Erlikilyika

Although it is not known for certain, Erlikilyika was probably born close to his ancestral home of Akeltye (or Okilcha), later known as McKenzie's Waterhole, on the Coglin Creek,{{cite journal|journal=Oceania|title=Central Australian Songs: A history and reinterpretation of their distribution through the earliest recordings |first=Jason |last=Gibson |volume=85|issue=2 |date=July 2015|pages=165–182|doi=10.1002/ocea.5084 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279805316|access-date=18 May 2019}}Note: Map shows location of Akeltye very close to Charlotte Waters. around 1860–1865, soon after the arrival of the first European explorer, John McDouall Stuart in 1860. He was a southern Arrernte man, whose home language was Pertame, also known as Southern Arrernte.{{cite web|url=https://iats.ent.sirsidynix.net.au/client/en_AU/external/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:139285/ada|website=AIATSIS|title=Aboriginal Biographical Index entry for Erlikilyika|access-date=17 May 2019}} McKenzie's Waterhole was about six miles east of Charlotte Waters,{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320741186|title=Walter Baldwin Spencer's Diary from the Spencer and Gillen Expedition, 1901–1902|editor=Jason Gibson |editor2=Heather Milton |first=Walter Baldwin |last=Spencer |date=1901–1902 |at=p. 15, footnote 35 |website=ResearchGate}} a tiny settlement clustered around a telegraph station which was part of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line. As a young boy Erlikilyika worked at the telegraph station,{{cite web |url=http://www.territorystories.nt.gov.au/jspui/bitstream/10070/230199/1/Aputula_Heritage_Final_Report_Megg_Kelham.pdf|first=Megg|last=Kelham|title=A Museum in Finke: An Aputula Heritage Project|pages=1–97|date=November 2010|access-date=11 May 2019 |website=Territory Stories |archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510110909/http://www.territorystories.nt.gov.au/jspui/bitstream/10070/230199/1/Aputula_Heritage_Final_Report_Megg_Kelham.pdf}} and lived there for most of his life.{{cite web|url=https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/articles/14415|website=Museums Victoria Collections|title=Jim Kite Alyelkelhayeka Penangke, Artist (circa 1860 – circa 1945)|access-date=17 May 2019}} He also worked up and down the line, learning English and Kaytetye (or Kaytej), and was part of the first generation to grow up during a period of great change in the region.{{cite book|title=Colonialism and its Aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia|chapter-url=https://www.wakefieldpress.com.au/product.php?productid=1385|publisher=Wakefield Press|isbn= 9781743054994|date=2017|editor1-first=Peggy|editor1-last=Brock|editor2-first=Tom|editor2-last=Gara|chapter=Life story: Erlikilyika Jim Kite|first=Ingereth|last=Macfarlane|pages=321–324}}

His career as an artist started with carving things like local animals and pipe stems from white soapstone (steatite) and selling these carvings to passing travellers. {{Cite news |date=1911-11-04 |title=A LADYS CAMEL RIDE. |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/217980486 |access-date=2024-10-24 |work=Ballarat Star}} He used simple tools in all of his carving work: penknife, wire and a shearing blade.

Erlikilyika met Frank Gillen in 1875, and subsequently travelled with him and Walter Baldwin Spencer on their 1901–1902 cross-continental anthropological expedition, acting as guide, interpreter (as the sole speaker of Kaytetye on the expedition) and virtual research assistant. He was recommended for this role by the Charlotte Waters Telegraph Station station master PM Byrne, who told them he was a “first class black boy”; this was despite the fact that Erlikilyika was in his 30s at this time.

Erlikilyika showed remarkable artistic talent, he made numerous sketches on the trip, and also sculpted items from wood and kaolinite.{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id2=erlikilyika-12904|title=Erlikilyika (1865–1930)|first=D.J.|last=Mulvaney|others=first published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Supplementary Volume, (MUP), 2005|date=2005}} Museum anthropologist Jason Gibson notes that he "sculpted and decorated objects of wood and kaolin meerschaum clay". He made his own symbolic notes to assist Spencer in his recording of a "Dreaming-story", and also made a number of unusual illustrations in one of Gillen's notebooks. They were also accompanied by another Arrernte man, Parunda, known as Warwick. Gillen gave Erlikilyika a book to draw in, in which the artist created 27 elaborate drawings detailing his daily life and culture of their camp – action sequences, representations of a woman and a stockman, portraits of Spencer and Parunda – but Gillen retained the book before eventually giving it to his sons. These drawings are available [http://spencerandgillen.net/objects/4fb9c7f22162ef0ff4b90bf3 online].

