Escorteur
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File:USS Kyne (DE-744) underway in the Pacific Ocean, in June 1945 (80-G-379052).jpg {{USS|Kyne|DE-744|6}} ({{sclass|Cannon|destroyer escort|4}})]]
The French term Escorteur (Escort Ship) appeared during the Second World War to designate a warship, of a medium or light displacement, whose mission was to protect ocean convoys and naval squadrons from attacks by submarines. This role was in general handled by a destroyer escort such as the {{sclass|Buckley|destroyer escort|5}} and {{sclass|Cannon|destroyer escort|4}}es built in the United States, or a {{sclass2|Hunt|destroyer}} built by the United Kingdom, or even a {{sclass2|River|frigate|4}} built by the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. The Imperial Japanese Navy used the designation kaibokan for this type of ship.
The escorteurs of the French Navy
{{Main|List of Escorteurs of the French Navy}}
File:L'Escarmouche 1944 IWM FL 4094.jpg Escarmouche
({{sclass2|River|frigate|1}})]]
In the immediate aftermath of the war, to fulfill the task of naval escorts, the French Navy was limited to a fleet of torpilleur and contre-torpilleur (otherwise known as destroyers), along with a number of avisos. They were later joined by several naval ships of German and Italian origin awarded as war reparations, and several escort bâtiments originated from the United Kingdom and the United States, all under different designations:
- Destroyer escort of 1,500 tons, constructed in the United States;
- Frigate of 1,200 tons, {{sclass2|River|frigate|2}}, constructed in the United Kingdom;
- Corvettes of 600 tons, {{sclass2|Flower|corvette|2}}, constructed in the United Kingdom;
- Coastal patrol boats of 400 tons, {{sclass|PC-461|submarine chaser}} constructed in the United States.
Two ex-Italian light cruisers, {{ship|French cruiser|Châteaurenault|D 606|2}}[http://www.alabordache.fr/marine/espacemarine/desarme/escorteurdescadre/chateaurenault/presentation.php Le Châteaurenault sur le site alabordache.fr] and {{ship|French cruiser|Guichen|D 607|2}},[http://www.alabordache.fr/marine/espacemarine/desarme/escorteurdescadre/guichen/actualite.php Le Guichen sur le site alabordache.fr] would bear their designation of escorteur d'escadre (Squadron Escorteur) from 1955 until their disarmament in 1962 and 1963.
Construction of a new fleet
During the years 1950–1960, France reconstituted the navy with the assistance of the United States which contributed most of the rebuilding program. Following certain hesitations, the term « escorteur » was finally chosen for this new type of warship, instead of the traditional « torpilleur » or « contre-torpilleur », which were abandoned.
The four families of escorteurs
- 18 Squadron Escorteurs: 12 {{sclass2|T 47|destroyer|4}} , 5 {{sclass2|T 53|destroyer|4}}, 1 T 56 class: bâtiments of 3,000 tons, length {{convert|128|to|132|m|ft|0}}, vocation anti-ship, anti-submarine, anti-aerial, picket radar flotilla navigation. They formed until the end of 1980s, the backbone forces of high-seas of the French Navy. For NATO, those were destroyers.
- 18 Rapid Escorteurs : Type E50 and Type E52; lighter bâtiments of 1,500 t, length {{convert|99|m|ft|0}}, vocation anti-submarine, types E50, E52A, E52B. For NATO, those were frigates.
- 9 Aviso Escorteurs : {{sclass|Commandant Rivière|frigate|4}}; bâtiments of 2,100 t, length {{convert|103|m|ft|0}} , vocation anti-submarine and anti-ship. For NATO, those were frigates.
- 14 Coastal Escorteurs : ( 3 Le Fougeux class and 11 L'Adroit class; bâtiments of 400 t, {{convert|52|m|ft|0}} length. For NATO, those were patrol boats and submarine chasers.
File:EE Surcouf D621.jpg|{{center|Squadron escorteur
Surcouf}}
File:Le Bourguignon F769.jpg|{{center|Rapid escorteur
Le Bourguignon}}
File:Commandant Bourdais.jpg|{{center|Aviso escorteur
Commandant Bourdais}}
File:Le Fringant P640.jpg|{{center|coastal escorteur
Le Fringant}}
The designation of « escorteur » is no longer used in the French Navy. The designation has been replaced by that of frigate, aviso or patrol boat.
See also
References
{{reflist}}
= Sources =
- Jean Moulin, Rober Dumas, Les Escorteurs d'escadre, Marines éditions Nantes, 1997 {{ISBN|2-909675297}}
{{Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries}}