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Erythranthe guttata

{{Short description|Species of aquatic plant}}

{{Speciesbox

|image = Mimulus guttatus 5639.JPG

|genus = Erythranthe

|species = guttata

|authority = (Fisch. DC.) G.L.Nesom

|synonyms =

  • Mimulus guttatus Fisch. ex DC.
  • Mimulus langsdorffii var. guttatus (Fisch. ex DC.) Jeps.

|synonyms_ref =

}}

Erythranthe guttata, with the common names seep monkeyflower and common yellow monkeyflower, is a yellow bee-pollinated annual or perennial plant. It was formerly known as Mimulus guttatus.{{citation |author=Barker, W.R. |author2=Nesom, G.L. |author3=Beardsley, P.M. |author4=Fraga, N.S. |year=2012 |title=A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for Mimulus, new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations |journal=Phytoneuron |volume=2012-39 |pages=1–60 |url=http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Phrymaceae.pdf}}{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Yen|first2=Alan | last3 = Olmstead | first3 = R. G. | year = 2003 | title = AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination | journal = Evolution | volume = 57 | issue =6| pages = 1397–1410|jstor=3448862 | doi=10.1554/02-086| pmid = 12894947| s2cid = 198154155}}{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M. | last2 = Olmstead | first2 = R. G. | year = 2002 | title = Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 7 | pages = 1093–1102 | doi=10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093| pmid = 21665709 |jstor=4122195}}{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Schoenig|first2=Steve E.| last3 = Whittall | first3 = Justen B. | last4 = Olmstead| first4 =Richard G. | s2cid = 11035527| year = 2004 | title =Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae) | journal = American Journal of Botany| volume =91 | issue =3| pages = 474–4890|jstor=4123743 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.3.474| pmid = 21653403| doi-access = free}}

Erythranthe guttata is a model organism for biological studies, and in that context is still referred to as Mimulus guttatus.{{Cite journal|last1=Lowry|first1=David B.|last2=Sobel|first2=James M.|last3=Angert|first3=Amy L.|last4=Ashman|first4=Tia-Lynn|last5=Baker|first5=Robert L.|last6=Blackman|first6=Benjamin K.|last7=Brandvain|first7=Yaniv|last8=Byers|first8=Kelsey J.R.P.|last9=Cooley|first9=Arielle M.|last10=Coughlan|first10=Jennifer M.|last11=Dudash|first11=Michele R.|date=2019-11-15|title=The case for the continued use of the genus name Mimulus for all monkeyflowers|journal=Taxon|volume=68|issue=4|pages=617–623|doi=10.1002/tax.12122|s2cid=208584689 |issn=0040-0262|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2hk1d58n|hdl=20.500.11820/cac4d1b0-516a-4027-bab9-b8fdcdca892b|hdl-access=free}} There may be as many as 1000 scientific papers focused on this species. The genome is (as of 2012) being studied in depth.{{cite web|title=Welcome to mimulusevolution.org|url=http://www.mimulusevolution.org/|publisher=Mimulus Evolution|accessdate=2017-03-03|archive-date=2020-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810062803/http://www.mimulusevolution.org/|url-status=dead}}

For combined research of evolution, genetics, and ecology, particularly plant-insect interactions, the yellow monkeyflower has become a model system. With the help of physically resistant protections called trichomes, which have been thoroughly examined, the yellow monkeyflower defends itself against herbivores.{{Cite journal |last1=Keefover-Ring |first1=Ken |last2=Holeski |first2=Liza M. |last3=Bowers |first3=M. Deane |last4=Clauss |first4=Allen D. |last5=Lindroth |first5=Richard L. |date=2014-12-01 |title=Phenylpropanoid glycosides of Mimulus guttatus (yellow monkeyflower) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874390014001529 |journal=Phytochemistry Letters |language=en |volume=10 |pages=132–139 |doi=10.1016/j.phytol.2014.08.016 |bibcode=2014PChL...10..132K |issn=1874-3900|url-access=subscription }}

Description

File:Mimulus guttatus 5630.JPG

A highly variable plant, taking many forms, E. guttata is a species complex in that there is room to treat some of its forms as different species by some definitions.{{cite journal|last1=Fishman|first1=Lila|last2=Kelly|first2=Alan J.|last3=Morgan|first3=Emily|last4=Willis|first4=John H.|title=A Genetic Map in the Mimulus guttatus Species Complex Reveals Transmission Ratio Distortion due to Heterospecific Interactions |year=2001|volume=159|issue=4|pages=1701–1716|pmc=1461909|pmid=11779808|journal=Genetics|doi=10.1093/genetics/159.4.1701}}

The plant ranges from {{Convert|10 to 80|cm|frac=4}} tall with disproportionately large, 2 to 4 cm long, tubular flowers. The perennial form spreads with stolons or rhizomes. The stem may be erect or recumbent. In the latter form, roots may develop at leaf nodes. Sometimes dwarfed, it may be hairless or have some hairs.

Leaves are opposite, round to oval, usually coarsely and irregularly toothed or lobed. The bright yellow flowers are born on a raceme, most often with five or more flowers.

