Euglyphida

{{Short description|Order of single-celled organisms}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Euglypha sp.jpg

| image_alt = "Euglypha" sp.

| image_caption = Euglypha sp.

| taxon = Euglyphida

| authority = Copeland, 1956

| subdivision_ranks = Families

| subdivision_ref = {{citation|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=22624 |access-date=7 September 2018 |title=Euglyphida |publisher=WoRMS – World Register of Marine Species}}

| subdivision =

• Assulinidae
• Cyphoderiidae
• Euglyphidae
• Paulinellidae
• Sphenoderiidae
• Trinematidae

| synonyms =

| synonyms_ref =

}}

The euglyphids are a prominent group of filose amoebae that produce shells or tests that in most described species is reinforced by siliceous scales, plates, and sometimes spines, but this reinforcement is absent in other species.[https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/255052/1/jeu.12835.pdf Description of Phaeobola aeris gen. nov., sp. nov (Rhizaria, Cercozoa, Euglyphida) Sheds Light on Euglyphida’s Dark Matter - Digital CSIC]

These elements are created within the cell and then assembled on its surface in a more or less regular arrangement, giving the test a textured appearance. There is a single opening for the long slender pseudopods, which capture food and pull the cell across the substrate.

Euglyphids are common in soils, marshes, and other organic-rich environments, feeding on tiny organisms such as bacteria. The test is generally 30–100 μm in length, although the cell only occupies part of this space. During reproduction a second shell is formed opposite the opening, so both daughter cells remain protected. Different genera and species are distinguished primarily by the form of the test. Euglypha and Trinema are the most common.

The euglyphids are traditionally grouped with other amoebae. However, genetic studies instead place them with various amoeboid and flagellate groups, forming an assemblage called the Cercozoa. Their closest relatives are the thaumatomonads, flagellates that form similar siliceous tests.

Photosynthetic species are found in the genera Paulinella and Placocista. The photosynthetic abilities in Paulinella comes from an event when a cyanobacterium settled permanently within the cell. In Placocista, where a few species have colonies of symbiotic Chlorella living inside them, the relationship is less intimate. The photosynthetic Paulinella are phototrophic, and the photosynthetic Placocista are mixotrophic.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhWyDgAAQBAJ&dq=Euglyphida+Mixotrophic+euglyphids&pg=PA403 | title=Algal and Cyanobacteria Symbioses | isbn=978-1-78634-059-7 | last1=Grube | first1=Martin | last2=Seckbach | first2=Joseph | last3=Muggia | first3=Lucia | date=29 December 2016 | publisher=World Scientific }}{{Cite journal |last=Gomaa |first=F. |last2=Kosakyan |first2=A. |last3=Heger |first3=T. J. |last4=Corsaro |first4=D. |last5=Mitchell |first5=E. A. |last6=Lara |first6=E. |date=2014 |title=One Alga to Rule them All: Unrelated Mixotrophic Testate Amoebae (Amoebozoa, Rhizaria and Stramenopiles) Share the Same Symbiont (Trebouxiophyceae) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1434461014000030 |journal=Protist |volume=165 |issue=2 |pages=161–176 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2014.01.002 |pmid=24646792|url-access=subscription |hdl=11380/1302343 |hdl-access=free }}{{cite journal | pmc=7734844 | date=2020 | last1=Gabr | first1=A. | last2=Grossman | first2=A. R. | last3=Bhattacharya | first3=D. | title=Paulinella, A Model for Understanding Plastid Primary Endosymbiosis | journal=Journal of Phycology | volume=56 | issue=4 | pages=837–843 | doi=10.1111/jpy.13003 | pmid=32289879 | bibcode=2020JPcgy..56..837G }}