Escambray rebellion

{{Short description|Armed rebellion against the Cuban government from 1959 to 1965}}

{{Infobox military conflict

| conflict = Escambray rebellion

| partof = the consolidation of the Cuban Revolution

| image = Anti Communist guerillas during the Escambray rebellion.jpg

| caption = Anti-communist insurgents in Cuba circa 1959–1964

| date = 1959–1965

| place = Escambray Mountains, Cuba

| result = Cuban government victory

| combatant1 = {{flagdeco|Cuba|1902}} Insurgents:

Anti-communists
Batista loyalists

Supported by:
{{flagicon image|Flag of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.svg}} CIA (1959–1961)
{{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}} (1960){{cite book|last1=Clodfelter|first1=Micheal|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed|date=2017|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786474707|page=637}}
Partido Auténtico{{sfnp|Brown|2017|loc=Paragraph 6}}

| combatant2 = {{flag|Cuba|name=Government of Cuba}}
Supported by:
{{flag|Soviet Union}}

| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Cuba|1902}} Osvaldo Ramírez{{KIA}}
{{flagdeco|Cuba|1902}} Tomás San Gil{{KIA}}
{{flagdeco|Cuba|1902}} Julio Emilio Carretero{{Executed}}
{{flagdeco|Cuba|1902}} Cheito León{{KIA}}
{{flagdeco|Cuba|1902}} Manolo López López{{KIA}}
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Revolutionary Directorate.svg}} William A. Morgan{{Executed}}
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Revolutionary Directorate.svg}} Eloy Gutiérrez Menoyo{{POW}}
Sinesio Walsh{{POW}}{{sfnp|Brown|2017|loc=Paragraph 35}}

| commander2 = {{flagicon|Cuba}} Fidel Castro
{{flagicon|Cuba}} Lizardo Proenza
{{flagicon|Cuba}} Raúl Menéndez Tomassevich
{{flagicon|Cuba}} Manuel Fajardo{{KIA}}{{sfnp|Brown|2017|loc=Paragraph 36}}
{{flagicon|USSR}} Francisco Ciutat de Miguel

| units1 = {{circa}} 177 outlawed groups{{sfnp|Brown|2017|loc=Paragraph 78}}

Former DRE guerrillas
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Revolutionary Directorate.svg}} Remnants of the Second National Front of Escambray

| units2 = 20px Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces
National Revolutionary Militia
Department of State Security{{sfnp|Brown|2017|loc=Paragraph 39}}

| strength1 = 2,000{{sfnp|Brown|2017|loc=Paragraph 78}}–3,995Swanger, p. 243 combatants
6,000+ collaborators{{sfnp|Brown|2017|loc=Paragraph 78}}

| strength2 = 250,000 (armed forces and militia)Swanger, p. 243

| casualties1 = 2,000–3,000 killed
5,000 captured

| casualties2 = Armed Forces:
500 soldiers killed
1,000+ soldiers wounded
Militia:
3,500 killed

| casualties3 = 1,000–7,000 total deathsJoanna Swanger. "Rebel Lands of Cuba: The Campesino Struggles of Oriente and Escambray, 1934–1974." p. 243.

| image_size = 300px

}}

The Escambray rebellion was an armed conflict from 1959 to 1965 in the Escambray Mountains during which several insurgent groups fought against the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro. The military operation against the rebellion was called the Struggle Against Bandits ({{langx|es|Lucha Contra Bandidos}}, or LCB) by the Cuban government.{{sfnp|Brown|2017|loc=Paragraph 66}}

The rebels were a mix of former soldiers of the Batista regime, local farmers, and ex-guerrillas who had fought alongside Castro against Batista during the Cuban Revolution. The end result was the elimination of all insurgents by Cuban government forces in 1965.