Gillen recorded a small number of verses of "sacred" songs, associated with ancestral beings. One of these verses was introduced by Spencer as the "relating to the tradition of the Great Snake of Okilcha [Akeltye]", and this verse featured the voice of Erlikilyika. Spencer wrote that the song was the "property" of Jim, "a snake-man named Erli-killi-kurra". The first ethnographic film footage ever taken among Aboriginal people, on 3 April 1901, was of the ceremony associated with this verse.

Archaeologist John Mulvaney showed that Erlikilyika was not acknowledged for the role he played as a contributor to Spencer and Gillen's noted anthropological work, The Native Tribes of Central Australia.

His carvings were first documented in March 1910, when examples were displayed in Adelaide. In 1913, accompanied by Telegraph Master and enthusiastic supporter Harry O. Kearnan, Erlikilyika travelled to Adelaide, where his art was exhibited at the Selborne Hotel in Pirie Street.{{cite web|url=https://timegents.com/2017/11/09/serborne-hotel-adelaide/|website=Time Gents|title=Selborne Hotel, Adelaide|first=Mick|last=Roberts|date=9 November 2017|access-date=17 May 2019}} It was well-received in the press, with the artist being praised as a "black genius" in one article in The Register. The article goes on to describe some of the carvings in detail – including a marsupial rat, snakes, birds – and intricate paintings on boomerangs. The reporter includes the lively explanations given by the artist when interviewed, opines that the work surely should be acquired by the national collection and cites Erlikilyika's age as 40This would make his year of birth 1873? (and also mentions that he visited Sydney when he was 15).{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60056666 |title=A black genius. |newspaper=The Register |volume=LXXVIII |issue=20,806 |location=South Australia |date=18 July 1913 |access-date=17 May 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}} This was probably the first solo exhibition of an Aboriginal artist in Australia. Most likely during this visit, Erlikilyika made 24 botanical drawings, annotated with both their Arrernte and scientific names, which were acquired by the South Australian Museum.

He was the first Central Australian artist to be nationally recognised for his artistic talent, in particular his carvings of animals in soft stone,{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RGrxyhI5bYC|title=First Australians (Unillustrated)|first1=Rachel|last1=Perkins|first2=Marcia|last2=Langton|isbn=9780522859546|publisher=Miegunyah|date=2010|page=127|others=Marcia Langton and Rachel Perkins|access-date=17 May 2019}} illustrations and sculptures. The geologist, anthropologist, medical doctor and politician Herbert Basedow bought many of Erlikilyika's works, which are now in the National Museum of Australia, and also befriended Erlikilyika, who helped him with the interpretation of ceremonies.

There is no record of his date of death, the telegraph station at Charlotte Waters having fallen into disuse and the Central Australia Railway having bypassed the location. The last anecdotal evidence of his life was in 1923; the 1926 mention in the Daily Telegraph says he was "old". His date of death has been cited as late as 1945, but when his brother, Jack Kite, was involved in ceremonies in 1935, there is no mention of "Jim".

His wife, Utnirarenaka Perrurle, was from the Arltunga area. There is no record of any children.

Erlikilyika's works are now valuable collectors' items.{{cite news|series=Territory Stories|work=Alice Springs News|title=Old timers treasures|first=Kieran |last=Finnane|publisher=Library & Archives NT|date=11 August 2004|hdl=10070/664929}} The South Australian Museum holds the biggest collection of Erlikilyika carvings. Photographs and other items from his work with Gillen and Spencer are in collections held by Museums Victoria, and some of his work is on display at the Old Timer's Traeger Museum in Alice Springs. Of Basedow's collection of works, the sketchbook is held in the South Australian Museum Archives and the remainder are held in the National Museum of Australia.{{cite web|url=http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/aa108/AA%20108-01.htm|publisher=South Australian Museum|title=Series AA 108/01: 'Series of drawings of trees (with native names) by "Jimmy" a native of Alice Springs, C. A.'|access-date=18 May 2019}} Some of Erlikilyika's work is also held in the Australian Museum in Sydney.