The calyx has five lobes that are much shorter than the flower. Each flower has bilateral symmetry and has two lips. The upper lip usually has two lobes; the lower, three. The lower lip may have one large to many small red to reddish brown spots (hence the name guttata, which is Latin for 'spotted').{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Ronald J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25708726|title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary|publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co|year=1994|isbn=0-87842-280-3|edition=rev.|location=Missoula, MT|pages=48|language=en|oclc=25708726|orig-year=1992}} The opening to the flower is hairy.{{cite web | url= http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?SciName=Erythranthe%20guttata | editor-last= Giblin | editor-first= David | date= 2015 | title= Erythranthe guttata | website= WTU Herbarium Image Collection | publisher= Burke Museum, University of Washington | accessdate= 2015-03-31}}{{cite web | url= http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Mimulus%20guttatus | editor-last= Klinkenberg | editor-first= Brian | date= 2014 | title= Mimulus guttatus | website= E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. | publisher= Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver | accessdate= 2015-03-31 | archive-date= 2017-06-26 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170626174154/http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Mimulus%20guttatus | url-status= dead }}{{cite web | url= http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=Mimulus%20guttatus | date= 2015 | title= Mimulus guttatus | website= Jepson eFlora: Taxon page | publisher= Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley | accessdate= 2015-03-31}}{{GRIN | Mimulus guttatus | 24442 | accessdate = 2010-11-21}}{{cite book | last = Pojar | first = Jim |author2=Andy MacKinnon | title = Plants Of The Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska | publisher = Lone Pine Publishing | page = 264 | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-55105-530-5}}{{cite book | last = Turner | first = Mark | author2 = Phyllis Gustafson | title = Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest | publisher = Timber Press | page = [https://archive.org/details/wildflowersofpac00turn/page/244 244] | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-88192-745-0 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/wildflowersofpac00turn/page/244 }}

Erythranthe guttata is pollinated by bees, such as Bombus species. Inbreeding reduces flower quantity and size and pollen quality and quantity. E. guttata also displays a high degree of self-pollination.{{cite journal|last1=Carr|first1=David E.|last2=Roulston|first2=T'ai H.|last3=Hart|first3=Haley|title=Inbreeding in Mimulus guttatus Reduces Visitation by Bumble Bee Pollinators|year=2014|journal=PLOS ONE|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0101463|pmid=25036035|pmc=4103763|volume=9|issue=7|page=e101463|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j1463C|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last1=Ritland|first1=Kermit|title=Correlated Matings in the Partial Selfer Mimulus guttatus|year=1989|journal=Evolution|volume=43|issue=4|pages=848–859|doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb05182.x|pmid=28564194|jstor=2409312|s2cid=6227723|doi-access=free}} Erythranthe nasuta (Mimulus nasutus) evolved from E. guttata in central California between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago and since then has become primarily a self-pollinator. Other differences have occurred since then, such as genetic code variations and variations in plant morphology.{{cite journal|last1=Brandvain|first1=Yaniv|last2=Kenney|first2=Amanda M.|last3=Flagel|first3=Lex

|last4=Coop|first4=Graham|last5=Sweigert|first5=Andrea L.|title=Speciation and Introgression between Mimulus nasutus and Mimulus guttatus|year=2014|journal=PLOS Genetics|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004410|pmid=24967630|pmc=4072524|volume=10|issue=6|page=e1004410 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal|last1=Dole|first1=Jefferey A.|title=Reproductive Assurance Mechanisms in Three Taxa of the Mimulus guttatus Complex (Scrophulariaceae)|jstor=2444881|year=1992|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=79|issue=6|pages=650–659|doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1992.tb14607.x}} E. guttata prefers a wetter habitat than E. nasuta.{{cite journal|last1=Kiang|first1=Y. T.|last2=Hamrick|first2=J. L.|title=Reproductive Isolation in the Mimulus guttatus M. nasutus Complex |jstor=2424826|year=1978|journal=The American Midland Naturalist|volume=100|issue=2|pages=269–276|doi=10.2307/2424826}}

Distribution and habitat

A herbaceous wildflower, Erythranthe guttata grows along the banks of streams and seeps throughout much of western North America from sea level to {{Convert|12000|feet|-2}}.{{cite web | url= http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Mimulus+guttatus | last= Sullivan | first= Steven. K. | date= 2015 | title= Mimulus guttatus | website= Wildflower Search | accessdate= 2015-03-31 }}{{cite web | url= http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MIGU | date= 2015 | title= Mimulus guttatus | website= PLANTS Database | publisher= United States Department of Agriculture; Natural Resources Conservation Service | accessdate= 2015-03-31}} Both annual and perennial forms occur throughout the species' range. It blooms during spring at low elevations, during summer at high elevations.

