Euphemism#Evolution

Euphemism comes from the Greek word {{lang|grc-Latn|euphemia}} ({{lang|grc|εὐφημία}}) which refers to the use of 'words of good omen'; it is a compound of {{lang|grc-Latn|eû}} ({{lang|grc|εὖ}}), meaning 'good, well', and {{lang|grc-Latn|phḗmē}} ({{lang|grc|φήμη}}), meaning 'prophetic speech; rumour, talk'.{{Cite web |title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, φήμη |url= https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=fh/mh |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}} Eupheme is a reference to the female Greek spirit of words of praise and positivity, etc. The term euphemism itself was used as a euphemism by the ancient Greeks; with the meaning "to keep a holy silence" (speaking well by not speaking at all).{{cite dictionary |url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=euphemism&allowed_in_frame=0 |title='Euphemism' Etymology |dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=10 June 2015 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150320002713/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=euphemism&allowed_in_frame=0 |url-status=live}}

Reasons for using euphemisms vary by context and intent. Commonly, euphemisms are used to avoid directly addressing subjects that might be deemed negative or embarrassing, such as death, sex, and excretory bodily functions. They may be created for innocent, well-intentioned purposes or nefariously and cynically, intentionally to deceive, confuse or deny. Euphemisms which emerge as dominant social euphemisms are often created to serve progressive causes.{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/how-strategic-lingo-swallowed-progressive-thought#google_vignette |title=How strategic lingo swallowed progressive thought |newspaper=Washington Examiner |date=19 May 2023}}{{cite news |url= https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/04/equity-language-guides-sierra-club-banned-words/673085/ |title=THE MORAL CASE AGAINST EQUITY LANGUAGE |newspaper=The Atlantic |date=2 March 2023}} The Oxford University Press's Dictionary of Euphemisms identifies "late" as an occasionally ambiguous term, whose nature as a euphemism for dead and an adjective meaning overdue, can cause confusion in listeners.{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Euphemisms|last=Holder|first=R. W.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-9235179|page=242}}

Euphemisms are also used to mitigate, soften or downplay the gravity of large-scale injustices, war crimes, or other events that warrant a pattern of avoidance in official statements or documents. For instance, one reason for the comparative scarcity of written evidence documenting the exterminations at Auschwitz, relative to their sheer number, is "directives for the extermination process obscured in bureaucratic euphemisms".{{cite magazine |url= https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1993/11/15/evidence-of-evil |title=Evidence of Evil |magazine=The New Yorker |date=15 November 1993 |first=Timothy |last=Ryback |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175241/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1993/11/15/evidence-of-evil |url-status=live}} Another example of this is during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, where Russian President Vladimir Putin, in his speech starting the invasion, called the invasion a "special military operation".{{cite news |url= https://www.ft.com/content/3677c63a-107f-41cd-96e0-7b131b4bd150 |title=Year in a word: 'Special operation' |newspaper=Financial Times |date=29 December 2022}}

Euphemisms are sometimes used to lessen the opposition to a political move. For example, according to linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu used the neutral Hebrew lexical item {{lang|he|פעימות}} {{lang|he-Latn|peimót}} (literally 'beatings (of the heart)'), rather than {{lang|he|נסיגה}} {{lang|he-Latn|nesigá}} ('withdrawal'), to refer to the stages in the Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank {{crossreference|(see Wye River Memorandum)}}, in order to lessen the opposition of right-wing Israelis to such a move.{{Cite book |title=Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew |work= SpringerLink |url= http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232 |url-access=subscription |page=181}} {{lang|he-Latn|Peimót}} was thus used as a euphemism for 'withdrawal'.{{rp|181}}

Euphemism may be used as a rhetorical strategy, in which case its goal is to change the valence of a description.{{clarify|date=March 2020|Example needed to prove this}}

Using a euphemism can in itself be controversial, as in the following examples:

