Ernest Walton

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Ernest Walton

| honorific suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|MRIA|size=100%}}

| image = Ernest Walton.jpg

| caption = Walton in 1951

| birth_name = Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1903|10|06|df=yes}}

| birth_place = Dungarvan, County Waterford, Ireland

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1995|06|25|1903|10|06|df=yes}}

| death_place = Belfast, Northern Ireland

| resting_place = Dean's Grange Cemetery, Deansgrange

| education = {{Plain list|

}}

| alma_mater = {{Plain list|

Trinity College Dublin (MSc, 1927)
Trinity College, Cambridge (PhD, 1931)

}}

| known_for = Performing the first fully artificial nuclear reaction and nuclear transmutation (1932)

| spouse = {{Marriage|Winifred Wilson|1934}}

| children = 4

| awards = {{Plain list|

}}

| fields = Nuclear physics

| work_institutions = {{Plain list|

University of Cambridge (1931–1934)
Trinity College Dublin (1934–1974)

}}

| doctoral_advisor = Ernest Rutherford

{{Infobox officeholder

| embed = yes

| order = 18th

| office = Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy

| term_start = 1946

| term_end = 1974

| predecessor = Robert Ditchburn

| successor = Brian Henderson

}}

| signature = Ernest Walton signature.svg

}}

Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (6 October 1903 – 25 June 1995) was an Irish nuclear physicist who shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics with John Cockcroft "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles". According to their Nobel Prize citation: "Thus, for the first time, a nuclear transmutation was produced by means entirely under human control".{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 - Ceremony Speech |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1951/ceremony-speech/ |website=NobelPrize.org |access-date=1 February 2022}}

Early years

Ernest Walton was born in Abbeyside, Dungarvan, County Waterford, to a Methodist minister father, the Rev. John Walton (1874–1936), who was from Cloughjordan in County Tipperary, and his wife, Anna Sinton (1874–1906), who was from Richhill in County Armagh. D.I.B.: Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton. https://www.dib.ie/biography/walton-ernest-thomas-sinton-a8909 In those days a general clergyman's family moved once every three years, and this practice carried Ernest and his family, while he was a small child, to Rathkeale, County Limerick (where his mother died), and to County Monaghan. He attended day schools in counties Down and Tyrone, and at Wesley College Dublin before becoming a boarder at Methodist College Belfast in 1915, where he excelled in science and mathematics.[https://ulsterhistorycircle.org.uk/ernest-walton/ Ernest Walton] 18 April 2015 ulsterhistorycircle.org.uk, accessed 22 November 2021[https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ernest-thomas-sinton-walton Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton] www.encyclopedia.com, accessed 22 November 2021

In 1922, Walton won scholarships to Trinity College Dublin for the study of mathematics and science, and would go on to be elected a Foundation Scholar in 1924. He was awarded bachelor's and master's degrees from Trinity in 1926 and 1927, respectively. During these years at college, Walton received numerous prizes for excellence in physics and mathematics (seven prizes in all), including the Foundation Scholarship in 1924. Following graduation, he was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 18511851 Royal Commission Archives and was accepted as a research student at Trinity College, Cambridge, under the supervision of Sir Ernest Rutherford, Director of Cambridge University's Cavendish Laboratory. At the time there were four Nobel Prize laureates on the staff at the Cavendish lab and a further five were to emerge, including Walton and John Cockcroft. Walton was awarded his PhD in 1931 and remained at Cambridge as a researcher until 1934.

During the early 1930s, Walton and John Cockcroft collaborated to build an apparatus that split the nuclei of lithium atoms by bombarding them with a stream of protons accelerated inside a high-voltage tube (700 kilovolts).{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A |issn=1364-5021 |first1=J. D. |last1=Cockcroft |first2=E. T. S. |last2=Walton |title=Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High Velocity Positive Ions|volume=-136 |issue=830 |pages=619–630 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 |date=1 June 1932 |bibcode=1932RSPSA.136..619C |doi-access=free }}[https://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/research-profile/laureate-walton#page=3 Research Profile: Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton: The Cockcroft-Walton Accelerator] www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org, accessed 20 November 2021 The splitting of the lithium nuclei produced helium nuclei.{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A |issn=1364-5021 |first1=J. D. |last1=Cockcroft |first2=E. T. S. |last2=Walton |title=Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. II. The Disintegration of Elements by High Velocity Protons |volume=137 |issue=831 |pages=229–242 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1932.0133 |date=1 July 1932 |bibcode=1932RSPSA.137..229C |doi-access=free }} They went on to use Boron and Carbon as targets for their 'disintegration' experiments,{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A |issn=1364-5021 |first1=J. D. |last1=Cockcroft |first2=E. T. S. |last2=Walton |title=Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. III. The Disintegration of Lithium, Boron, and Carbon by Heavy Hydrogen Ions |volume=144 |issue=853 |pages=704–720 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1934.0078 |date=1 May 1934 |bibcode=1934RSPSA.144..704C |doi-access=free }} and to report artificially induced radioactivity.{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A |issn=1364-5021 |first1=J. D. |last1=Cockcroft |first2=E. T. S. |last2=Walton |title=Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. IV. The Production of Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons and Diplons |volume=148 |issue=863 |pages=225–240 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1935.0015 |date=1 January 1935 |bibcode=1935RSPSA.148..225C |doi-access=free }} These experiments provided verification of theories about atomic structure that had been proposed earlier by Rutherford, George Gamow, and others. The successful apparatus – a type of particle accelerator now called the Cockcroft-Walton generator – helped to usher in an era of particle-accelerator-based experimental nuclear physics. It was this research at Cambridge in the early 1930s that won Walton and Cockcroft the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1951.{{cite book|last=Boylan|first= Henry |year=1998|title=A Dictionary of Irish Biography, 3rd Edition|pages=262|location=Dublin|publisher= Gill and MacMillan|isbn= 0-7171-2945-4}}{{cite web | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1951/walton/facts/ | publisher = Nobel Media AB | website = nobelprize.org | title = Ernest T.S. Walton | access-date = 19 November 2021 | archive-date = 4 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191004015958/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1951/walton/facts/ | url-status = live }}

