Ethiopia–United States relations

U.S.-Ethiopian relations were established in 1903, after nine days of meetings in Ethiopia between Emperor Menelik II and Robert P. Skinner, an emissary of President Theodore Roosevelt. This first step was augmented with treaties of arbitration and conciliation signed at Addis Ababa 26 January 1929.Treaty of arbitration: 46 Stat. 2357, TS 799, 7 Bevans 662, 101 LNTS 517. Treaty of Conciliation: 46 Stat. 2368, TS 799, 7 Bevans 665, 101 LNTS 529 These formal relations included a grant of Most Favored Nation status, and were good up to the attempted Italian occupation in 1935.

Warqenah Eshate, while visiting the United States in 1927, visited Harlem, where he delivered Ras Tafari's greetings to the African-American community and Tafari's invitation to skilled African Americans to settle in Ethiopia. A number of African-Americans did travel to Ethiopia, such as John Robinson who became the commander of the Ethiopian Air force, where they played a number of roles in the modernization of the country before the Italian attempted conquest in 1935.Bahru Zewde, Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 39f

In his autobiography, Emperor Haile Selassie notes that the United States was one of only five countries which refused to recognize the Italian attempted conquest of his country.Haile Selassie I, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress, Haile Sellassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia: Addis Abeba, 1966 E.C. translated by Ezekiel Gebissa, et alia, (Chicago: Frontline Books, 1999), vol. 2 p. 22

File:JFKWHP-ST-C307-17-63.jpg and Emperor Haile Selassie I in 1963]]

Following the return of Emperor Haile Selassie to Ethiopia, the United States certified Ethiopia for participation in Lend-Lease. This was followed on 16 May 1944 by the arrival of what was later called the Fellows Mission, led by James M. Landis.John Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay: A personal account of the Haile Selassie years (Algonac: Reference Publications, 1984), p. 144 Another significant event transpired in January 1944, when President Franklin Roosevelt met personally with Emperor Haile Selassie aboard the {{USS|Quincy|CA-71}} in the Great Bitter Lake of Egypt. Although no matters of substance were resolved, the meeting both strengthened the Emperor's already strong predilection towards the United States, as well as discomforted the British who had been at odds with the Ethiopian government over the disposition of Eritrea and the Ogaden.Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay, pp. 159f

These ties were strengthened with the signing of the September 1951 treaty of amity and economic relations.Signed at Addis Ababa 7 September 1953, and entered into force 8 October 1953. 4 UST 2134, TIAS 2864, 206 UNTS 41. In 1953, a further two agreements were signed: a mutual defense assistance agreement, under which the United States agreed to furnish military equipment and training, and an accord regularizing the operations of a U.S. communication facility at Asmara, Kagnew Station. In 1957, then U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon visited Ethiopia and called it "one of the United States' most stalwart and consistent allies".[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=03dRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vwAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6537,4720048&dq=united+states+egypt+vice+president&hl=en U.S. Requests for Ethiopian Bases Pushed] Toledo Blade, March 13, 1957 In addition, during the 1960s the U.S. Army provided mapping for much of the country of Ethiopia in an operation known as the Ethiopia-United States Mapping Mission.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethi-usmappingmission.com/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208171226/http://www.ethi-usmappingmission.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=December 8, 2012|title=ethi-usmappingmission.com|website=www.ethi-usmappingmission.com}}

During the 1964 Ethiopian–Somali War over the Ogaden, the Americans tacitly side with Haile Sellasie, with US Air Force delivered military assistance the Ethiopian army,{{Cite news |date=20 February 1964 |title=ETHIOPIA GETS SUPPLY OF ARMS BY U. S. AIR LIFT |work=Chicago Tribune |pages=7 |id={{ProQuest|179373678}}}}{{Cite news |date=23 Feb 1964 |title=ANOTHER FRYING PAN |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/179363064/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |work=Chicago Tribune |pages=22}} including the deployment of US army combat training teams and the construction of an air base close to the border.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxDfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22somali+army%22+1964 |title=Strategic Studies |date=1977 |publisher=Institute of Strategic Studies |pages=21 |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Lefebvre |first=Jeffrey A. |date=1998 |title=The United States, Ethiopia and the 1963 Somali-Soviet Arms Deal: Containment and the Balance of Power Dilemma in the Horn of Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/161927 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=611–643 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X98002870 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-02 |issn=0022-278X |jstor=161927 |s2cid=154644957}} The scale of support to Ethiopia was significant enough that the embassy in Mogadishu sent a cable cautioning Washington that if the full extent of American involvement in the conflict was discovered, there would be a serious political fallout with neighboring Somalia.