It is found in a wide range of habitats including the splash zone of the Pacific Ocean, the chaparral of California, Western U.S. deserts, the geysers of Yellowstone National Park, alpine meadows, serpentine barrens, and even on the toxic tailings of copper mines. It is also very common in New Zealand near water bodies.{{cite web | url=http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3178 | title = Erythranthe guttata | accessdate= 2019-09-01}}

The flower is also an introduced species in Europe. {{cite web |last1=POWO |title=Erythranthe guttata |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77120232-1 |website=Plants of the World Online. |publisher=Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=14 August 2024}}

Cultivation

Erythranthe guttata is cultivated in the specialty horticulture trade and available as an ornamental plant for: traditional gardens; natural landscape, native plant, and habitat gardens.

Uses

The leaves are edible, both raw and cooked.Tanaka. T. Tanaka's Cyclopaedia of Edible Plants of the World. Keigaku Publishing 1976Arnberger. L. P. Flowers of the Southwest Mountains. Southwestern Monuments Ass. 1968 Leaves are sometimes added to salads as a lettuce substitute, they have a slight bitter flavour.Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990 {{ISBN|0-9628087-0-9}}

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • {{Commons-inline|Mimulus guttatus|Erythranthe guttata}}
  • {{Wikispecies-inline|Mimulus guttatus|Erythranthe guttata}}
  • [http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=mimulus+guttatus Calflora: Mimulus guttatus'' (Seep Monkey Flower, Yellow Monkey Flower, common yellow monkeyflower)]
  • [http://naeb.brit.org/ University of Michigan - Dearborn, Native American Ethnobotany:]
  • [http://www.phytozome.net/mimulus Mimulus Genome Browser - for genetics researchers]
  • [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Mimulus+guttatus Mimulus guttatus — UC Photos gallery]
  • {{Cite journal|last1=Twyford|first1=Alex D.|last2=Streisfeld|first2=Matthew A.|last3=Lowry|first3=David B.|last4=Friedman|first4=Jannice|date=2015-06-01|title=Genomic studies on the nature of species: adaptation and speciation in Mimulus |journal=Molecular Ecology|language=en|volume=24|issue=11|pages=2601–2609|doi=10.1111/mec.13190|pmid=25856725|s2cid=41760029|issn=1365-294X|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015MolEc..24.2601T }}
  • {{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Young Wha|last2=Fishman|first2=Lila|last3=Kelly|first3=John K.|last4=Willis|first4=John H.|date=2016-04-01|title=A Segregating Inversion Generates Fitness Variation in Yellow Monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) |url=http://www.genetics.org/content/202/4/1473|journal=Genetics|language=en|volume=202|issue=4|pages=1473–1484|doi=10.1534/genetics.115.183566|issn=0016-6731|pmc=4905537|pmid=26868767}}
  • {{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Young Wha|last2=Fishman|first2=Lila|last3=Kelly|first3=John K.|last4=Willis|first4=John H.|date=2016-01-01|title=Fitness Variation Is Generated by a Segregating Inversion in Yellow Monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) |url=http://www.genetics.org/content/early/2016/02/10/genetics.115.183566|journal=Genetics|language=en|pages=1473–1484|doi=10.1534/genetics.115.183566|issn=0016-6731|pmc=4905537|pmid=26868767|volume=202|issue=4}}
  • {{Cite journal|last1=Peterson|first1=Megan L.|last2=Kay|first2=Kathleen M.|last3=Angert|first3=Amy L.|date=2016-07-01|title=The scale of local adaptation in Mimulus guttatus: comparing life history races, ecotypes, and populations |journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=211|issue=1|pages=345–356|doi=10.1111/nph.13971|pmid=27102088|issn=1469-8137|doi-access=free}}
  • {{Cite journal|last1=Friedman|first1=Jannice|last2=Hart|first2=Katherine S.|last3=Bakker|first3=Meghan C. den|date=2017-02-01|title=Losing one's touch: Evolution of the touch-sensitive stigma in the Mimulus guttatus species complex |journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=104|issue=2|pages=335–341|doi=10.3732/ajb.1600394|issn=0002-9122|pmid=28202451|doi-access=free}}
  • {{Cite journal|last1=Stanton|first1=Kimmy A.|last2=Edger|first2=Patrick P.|last3=Puzey|first3=Joshua R.|last4=Kinser|first4=Taliesin|last5=Cheng|first5=Philip|last6=Vernon|first6=Daniel M.|last7=Forsthoefel|first7=Nancy R.|last8=Cooley|first8=Arielle M.|date=2017-01-01|title=A Whole Transcriptome Approach to Evaluating Reference Genes for Quantitative Gene Expression Studies: A Case Study in Mimulus |journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|language=en|pages=1085–1095|doi=10.1534/g3.116.038075|issn=2160-1836|pmid=28258113|volume=7|issue=4|pmc=5386857}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q17746419|from2=Q1499260}}

guttata

Category:Flora of the Northwestern United States

Category:Flora of the Southwestern United States

Category:Flora of Western Canada

Category:Flora of the West Coast of the United States

Category:Flora of British Columbia

Category:Flora of California

Category:Flora of the California desert regions

Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)

Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands

Category:Plant models

Category:Garden plants of North America

Category:Freshwater plants

Category:Leaf vegetables

Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status