• Affirmative action, meaning a preference for minorities or the historically disadvantaged, usually in employment or academic admissions. This term is sometimes said to be a euphemism for reverse discrimination, or, in the UK, positive discrimination, which suggests an intentional bias that might be legally prohibited, or otherwise unpalatable.Affirmative action as euphemism:
• {{cite news |author= |title=Style Guide |url= http://www.economist.com/style-guide/affirmative-action |quote=Uglier even than human-rights abuses and more obscure even than comfort station, affirmative action is a euphemism with little to be said for it. |newspaper=The Economist |date=10 March 2013 |access-date=10 March 2013 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140203132033/http://www.economist.com/style-guide/affirmative-action |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Custred |first1=Glynn |last2=Campbell |first2=Tom |name-list-style=amp |title=Affirmative Action: A Euphemism for Racial Profiling by Government |url= http://news.investors.com/052201-488507-affirmative-action-a-euphemism-for-racial-profiling-by-government.aspx |newspaper=Investors Business Daily |date=2 May 2001 |access-date=10 March 2013}}
• {{cite news |last=Bayan |first=Rick |title=Affirmative Action |url= http://newmoderate.com/the-issues/affirmative-action/ |newspaper=The New Moderate |date=December 2009 |access-date=2013-03-10 |archive-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130306040414/http://newmoderate.com/the-issues/affirmative-action/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/george-f-will-the-supreme-court-tangles-over-euphemisms-for-affirmative-action/2014/04/25/9bed399c-cbd1-11e3-95f7-7ecdde72d2ea_story.html |url-access=subscription |title=The Supreme Court tangles over euphemisms for affirmative action |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=25 April 2014 |first=George F. |last=Will |access-date=26 May 2015 |archive-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150526172148/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/george-f-will-the-supreme-court-tangles-over-euphemisms-for-affirmative-action/2014/04/25/9bed399c-cbd1-11e3-95f7-7ecdde72d2ea_story.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |first1=M. Ali |last1=Raza |first2=A. |last2=Janell Anderson |first3=Harry Glynn |last3=Custred |title=The Ups and Downs of Affirmative Action Preferences |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7vIN4pDAVlIC&pg=PA75 |chapter=Chapter 4: Affirmative Action Diversity: A Euphemism for Preferences, Quotas, and Set-asides |date=1999| publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780275967130 |page=75 |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160425233643/https://books.google.com/books?id=7vIN4pDAVlIC&pg=PA75 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |title=A Journalist's Guide to Live Direct and Unbiased News Translation |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lziSy2QJPjYC&pg=PA195 |date=2010 |publisher=Writescope Publishers |quote=In modern times, various social and political movements have introduced euphemisms, from affirmative action to political correctness to international conflicts, which are linguistically and culturally driven. |isbn=9780957751187 |page=195 |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160503231135/https://books.google.com/books?id=lziSy2QJPjYC&pg=PA195 |url-status=live}}
• Enhanced interrogation is a euphemism for torture. For example, columnist David Brooks called the use of this term for practices at Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo Bay and elsewhere an effort to "dull the moral sensibility".Enhanced interrogation as euphemism:
• {{cite news |first1=David |last1=Brooks |first2=Mark |last2=Shields |first3=Judy |last3=Woodruff |title=Shields and Brooks on the CIA interrogation report, spending bill sticking point |url= https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/shields-brooks-cia-interrogation-report-spending-bill-sticking-points/ |quote=[T]he report ... cuts through the ocean of euphemism, the EITs, enhanced interrogation techniques, and all that. It gets to straight language. Torture – it's obviously torture. ... the metaphor and the euphemism is designed to dull the moral sensibility. |work=PBS Newshour |date=12 December 2014 |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-date=16 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170916002826/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/shields-brooks-cia-interrogation-report-spending-bill-sticking-points/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42887700 |first1=Brian |last1=Williams |first2=Leon |last2=Panetta |title=Transcript of interview with CIA director Panetta |work=NBC News |date=3 May 2011 |quote=Enhanced interrogation has always been a kind of handy euphemism (for torture) |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220415140227/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42887700 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last=Pickering |first=Thomas |title=America must atone for the torture it inflicted |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/thomas-r-pickering-torture-runs-counter-to-americas-values/2013/04/16/1c4488f0-a15a-11e2-82bc-511538ae90a4_story.html |quote=Let's stop resorting to euphemisms and call "enhanced interrogation techniques" — including but not limited to waterboarding — what they actually are: torture. |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 16, 2013 |access-date=22 April 2013 |archive-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130419144738/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/thomas-r-pickering-torture-runs-counter-to-americas-values/2013/04/16/1c4488f0-a15a-11e2-82bc-511538ae90a4_story.html |url-status=live}}