Career at Trinity College Dublin

Ernest Walton returned to Ireland in 1934 to become a fellow of Trinity College Dublin in the physics department, and in 1946 was appointed Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy. Walton's lecturing was considered outstanding as he had the ability to present complicated matters in simple and easy-to-understand terms. His research interests were pursued with very limited resources, yet he was able to study, in the late 1950s, the phosphorescent effect in glasses, secondary-electron emissions from surfaces under positive-ion bombardment, radiocarbon dating and low-level counting, and the deposition of thin films on glass.{{citation needed|reason=better ref desired, preferably one for each of these topics|date=November 2021}}[https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201904/history.cfm This Month in Physics History: April 14, 1932: Cockcroft and Walton Split the Atom] www.aps.org/ APS News April 2019 (Volume 28, Number 4), accessed 20 November 2021

Walton was associated with the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies for over 40 years, where he served long periods on the board of the School of Cosmic Physics and on the council of the Institute. Following the 1952 death of John J. Nolan, the inaugural chairman of the School of Cosmic Physics, Walton assumed the role and served in that position until 1960, when he was succeeded by John H. Poole.[https://www.dias.ie/2015/05/08/dias-1947/ Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies: Council and Governing Boards as of 31/3/1947] www.dias.ie, accessed 19 November 2021[https://www.dias.ie/2015/05/08/dias-1953/ Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies: Council and Governing Boards as of 31/3/1953] www.dias.ie, accessed 19 November 2021

Later years and death

Although he retired from Trinity College Dublin in 1974, he retained his association with the Physics Department at Trinity up to his final illness. Shortly before his death, he marked his lifelong devotion to Trinity by presenting his Nobel medal and citation to the College.[http://www.tcd.ie/Physics/history/walton/walton_biography.php Ernest Walton profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108035954/http://www.tcd.ie/Physics/history/walton/walton_biography.php |date=8 January 2009 }}, tcd.ie; accessed 4 June 2016. Ernest Walton died in Belfast on 25 June 1995, aged 91. He is buried in Deansgrange Cemetery, Dublin.{{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/57946|title=Ernest Walton|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/57946}}

File:Ernest Walton Grave 2016.jpg, south County Dublin]]

Family life

Ernest Walton married Winifred Wilson, a Methodist minister's daughter, in 1934.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1951/walton/biographical/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=10 December 2019}} Their four children are Alan Walton (a physicist at the University of Cambridge), Marian Woods, Philip Walton (Professor of Applied Physics, NUI Galway), and Jean Clarke.{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/splitting-the-atom-setting-the-pace-1.380378|title=Splitting the atom, setting the pace|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=10 December 2019}} He served on a committee of Wesley College, Dublin.

Religious views

Raised as a Methodist, Walton has been described as someone who was strongly committed to the Christian faith.V. J. McBrierty: Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton, The Irish Scientist, 1903-1995 (Trinity College Dublin, 2003) He gave lectures about the relationship of science and religion in several countries after he won the Nobel Prize,[https://www.cis.org.uk/ireland/walton/lectures.html Walton was strongly committed to the Methodist faith, and following the award of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1951 jointly to himself and John Cockcroft, he spoke on science and religion to audiences in Ireland, the United States, and Sweden], cis.org.uk; accessed 4 June 2016. and he encouraged the progress of science as a way to know more about God.