The artist was known to Europeans by the name Jim Kite, Jim Kyte, or Jim Kite Penangke.{{cite web|url=http://spencerandgillen.net/people/4fac697e023fd704f475b3c9|website=Spencer & Gillen|title=Kite, Jim|access-date=17 May 2019}}

According to Ted Strehlow's genealogical record, his Arrernte name is derived from "Alilkilajaka"; meaning "he slipped" or "glided away"; this refers to the actions of a kite spirit ancestor in a local Dreamtime story, according to Strehlow. The name was translated for Strehlow by the Arrernte and Wangkangurru elder Mick McLean, and has also been spelt Alyelkelhayeka. Gillen's 1875 diary lists a man called "Ar-lee'kill-yicca", and Erkiliakirra seems to be another spelling variation. Spencer wrote it in his diary as Erli-killi-kurra, and Jason Gibson noted that he "was of the Penangk [s]ubsection".

The Australian Dictionary of Biography suggests that as erlia signified emu, his totemic name may relate to an emu ritual area near Charlotte Waters at Adnyultultera waterhole.

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book|via=Territory Stories|title=Northern Territory Dictionary of Biography|editor-first=David|editor-last= Carment |display-editors=etal |chapter-url=http://www.territorystories.nt.gov.au/jspui/bitstream/10070/260154/1/Northern%20Territory%20Dictionary%20of%20Biography.pdf|edition=Revised|date=2008|publisher=Charles Darwin University|page=171|chapter=Erlikilyika}}
• {{cite web|url=http://pd0xcomlb01-pubflt-a033.ccssc.gov.au/?f%5B0%5D=obj_party_name%3AErlikilyika%20%28Jim%20Kite%29|website= National Museum of Australia|title=Erlikilyika (Jim Kite)}} – art by Erlikilyika held in the NMA
• {{Citation | title=Erlikilyika (1865–1930)| website=Trove | date=2009 | url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.party-1461266 }} – links to all resources on Trove

• {{Citation |last1=Anderson |first1=Atholl |author1-link=Atholl Anderson | author2=Jones, Rhys | author3=Lilley, Ian | author4=O'Connor, Sue | title=Histories of old ages: essays in honour of Rhys Jones | date=2001 | publisher=Pandanus Books, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies | isbn=978-1-74076-002-7 }}
• {{cite book|title=Colonialism and its aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia|editor1-last=Brock|editor1-first=Peggy|editor2-first=Tom|editor2-last=Gara|chapter=Erlikilyika Jimmy Kite|first=Ingereth|last=MacFarlane|pages=321–324|publisher=Wakefield|date=2017|isbn=9781743054994}}
• {{Citation|author1-link=Howard Morphy | author1=Morphy, Howard | author2=Brissenden collection | title=Aboriginal art | date=1998 | publisher=Phaidon Press | edition=Reprinted| isbn=978-0-7148-3752-9 }}
• {{Citation | author1=Sayers, Andrew | author2=Cooper, Carol | author3=National Gallery of Australia | title=Aboriginal artists of the nineteenth century | date=1996 | publisher=Oxford University Press in association with the National Gallery of Australia | edition=Paperback | isbn=978-0-19-553995-0 }}

• [http://spencerandgillen.net/objects/50ce72ed023fd7358c8a8ace Frank Gillen, Baldwin Spencer, Erlikiliakirra (Jim Kite), Chance, and Purunda (Warwick), members of the 1901–1902 Expedition, Alice Springs, Central Australia, 18 May 1901]
• [http://spencerandgillen.net/objects/50ce72ed023fd7358c8a8aee Barrow Creek June 1901. Purunda (Arunta) (next to tree), F.J.G, Tungalla (Kaitish), Chance , W.B.S. Erkiliakirra (Arunta)]

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Category:Australian Aboriginal artists

Category:Artists from the Northern Territory

Category:Arrernte people