The use of euphemism online is known as "algospeak" when used to evade automated online moderation techniques used on Meta and TikTok's platforms.{{cite news |last=Lorenz |first=Taylor |title=Internet 'algospeak' is changing our language in real time, from 'nip nops' to 'le dollar bean' |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=8 April 2022 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/08/algospeak-tiktok-le-dollar-bean/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 October 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220223103/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/08/algospeak-tiktok-le-dollar-bean/ |archive-date= Dec 20, 2023 }}{{Cite web |last=Kreuz |first=Roger J. |date=2023-04-13 |title=What is 'algospeak'? Inside the newest version of linguistic subterfuge |url=https://theconversation.com/what-is-algospeak-inside-the-newest-version-of-linguistic-subterfuge-203460 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206020407/https://theconversation.com/what-is-algospeak-inside-the-newest-version-of-linguistic-subterfuge-203460 |archive-date= Feb 6, 2024 }}{{Cite web |last=Tellez |first=Anthony |title='Mascara,' 'Unalive,' 'Corn': What Common Social Media Algospeak Words Actually Mean |date=Jan 31, 2023 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonytellez/2023/01/31/mascara-unalive-corn-what-common-social-media-algospeak-words-actually-mean/ |website=Forbes |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231101142728/https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonytellez/2023/01/31/mascara-unalive-corn-what-common-social-media-algospeak-words-actually-mean/?sh=5f84a902a085 |archive-date= Nov 1, 2023 }}{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexandralevine/2022/09/16/algospeak-social-media-survey/ |url-access=subscription |date=Sep 19, 2022 |first1=Alexandra S. |last1=Levine |title=From Camping to Cheese Pizza, 'Algospeak' is Taking over Social Media |website=Forbes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031173232/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexandralevine/2022/09/16/algospeak-social-media-survey/?sh=41eb61ae55e1 |archive-date= Oct 31, 2023 }}{{cite book |chapter-url= https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.1145/3543873.3587355 |doi=10.1145/3543873.3587355 |chapter=How Algorithm Awareness Impacts Algospeak Use on TikTok |title=Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023 |date=2023 |last1=Klug |first1=Daniel |last2=Steen |first2=Ella |last3=Yurechko |first3=Kathryn |pages=234–237 |isbn=9781450394192 |s2cid=258377709}} Algospeak has been used in debate about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.{{cite news |last=Nix |first=Naomi |title=Pro-Palestinian creators use secret spellings, code words to evade social media algorithms |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=20 October 2023 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/10/20/palestinian-tiktok-instagram-algospeak-israel-hamas/ |access-date=26 October 2023}}{{cite web |url= https://www.foxnews.com/tech/how-pro-palestinians-using-algospeak-dodge-social-media-scrutiny-disseminate-hateful-rhetoric |title=How pro-Palestinians are using 'Algospeak' to dodge social media scrutiny and disseminate hateful rhetoric |website=Fox News |date=23 October 2023}}

{{more citations needed|find=euphemism|find2=phonetic deformation|date=December 2021}}

{{anchor|Phonetic modification|Pronunciation|reason=Old section names; may have incoming links to them.}}

Phonetic euphemism is used to replace profanities and blasphemies, diminishing their intensity. To alter the pronunciation or spelling of a taboo word (such as profanity) to form a euphemism is known as taboo deformation, or a minced oath. Such modifications include:

• Shortening or "clipping" the term, such as Jeez ('Jesus') and what the— ('what the hell').
• Mispronunciations, such as oh my gosh ('oh my God'), frickin ('fucking'), darn ('damn') or oh shoot ('oh shit'). This is also referred to as a minced oath. Feck is a minced oath for 'fuck', originating in Hiberno-English and popularised outside of Ireland by the British sitcom Father Ted.
• Using acronyms as replacements, such as SOB ('son of a bitch'). Sometimes, the word word or bomb is added after it, such as F-word ('fuck'), etc. Also, the letter can be phonetically respelled.