Beginning

The uprising began almost immediately after the success of the Cuban Revolution in 1959. It was led by an ex-guerrilla that had fought against Batista before, but rejected the socialist turn the Cuban Revolution had taken and the ensuing close ties with the Soviet Union. Small landowning farmers, who disagreed with the socialist government's collectivization of Cuban farmlands also played a central role in the failed rebellion. The uprising was also secretly backed by the CIA and the Eisenhower administration because of Castro's ties with the Soviet Union.{{Cite book|title=The CIA's internal probe of the Bay of Pigs affair|last=Warner|first=Michael|date=|publisher=[Forgotten History]|oclc=176629005|url=https://www.cia.gov/static/7b51cd5fb4a1a1751ec567340b8c9a1c/Internal-Probe-Bay-Pigs.pdf|access-date=3 May 2022|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503215342/https://www.cia.gov/static/7b51cd5fb4a1a1751ec567340b8c9a1c/Internal-Probe-Bay-Pigs.pdf|url-status=dead}}

The insurgent guajiro rural farmers were aided by some former Batista forces but were led mostly by former DRE rebels (13 March Movement), such as the anti-communists Osvaldo Ramirez and Comandante William Alexander Morgan, both of whom had fought Batista's casquitos in the same area only a few years before (Morgan himself was executed in 1961, long before the resistance ended).{{cite web | url = http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/william-morgan.htm | title = William Morgan | publisher = Latin American Studies}} Ramirez and Morgan were viewed by the United States as potential pro-democracy options for Cuba and sent CIA-trained Cuban exiles to promote and spread word of them being an alternative to Castro.

Insurgency

The CIA provided some aid to the insurgents but withdrew all support after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961, ensuring their ultimate defeat. Some of the failures could be attributed to Castro's "roll up" of CIA operatives in Cuba.Volkman, 1995.{{Page?|date=April 2023}} After the Bay of Pigs failure, Osvaldo Ramirez returned to the Escambray Mountains and declined an offer by Castro's emissary, Comandante Faure Chomón, to surrender.Faria, pp. 88–89.

The main tactic of the Cuban government was to deploy thousands of troops against small groups of rebels, forming progressively-constricting rings of encirclement.Encinosa, Unvanquished, pp. 73–86. The communist leaders that Castro sent to clear the Escambray Mountains were ordered to exterminate the rebels. They were to "comb the brush elbow to elbow" until they had completely cleared the hills of anti-communist rebels.Faria, pp. 105–115. The leaders of the Lucha Contra Bandidos counter-insurgency forces were Commandantes Raul Menendez Tomassevich, a founding member of the Communist Party of Cuba,{{cite web | url = http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2001-Caribbean-Vol-3/Cuban_General_Raul_Tomassevich_Dies | title = Cuban General Raul Menendez Tomassevich Dies | publisher = Associated Press | access-date = 24 December 2007 | date = 17 August 2001 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081022125155/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2001-Caribbean-Vol-3/Cuban_General_Raul_Tomassevich_Dies | archive-date = 22 October 2008 }} and Lizardo Proenza.{{cite web | url = http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/book/escambray-27.htm | title = Escambray: La Guerra Olvidada | last = Encinosa | first = Enrique G | publisher = Latin American Studies | pages = 27 | access-date = 31 July 2007 | archive-date = 21 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180521175233/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/book/escambray-27.htm | url-status = dead }}{{cite web | url = http://www.escambray.cu/che/montanas.html | title = Montañas | publisher = Escambray | access-date = 31 July 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928005659/http://www.escambray.cu/che/montanas.html | archive-date = 28 September 2007 | url-status = dead }}{{cite web | url = http://secretoscuba.cultureforum.net/Informacion-General-c3/Crimenes-de-Fidel-Castro-f20/TODO-SOBRE-LA-GUERRA-EN-EL-ESCAMBRAY-p45803.htm | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130221180428/http://secretoscuba.cultureforum.net/Informacion-General-c3/Crimenes-de-Fidel-Castro-f20/TODO-SOBRE-LA-GUERRA-EN-EL-ESCAMBRAY-p45803.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 21 February 2013 | title = Todo Sobre la Guerra en el Escambray | publisher = Secretos de Cuba }}

