Christian times to 1921 (1932)
• Saint Patrick, Apostle of Ireland (1934)
• Early Irish laws and institutions (1935)
• The Irish Nation and Irish Culture (1938)
• Military service in Medieval Ireland (1941)For a comprehensive listing of journal articles by MacNeill, see F. X. Martin: 'The Writings of Eoin MacNeill', Irish Historical Studies 6 (21) (March 1948), pp. 44–62.

{{Reflist}}

• {{Commons category-inline}}
• {{wikisource author-inline}}
• [https://dx.doi.org/10.7925/drs1.ivrla_34550 Tierney/MacNeill Photographs, collection of over 500 images, the largest parts of the collection relate to the political and academic careers of Eoin MacNeill and his son-in-law Michael Tierney], UCD Digital Library Collection.

File:Piece 207-155; John McNeill or Eoin McNeill (1922).pdf|page=11|British Army military intelligence file for John McNeill

File:Piece 209-029; Eoin Macneill Speech 1917; Brian Macgilligan, Bernard Macgilligan (1916-1917).pdf|page=7|Eoin MacNeill Speech 1917

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