Through fiscal year 1978, the United States provided Ethiopia with $282 million in military assistance and $366 million in economic assistance in agriculture, education, public health, and transportation.

File:Haille Sellasse and Richard Nixon 1969.png and President Nixon in 1969.]]

Ethiopia was one of the first countries to take part in the American Peace Corps program, which emphasized agriculture, basic education, tourism, health, economic development and teaching English as a foreign language. The Peace Corps reports that since 1962, when its first volunteers arrived in Ethiopia, a total of 2,934 volunteers have served in that country.[http://www.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?shell=learn.wherepc.africa.ethiopia Ethiopia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710020250/http://www.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?shell=learn.wherepc.africa.ethiopia |date=2010-07-10 }}, Peace Corps website (accessed 6 July 2010) U.S. Information Service educational and cultural exchanges were also an important part of their relations.

After the Ethiopian Revolution, the bilateral relationship began to cool due to the Derg's linking with international communism and U.S. revulsion at the junta's human rights abuses. The United States rebuffed Ethiopia's request for increased military assistance to intensify its fight against the Eritrean secessionist movement and to repel the Somali invasion. The International Security and Development Act of 1985 prohibited all U.S. economic assistance to Ethiopia with the exception of humanitarian disaster and emergency relief. In July 1980, the U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia was recalled at the request of the Ethiopian Government (who was then Frederic L. Chapin), and the U.S. Embassy in Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Embassy in the United States were headed subsequently by Chargé d'affaires.[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2859.htm#relations Ethiopia: US-Ethiopia relations], United States State Department website (accessed 19 December 2010)

With the downfall of Mengistu Haile Mariam (who had taken control of the Derg), U.S.-Ethiopian relations improved as legislative restrictions on non-humanitarian assistance to Ethiopia were lifted. Diplomatic relations were upgraded to the ambassadorial level in 1992. Total U.S. government assistance, including food aid, between 1991 and 2003 was $2.3 billion. During the severe drought year of 2003, the U.S. provided a record $553.1 million in assistance, of which $471.7 million was food aid.

File:Secretary Blinken With Ethiopian President Ahmed (52757272858).jpg with U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken in 2023]]

File:The United States Delivers COVID-19 Vaccine Doses to Ethiopia (51321755276).jpgs to Ethiopia as part of the COVAX initiative in 2021]]

The U.S. Congress, however, attempted to set conditions, over the objections of the George W. Bush administration. In October, 2007, the House of Representatives passed the [https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/2003 Ethiopia Democracy and Accountability Act of 2007], banning military aid other than for counterterrorism and peacekeeping unless Ethiopia improved its human rights record. H.R. 2003 was referred to the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs but was not voted on.{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/2003/all-actions?q=%7B%22action-by%22:%22Senate%22%7D|title=Actions - H.R.2003 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): Ethiopia Democracy and Accountability Act of 2007|last=Donald|first=Payne|date=2007-10-03|website=www.congress.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-11-12}} The bill sought to restrict U.S. military aid for any purpose other than counter-terrorism and peacekeeping purposes. If the President certified that all political prisoners had been released and an independent media could function without excessive interference, full, normal military aid could resume. The Ethiopia Democracy and Accountability Act would have restricted security assistance and imposed travel restrictions on Ethiopian officials accused of human rights violations unless Ethiopia met the conditions – although the legislation would have given the president a waiver to prevent such measures from taking force.

The Act also exempted counter-terrorism, peacekeeping operations, and international military training from any funding restrictions, a reflection of Ethiopia's military capabilities and its perceived role as a source of stability in the volatile Horn of Africa.{{citation |newspaper=The Financial Times |date=October 3, 2007 |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caca776c-71e1-11dc-8960-0000779fd2ac.html |title=Ethiopia bill faces Bush backlash |author=Jopson, Barney |author2=Daniel Dombey}}

In 2006, the Ethiopian government hired law firm DLA Piper to lobby against the passage of the H.R. 2003.{{Cite web|url=https://efile.fara.gov/pls/apex/f?p=181:200:507922371020::NO:RP,200:P200_REG_NUMBER,P200_DOC_TYPE,P200_COUNTRY:3712,Exhibit%20AB,ETHIOPIA|title=Documents|website=efile.fara.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-11-12}}{{Cite book|jstor=j.ctt155jkdt|title=Diaspora Lobbies and the US Government: Convergence and Divergence in Making Foreign Policy|date=2014|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9781479818761|editor-last=DeWind|editor-first=Josh|editor-last2=Segura|editor-first2=Renata|chapter=Convergence and Divergence in Making Foreign Policy}} The Ethiopian government was specifically concerned about the sanctions that would be enacted if the bill passed. DLA Piper, on behalf of the Ethiopian government, released statements emphasizing the counterterrorism role that the country played in the region, and that the United States relied on. Additionally, Ethiopian diaspora groups, in opposition to the Ethiopian government, hired Bracewell and Giuliani to lobby for the passage of H.R. 2003.