Euphemisms formed from understatements include asleep for dead and drinking for consuming alcohol. "Tired and emotional" is a notorious British euphemism for "drunk", one of many recurring jokes popularized by the satirical magazine Private Eye; it has been used by MPs to avoid unparliamentary language.

Pleasant, positive, worthy, neutral, or nondescript terms are often substituted for explicit or unpleasant ones, with many substituted terms deliberately coined by sociopolitical movements, marketing, public relations, or advertising initiatives, including:

• meat packing company for 'slaughterhouse' (avoids entirely the subject of killing); natural issue or love child for 'bastard'; let go for 'fired/sacked', etc.

Some examples of Cockney rhyming slang may serve the same purpose: to call a person a berk sounds less offensive than to call a person a cunt, though berk is short for Berkeley Hunt,although properly pronounced in upper-class British-English "barkley" which rhymes with cunt.{{cite dictionary |url= http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/berk |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140727055231/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/berk |archive-date=27 July 2014 |dictionary=Collins Dictionary |title=definition of 'berk'/'burk' |access-date=22 July 2014}}

• Metaphors (beat the meat, choke the chicken, or jerkin' the gherkin for 'masturbation'; take a dump and take a leak for 'defecation' and 'urination', respectively)
• Comparisons (buns for 'buttocks', weed for 'cannabis')
• Metonymy (men's room for 'men's restroom/toilet')

{{see also|Slang}}

The use of a term with a softer connotation, though it shares the same meaning. For instance, screwed up is a euphemism for 'fucked up'; hook-up and laid are euphemisms for 'sexual intercourse'.

Expressions or words from a foreign language may be imported for use as euphemism. For example, the French word {{lang|fr|enceinte}} was sometimes used instead of the English word pregnant;{{cite web |title=Definition of enceinte |url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/enceinte |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=20 May 2017 |archive-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170613192557/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/enceinte |url-status=live}} {{lang|fr|abattoir}} for slaughterhouse, although in French the word retains its explicit violent meaning 'a place for beating down', conveniently lost on non-French speakers. Entrepreneur for businessman, adds glamour; douche (French for 'shower') for vaginal irrigation device; bidet ('little pony') for vessel for anal washing. Ironically, although in English physical "handicaps" are almost always described with euphemism, in French the English word handicap is used as a euphemism for their problematic words {{lang|fr|infirmité}} or {{lang|fr|invalidité}}.{{Cite web |title=HANDICAP in French - Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-french/handicap}}

Periphrasis, or circumlocution, is one of the most common: to "speak around" a given word, implying it without saying it. Over time, circumlocutions become recognized as established euphemisms for particular words or ideas.

{{main article|Doublespeak}}

Bureaucracies frequently spawn euphemisms intentionally, as doublespeak expressions. For example, in the past, the US military used the term "sunshine units" for contamination by radioactive isotopes.{{cite report |last=McCool |first=W.C. |date=1957-02-06 |title=Return of Rongelapese to their Home Island – Note by the Secretary |publisher=United States Atomic Energy Commission |url= http://worf.eh.doe.gov/ihp/chron/A43.PDF |access-date=7 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070925185914/http://worf.eh.doe.gov/ihp/chron/A43.PDF |archive-date=25 September 2007}} The United States Central Intelligence Agency refers to systematic torture as "enhanced interrogation techniques".{{Cite book |last=McCoy |first=Alfred W. |url= http://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805082487 |title=A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror |date=2006 |location=New York |publisher=Metropolitan / Owl Book / Henry Holt and Co. |via=Internet Archive |isbn=9780805082487}} An effective death sentence in the Soviet Union during the Great Purge often used the clause "imprisonment without right to correspondence": the person sentenced would be shot soon after conviction.{{cite book |last=Solzhenitsyn |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Solzhenitsyn |date=1974 |title=The Gulag Archipelago |volume=I |location=New York |publisher=Harper Perennial |page=6 |isbn=006092103X}} As early as 1939, Nazi official Reinhard Heydrich used the term Sonderbehandlung ("special treatment") to mean summary execution of persons viewed as "disciplinary problems" by the Nazis even before commencing the systematic extermination of the Jews. Heinrich Himmler, aware that the word had come to be known to mean murder, replaced that euphemism with one in which Jews would be "guided" (to their deaths) through the slave-labor and extermination camps{{cite web |url= http://www.holocaust-history.org/quick-facts/special-treatment.shtml |title=Holocaust-history.org |website=Holocaust-History.org |access-date=20 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130528142643/http://www.holocaust-history.org/quick-facts/special-treatment.shtml |archive-date=28 May 2013}} after having been "evacuated" to their doom. Such was part of the formulation of Endlösung der Judenfrage (the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question"), which became known to the outside world during the Nuremberg Trials.{{cite web |url= http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005477 |title=Wannsee Conference and the 'Final Solution' |access-date=5 June 2015 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195711/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005477 |url-status=live}}

