Esteban Montejo

{{Short description|Afro-Cuban former slave and resistance fighter (1868-1973)}}

{{Infobox person

| name = Esteban Montejo

| birth_date = c. 1868

| birth_place = Las Villas, Captaincy General of Cuba, Spanish Empire

| death_date = {{death date and age|1973|02|10|1868|12|26}}

| occupation = {{flatlist|

Slave
sugar plantation worker
rebel soldier

}}

| parents = Emilia Montejo and Nazario

}}

Esteban Mesa Montejo (c. 1868 – February 10, 1973) was a Cuban enslaved person who escaped to freedom before slavery was abolished on the island in 1886. He lived as a maroon (runaway slaved) in the mountains until that time. He also served in the war of independence in Cuba. He is known for having his biography published in 1966, in both Spanish and English, several years before his death and when he was already at least in his 90s. He seems to have lived to be about 104. In 1997 Michael Zeuske, a German historian and field researcher of Cuban slavery and life histories, found evidence of Esteban Montejo's real date of birth in the baptismal registers (in Sagua la Grande) - not 1860, but 1868 (December 26)Michael Zeuske. (1997). "The Cimarrón in the archives: a re-reading of Miguel Barnets biography of Esteban Montejo" In: New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 71 (1997), no: 3/4, Leiden, 265-279.

Muñoz, Juliana Fillies Testa. (2021). "Rethinking the Independence of Cuba from Miguel Barnet’s Biography of a Runaway Slave. Cuadernos Inter.c.a.mbio sobre Centroamérica y el Caribe, 18(1), e45606. doi: https://doi.org/10.15517/c.a..v18i1.45606

After being featured in a newspaper article, Montejo had been contacted in 1963 by Cuban ethnologist Miguel Barnet, who conducted a series of taped interviews with him. From these, he published a book about Montejo's life.[http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=650 Review of Biography of a Runaway Slave], H-Net The book in Spanish was published as a biography of Montejo by Barnet, and in English as an autobiography by Montejo.

Biography

Around 1868, Esteban Mesa Montejo was born into slavery on a sugar-cane plantation in Cuba. He grew up with the Afro-Cuban religion Santería, which combined Roman Catholicism and elements of Yoruba religion.

As a young man he was determined to be free and escaped from the plantation. He fled to the mountains, where there were communities of other maroons, refugees who lived beyond the reach of planters. Cuba did not abolish slavery until 1886, when Montejo was either around 18 or 26 years old.

After that, he worked mostly on farms and plantations, which made up most of the Cuban economy. During the war of independence in 1898, he fought for an independent Cuba. In his last years, he lived in a veterans' home.

1962–1963 to 1970

In 1962 Montejo was one of two people featured in a newspaper article about Cubans who were more than a century old. Both were former enslaved people. He was contacted by ethnologist Miguel Barnet, who wanted to interview him about his life.

Barnet edited the transcripts and published an account of Montejo's life in 1966, as Biografía de un cimarrón. Montejo and Barnet's book includes descriptions of Afro-Cuban religious expression and of Montejo's life as a fugitive slave. He also recounted his memories of the Cuban war for independence from Spain in 1898, which he fought in. The United States intervened and its military forces occupied Cuba for several years. Barnet ends the book in 1905, following the US occupation of Cuba from 1898 to 1902.

An English translation was published in 1966 in the United Kingdom and Australia as The Autobiography of a Runaway Slave.{{cite book | last = Montejo | first = Esteban | title = The Autobiography of a Runaway Slave | publisher = Bodley Head | location = London, Sydney | year = 1966 | isbn = 9780370004495 }} Years later, it was published in English in the United States, as Biography of a Runaway Slave.{{cite book | last = Montejo | first = Esteban | title = Biography of a Runaway Slave | publisher = Curbstone | location = Willimantic, CT | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-1-880684-18-4 }}