When asked about H.R. 2003, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice stated that "The administration does not support this particular house resolution."{{Cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2007/12/96505.htm|title=Joint Press Availability with African Great Lakes State Leaders|website=2001-2009.state.gov|access-date=2018-11-12|date=2007-12-05}} The Bush administration believed that human rights violations in Ethiopia needed to be addressed, but it claimed that H.R. 2003 was not the best method to do so.{{Cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2007/12/96480.htm|title=Interview With Tefera Ggedamu of Ethiopia TV|website=2001-2009.state.gov|access-date=2018-11-12|date=2007-12-05}} Instead, Secretary Rice announced that the administration was working with NGOs to improve the humanitarian situation in Ethiopia and that a good relationship with the Ethiopian government was essential for the efficacy of those programs.

In 2021, the Ethiopian government hired former Representative Joe Garcia to lobby on its behalf.{{Cite web|last=Oprysko|first=Caitlin|title=Former congressman will lobby for Ethiopian government|url=https://politi.co/3AjWdCU|access-date=2021-10-08|website=POLITICO|language=en}}

As part of the War on Terror, Ethiopia emerged as an 'anchor state' for American policy and Western interests in the Horn of Africa in the early 2000's. Modelled after the National Security Agency, the Ethiopian Information Network Security Agency (INSA) was created with support from the United States government, particularly in the context of the 2006 invasion of Somalia aimed at toppling an Islamic government (the Islamic Courts Union). The original purpose of the agency was to intercept and analyze intelligence primarily from Somalia.{{Cite book |last=Gardner |first=Tom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVnbEAAAQBAJ |title=The Abiy Project: God, Power and War in the New Ethiopia |date=2024-06-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-911723-10-3 |pages=52 |language=en}}

During the full-scale Ethiopian invasion in December 2006, US Special Forces and CIA paramilitary units supported by American AC-130s and helicopter gunships, directly intervened in support of the Ethiopian National Defense Forces (ENDF).{{Cite magazine |last=Axe |first=David |date=2 December 2010 |title=WikiLeaked Cable Confirms U.S.' Secret Somalia Op |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/12/wikileaked-cable-confirms-u-s-secret-somalia-op/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329233234/http://www.wired.com/2010/12/wikileaked-cable-confirms-u-s-secret-somalia-op/ |archive-date=29 March 2015 |magazine=Wired}}{{Cite journal |last=Hollar |first=Jullie |date=March–April 2008 |title=Rediscovering Somalia |journal=Extra! |publisher=Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting |pages=13–15}} The Bush administration doubted Ethiopia's ability to effectively use the new equipment it had provided for the invasion. As a result, it decided to involve US Special Forces and CIA agents in the campaign.{{Cite book |last=Polk |first=William R. |author-link=William R. Polk |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/982652240 |title=Crusade and jihad: the thousand-year war between the Muslim world and the global north |date=2018 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-22290-6 |series=The Henry L. Stimson lectures |location=New Haven ; London |page=459 |oclc=982652240 |quote=Since the Bush administration doubted that the Ethiopians would use the new equipment effectively, it decided to participate in the campaign with American Special Forces and agents of the CIA. It was an offer Ethiopia could not refuse: money, arms, and the creation of an American shield to protect the regime. It began its unprovoked and ultimately unsuccessful invasion...}} According to top officials in the Ethiopian backed Somali transitional government who had helped plan the invasion, "The Ethiopians were not able to come in without the support of the US Government...American air forces were supporting us."{{Cite book |last=Scahill |first=Jeremy |title=Dirty Wars: The World Is a Battlefield |date=2013 |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=978-1-56858-671-7 |location=New York, NY |pages=208}} In 2010, US ambassador to Ethiopia Donald Yamamoto stated that the Ethiopian invasion had been a mistake and "not a really good idea".{{Cite web |last=Sahra |first=Mohamud |date=2010-03-12 |title=Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, a Debacle U.S. Official says |url=https://mshale.com/2010/03/12/ethiopian-invasion-of-somalia-a-debacle-u-s-official-says/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Mshale |language=en-US}}