Defeat

Both their smaller numbers and the lack of outside assistance, particularly supplies, eventually led to the rebels' defeat. Cuban forces used sweeps by long columns of National Militia, which cost the government substantial losses but ultimately won the war. The Spanish-Soviet Advisor Francisco Ciutat de Miguel, who was also present at the Bay of Pigs Invasion, played a major role in the pacification operation. Castro employed overwhelming force, at times sending in as many as 250,000 men, almost all of whom (including 3,500 out of the 4,000 government fatalities) were militia.{{cite web | url = http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y02/may02/30a6.htm | title = Cuba News | publisher = Cuba Net | date = 2 May 2002 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051205154606/http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y02/may02/30a6.htm | archive-date = 5 December 2005}} (see Puebla). The insurgency was eventually crushed by Castro's use of their vastly-superior numbers. Some of the insurgents ultimately surrendered but were immediately executed by firing squad. Only a handful managed to escape.{{cite web | url = http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/book/escambray-18.htm | title = Escambray: La Guerra Olvidada | last = Encinosa | first = Enrique G. | pages = 18 | publisher = Latin American Studies | access-date = 8 December 2005 | archive-date = 4 October 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051004185943/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/book/escambray-18.htm | url-status = dead }}Franqui (1984), pp. 111–115.

Legacy

The Struggle Against the Bandits lasted longer and involved more soldiers than the previous struggle against Batista's forces.Ros (2006) pp. 159–201.{{cite web|title=Anti-Cuba Bandits: terrorism in past tense |url=http://www.escambray.cu/Eng/Bandits/FpasadoE.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222204658/http://www.escambray.cu/Eng/Bandits/FpasadoE.htm |archive-date=22 February 2007}}

Raúl Castro claimed in a speech in 1970 that the rebellion killed 500 members of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces. The death toll of the rebels and others involved in the rebellion (such as civilians and pro-government militias) is unknown. Estimates for total combatant deaths range from 1,000 to 7,000.Joanna Swanger. "Rebel Lands of Cuba: The Campesino Struggles of Oriente and Escambray, 1934–1974." Page 243.

References

Sources

{{cite journal| last = Brown| first = Jonathan| title = The bandido counterrevolution in Cuba, 1959–1965| journal = Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos| date = 2017| url = https://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/71412| doi = 10.4000/nuevomundo.71412| doi-access = free}}
De la Cova, Antonio Rafael. 2007. The Moncada Attack: Birth of the Cuban Revolution. University of South Carolina Press. {{ISBN|978-1-57003-672-9}}, p. 314 note 47.
Dreke, Victor (Edited by Mary-Alice Waters) 2002. From el Escambray to the Congo. Pathfinder Press, New York. {{ISBN|0-87348-947-0}}, {{ISBN|0-87348-948-9}}.
Encinosa, Enrique G. 1989. El Escopetero Chapter in Escambray: La Guerra Olvidada, Un Libro Historico de Los Combatientes Anticastristas en Cuba (1960–1966). Editorial SIBI, Miami.
Encinosa, Enrique G. 2004. Unvanquished – Cuba's Resistance to Fidel Castro, Pureplay Press, Los Angeles, pp. 73–86. {{ISBN|0-9714366-6-5}}.
Faria, Miguel A. Cuba in Revolution – Escape from a Lost Paradise. Hacienda Publishing, Macon, GA, pp. 88–93. {{ISBN|0-9641077-3-2}}.
Fermoselle, Rafael 1992. Cuban Leadership after Castro: Biographies of Cuba's Top Commanders, North-South Center, University of Miami, Research Institute for Cuban Studies; 2nd ed (paperback) {{ISBN|0-935501-35-5}}.
Franqui, Carlos 1984 (foreword by G. Cabrera Infante and translated by Alfred MacAdam from Spanish 1981 version). Family portrait with Fidel, Random House First Vintage Books, New York. {{ISBN|0-394-72620-0}} .
Priestland, Jane (editor) 2003. British Archives on Cuba: Cuba under Castro 1959–1962. Archival Publications International Limited, 2003, London {{ISBN|1-903008-20-4}}.
Puebla, Teté (Brigadier General of the Cuban Armed Forces) 2003. Marianas in Combat: the Mariana Grajales Women's Platoon in Cuba's Revolutionary War 1956–58, New York Pathfinder (Paperback) {{ISBN|0-87348-957-8}}.
Ros, Enrique 2006. El Clandestinaje y la Lucha Armada Contra Castro (The clandestinity and the armed fight against Castro), Ediciones Universal, Miami {{ISBN|1-59388-079-0}}.
Volkman, Ernest 1995. "Our man in Havana. Cuban double agents 1961–1987" in Espionage: The Greatest Spy Operations of the Twentieth Century, Wiley, New York {{ISBN|0-471-16157-8}}.