Walton is quoted as saying:{{Blockquote|"One way to learn the mind of the Creator is to study His creation. We must pay God the compliment of studying His work of art and this should apply to all realms of human thought. A refusal to use our intelligence honestly is an act of contempt for Him who gave us that intelligence"|V. J. McBrierty (2003): Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton, The Irish Scientist, 1903-1995, Trinity College Dublin Press.)[https://www.cis.org.uk/ireland/walton/walton.html Ernest T. S. Walton profile], cis.org.uk; accessed 4 June 2016.}}

Walton held an interest in topics about the government and the Church,Gale Research Inc (1998). "Encyclopedia of World Biography: Vitoria-Zworykin": Outside of his scientific work, Ernest Walton was active in committees concerned with the government, the church, research and standards, scientific academies, and the Royal City of Dublin Hospital. and after his death, the organisation Christians in Science Ireland established the Walton Lectures on Science and Religion (an initiative similar to the Boyle Lectures). David Wilkinson, Denis Alexander, and others have given Walton Lectures in universities across Ireland.[https://www.cis.org.uk/ireland/walton/; Walton Lectures on Science and Religion] www.cis.org.uk accessed 25 February 2020.

Along with Lochlainn O'Raifeartaigh and Michael Fry, Walton helped found the Irish Pugwash group, opposing the nuclear weapons race.[https://www.irishtimes.com/news/irish-physicist-who-had-a-theorem-named-after-him-1.1117758 Irish physicist who had a theorem named after him] 25 November 2000 www.irishtimes.com, accessed 22 November 2021

Honours

Walton and Sir John Cockcroft were recipients of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics for their "work on the transmutation of the atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" (popularly known as splitting the atom). They are credited with being the first to disintegrate the lithium nucleus by bombardment with accelerated protons (or hydrogen nuclei) and identifying helium nuclei in the products in 1930. More generally, they had built an apparatus which showed that nuclei of various lightweight elements (such as lithium) could be split by fast-moving protons.

In 1935, Walton was elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy (MRIA).{{Cite web |title=Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton {{!}} Dictionary of Irish Biography |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/walton-ernest-thomas-sinton-a8909#:~:text=Walton,%20Ernest%20Thomas%20Sinton%20(1903,born%20in%20Cloughjordan,%20Co.%20. |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.dib.ie |language=en}} Walton and Cockcroft received the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1938.{{cite book |last= Mehra |first=Jagdish |title= The Historical Development of Quantum Theory |publisher=Springer |page= 36 |year=2001 |isbn= 978-0-387-96284-9}} In much later years – predominantly after his retirement in 1974 – Walton received honorary degrees or conferrals from numerous Irish, British, and North American institutions.[https://www.dib.ie/biography/walton-ernest-thomas-sinton-a8909 McBrierty, Vincent: Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton] www.dib.ie, accessed 20 November 2021

The "Walton Causeway Park" in Walton's native Dungarvan was dedicated in his honour with Walton himself attending the ceremony in 1989. After his death the Waterford Institute of Technology named a building the ETS Walton BuildingBarry Roche, [https://www.irishtimes.com/news/waterford-institute-opens-15m-facilities-1.410416 Waterford institute opens €15m facilities] 29 January 2005, www.irishtimes.com, accessed 20 November 2021 and a plaque was placed on the site of his birthplace.[https://www.theirishplace.com/heritage/ernest-walton-the-irish-man-who-split-the-atom/ Ernest Walton: The Irish Man Who Split the Atom] 6 March 2016 www.theirishplace.com, accessed 20 November 2021

Other honours for Walton include the Walton Building at Methodist College Belfast, the school where he had been a boarder for five years, and a memorial plaque outside the main entrance to Methodist College. Wesley College in Dublin, where he attended and for many years served as chairman of the board of Governors, established the Walton Prize for Physics, and a prize with the same name at Methodist College is awarded to the pupil who obtains the highest marks in A Level Physics. There is also a scholarship in Waterford named after Walton.[https://www.businessandleadership.com/leadership/item/34705-scholarship-in-waterford-na Walton scholarship], businessandleadership.com; accessed 4 June 2016. In 2014, Trinity College Dublin set up the Trinity Walton Club,[https://www.tcd.ie/waltonclub/about.php Trinity Walton Club], tcd.ie; accessed 17 November 2021. an extracurricular STEM Education centre for teenagers.

References

External links

{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Nobelprize|name=Ernest T.S. Walton}}
[https://www.tcd.ie/Secretary/FellowsScholars/discourses/discourses/2012_V%20McBrierty%20on%20ETS%20Walton.pdf Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton: Memorial Discourse] by Dr. Vincent McBrierty, 16 April 2012
[https://web.archive.org/web/20060828132344/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FWalton%2C+Ernest Annotated bibliography for Ernest Walton from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues]
[https://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Down/Banbridge_West_Urban/Riverview_Terrace/207179/ Ernest Thos S Walton 1911 Census of Ireland].
{{cite web|last=Moriarty|first=Philip|title=Ernest 'ETS' Walton|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/walton.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham}}
[https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/scientists/10600.shtml BBC Archive – an interview with Professor Ernest Walton Recorded 1985, duration 43min].
[https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1908 The Papers of E T S Walton] held at Churchill Archives Centre