The CIA allegedly used Ethiopia as a base for black sites to secretly interrogate undeclared prisoners in the Global War on Terrorism.[http://www.democracynow.org/2007/4/5/outsourced_guantanamo_fbi_cia_interrogating_detainees "‘Outsourced Guantanamo’–FBI & CIA Interrogating Detainees in Secret Ethiopian Jails, U.S. Citizen Among Those Held"], Democracy Now!, April 5, 2007

Human rights groups have accused the United States of giving Ethiopia's Prime Minister Meles Zenawi "a free rein" to abuse his own people. In April 2010, Human Rights Watch published a report which accused Zenawi's ruling party Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front of having "total control of local and district administrators to monitor and intimidate individuals at the household level." The report author Ben Rawlence also said that "Meles is using aid to build a one-party state" and accused foreign governments of having colluded in eroding civil liberties and democracy by letting their aid be manipulated by Zenawi. The Ethiopian government has denounced the report as "outrageous".

Human rights violations in Ethiopia have created a strain in the two countries relations. Jendayi Frazer, head of U.S. African policy as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs at the Bureau of African Affairs, spoke of "unprecedented" agreements between the Ethiopian opposition and government, which she said were "a monumental advancement in the political environment". Examples she gave included reform of the National Election Board of Ethiopia and a new code of conduct for the press. But she added that the U.S. had raised "strong concerns" about human rights violations.

In April 2010, Ethiopia attempted to jam broadcasts of the Voice of America, the U.S. state-run broadcaster. Prime Minister Zenawi accused Voice of America of broadcasting ethnic hatred and compared the broadcaster to the hate speech from Radio Mille Collines, which had helped provoke genocide in Rwanda. The Economist pointed out that the U.S. response to these accusations had been rather muted, probably due to the importance of the U.S.-Ethiopia alliance.

During the outbreak of the 2016 Ethiopian protests the U.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa released a statement in which it said the U.S. government was “deeply concerned with the extensive violence.”Several dozen shot dead in weekend protests across Ethiopia, 8 Aug. 2016, Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/several-dozen-fatally-shot-in-weekend-protests-across-ethiopia/2016/08/08/e03956d6-5d96-11e6-8e45-477372e89d78_story.html

In 2022 America announced that it would be issuing sanctions against Ethiopian national whom it accused of having a role in the Tigray Conflict.{{Cite web |title=Issuance of Ethiopia Sanctions Regulations; Implementation of the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act |url=https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/recent-actions/20220208 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en}} However, in September 2022, Senator Bob Menendez, the Democratic chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, criticized the Biden administration for hesitating to impose sanctions on the government of Ethiopia, where many atrocities and war crimes were committed in the civil war between the government and the rebels.{{cite news |title=Team Biden Balks on Africa Sanctions |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/10/20/us-africa-sanctions-human-rights-biden-ethiopia-sudan/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=20 October 2022}}

In February 2021, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken condemned ethnic cleansing in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia and called for the immediate withdrawal of Eritrean forces and other fighters.{{cite news |title=Top US diplomat decries 'ethnic cleansing' in Ethiopia's Tigray |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/10/us-top-diplomat-decries-ethnic-cleansing-in-ethiopias-tigray |work=Al Jazeera |date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213095041/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/10/us-top-diplomat-decries-ethnic-cleansing-in-ethiopias-tigray |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=The World's Deadliest War Isn't in Ukraine, But in Ethiopia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/the-worlds-deadliest-war-isnt-in-ukraine-but-in-ethiopia/2022/03/22/eaf4b83c-a9b6-11ec-8a8e-9c6e9fc7a0de_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 23, 2022 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=November 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110051111/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/the-worlds-deadliest-war-isnt-in-ukraine-but-in-ethiopia/2022/03/22/eaf4b83c-a9b6-11ec-8a8e-9c6e9fc7a0de_story.html |url-status=live }} In March 2023, Blinken met with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in Addis Ababa to normalize relations between the United States and Ethiopia that were strained by the Tigray War between the Ethiopian government and Tigray rebels.{{cite news |title=Blinken praises Ethiopia on Tigray peace, no return to trade programme yet |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/blinken-meet-ethiopian-government-leaders-repair-ties-2023-03-15/ |work=Reuters |date=15 March 2023}}

On 30 June 2023, the United States lifted aid restrictions on Ethiopia. According to White House national security spokesperson John Kirby, the restrictions were lifted due to progress on human rights, particularly after the cessation-of-hostilities agreement. While violence continues in the Tigray region, the focus of assistance is on supporting peace, demining efforts, and accountability.{{Cite news |last1=Holland |first1=Steve |last2=Psaledakis |first2=Daphne |date=2023-07-30 |title= US lifts some restrictions on Ethiopia after human rights improvements|language=en |work=Reuters |url= https://www.reuters.com/world/us-lifts-some-restrictions-ethiopia-after-human-rights-improvements-white-house-2023-06-30/ |access-date=2023-07-02}}

File:Hailemariam Desalegn with Obamas 2014 (cropped).jpg in 2014]]

Barack Obama was the first sitting United States president to speak in front of the African Union in Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa, on 29 July 2015. With his speech, he encouraged the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade with the continent, and lauded the progresses made in education, infrastructure and the economy. But he also criticized the lack of democracy and leaders who refuse to step off, discrimination against minorities (LGBT people, religious groups and ethnicities) and corruption. He suggested an intensified democratization and free trade, to significantly increase living quality for Africans.{{cite web|last1=Lee|first1=Carol E.|title=Obama Becomes First U.S. President to Address African Union|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-becomes-first-u-s-president-to-address-african-union-1438090849|publisher=Wall Street Journal|access-date=29 July 2015}}{{cite web|title=Remarks by President Obama to the People of Africa|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/remarks-president-obama-people-africa|access-date=29 July 2015|via=National Archives|work=whitehouse.gov|date=2015-07-28}}

In December 2022, Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed attended the United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2022 in Washington, D.C., and met with US President Joe Biden.{{Cite web |date=2022-12-13 |title=Africa: Heads of Delegation for U.S–Africa Leaders Summit – White House |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202212130597.html |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=AllAfrica |language=en}}

In 2023 Ethiopia received over US$1,000,000,000 in US aid for drought relief, conflict recovery, and long-term development. USAid freeze of February 2025 disrupted aid in Ethiopia, the largest US aid recipient in sub-Saharan Africa.{{Cite news |last=Harter |first=Fred |date=2025-02-21 |title=‘The impact has been devastating’: how USAid freeze sent shockwaves through Ethiopia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/ng-interactive/2025/feb/21/the-impact-has-been-devastating-how-usaid-freeze-sent-shockwaves-through-ethiopia |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} The WFP already cut rations by 40% for 800,000 refugees due to funding gaps. Ahmed Hussein, of the Ethiopian Civil Society Organisations Council, warned that the crisis could worsen, leading to more deaths and instability. The freeze also worsened the ongoing Ethiopian malaria crisis, with 7,300,000 cases reported in 2024.{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Rosalind |date=2025-02-20 |title=Trump’s dismantling of USAid raises risk of mpox global emergency, experts warn |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/feb/20/trump-usaid-mpox |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

• Ethiopian Americans
• Foreign relations of the United States
• Foreign relations of Ethiopia
• United States Ambassador to Ethiopia

{{reflist|30em}}

{{StateDept |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2859.htm#relations}}

• Getahun, Solomon Addis. The History of Ethiopian Immigrants and Refugees in America, 1900-2000: Patterns of Migration, Survival, and Adjustment (New York: LFB Scholarly Pub., 2007).
• Kobel, Paul S. "Ethiopian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 107–118. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300071/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=5ea54edd online]
• McVety, Amanda Kay. Enlightened Aid: U.S. Development as Foreign Policy in Ethiopia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Metaferia, Getachew. Ethiopia and the United States: History, Diplomacy, and Analysis (2009) [https://www.questia.com/read/121170569/ethiopia-and-the-united-states-history-diplomacy online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328065831/https://www.questia.com/read/121170569/ethiopia-and-the-united-states-history-diplomacy |date=2019-03-28 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=Nancy |title=Jimmy Carter in Africa: Race and the Cold War |date=2016 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0804793858}}
• Ofcansky, Thomas P., and LaVerle Berry. Ethiopia: A Country of Study (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1993). [https://www.loc.gov/item/92000507/ online]

• [https://history.state.gov/countries/ethiopia History of Ethiopia - U.S. relations]

{{Commons category|Relations of Ethiopia and the United States}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090122223926/http://www.ethiopianembassy.org/index.shtml Embassy of Ethiopia to the United States website]
• [http://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0504/areg.html "U.S. to Test Soviet 'New Thinking': Talks on Africa," The Christian Science Monitor, May 4, 1989.]

{{Foreign relations of Ethiopia}}

{{Foreign relations of the United States |expanded=Bilateral}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ethiopia-United States relations}}

United States

Category:Bilateral relations of the United States