File:All-Negro Comics 1.jpg is an example of a once-innocuous euphemism that has become outdated and offensive.]]

Frequently, over time, euphemisms themselves become taboo words, through the linguistic process of semantic change known as pejoration, which University of Oregon linguist Sharon Henderson Taylor dubbed the "euphemism cycle" in 1974,{{cite journal |last=Henderson Taylor |first=Sharon |date=1974 |title=Terms for Low Intelligence |journal=American Speech |volume=49 |issue=3/4 |pages=197–207 |doi= 10.2307/3087798 |jstor=3087798}} also frequently referred to as the "euphemism treadmill", as worded by Steven Pinker.{{cite news |last1=Pinker |first1=Steven |title=Opinion {{!}} The Game of the Name |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/05/opinion/the-game-of-the-name.html |work=The New York Times |date=5 April 1994}} For instance, the place of human defecation is a needy candidate for a euphemism in all eras. Toilet is an 18th-century euphemism, replacing the older euphemism house-of-office, which in turn replaced the even older euphemisms privy-house and bog-house.{{cite book|last=Bell |first=Vicars Walker |title=On Learning the English Tongue |date=1953 |publisher=Faber & Faber |quote=The Honest Jakes or Privy has graduated via Offices to the final horror of Toilet. |page=19 }} In the 20th century, where the old euphemisms lavatory (a place where one washes) and toilet (a place where one dressesFrench toile, fabric, a form of curtain behind which washing, dressing and hair-dressing were performed (Larousse, Dictionnaire de la langue française, "Lexis", Paris, 1979, p. 1891)) had grown from widespread usage (e.g., in the United States) to being synonymous with the crude act they sought to deflect, they were sometimes replaced with bathroom (a place where one bathes), washroom (a place where one washes), or restroom (a place where one rests) or even by the extreme form powder room (a place where one applies facial cosmetics).{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} The form water closet, often shortened to W.C., is a less deflective form.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} The word shit appears to have originally been a euphemism for defecation in Pre-Germanic, as the Proto-Indo-European root *{{PIE|sḱeyd-}}, from which it was derived, meant 'to cut off'.{{cite Q |Q131605459 |first=Don |last=Ringe |author-link=Donald Ringe |mode=cs1}}

Another example in American English is the replacement of "colored people" with "Negro" (euphemism by foreign language), which itself came to be replaced by either "African American" or "Black".{{cite web| url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/11/07/362273449/why-we-have-so-many-terms-for-people-of-color |title=Why We Have So Many Terms for 'People of Color' |website=NPR |date=7 November 2014 |last=Demby |first=Gene |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191212062522/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/11/07/362273449/why-we-have-so-many-terms-for-people-of-color |url-status=live}} Also in the United States the term "ethnic minorities" in the 2010s has been replaced by "people of color".

Venereal disease, which associated shameful bacterial infection with a seemingly worthy ailment emanating from Venus, the goddess of love, soon lost its deflective force in the post-classical education era, as "VD", which was replaced by the three-letter initialism "STD" (sexually transmitted disease); later, "STD" was replaced by "STI" (sexually transmitted infection).{{Cite web|title=STI vs. STD: Overcoming the Stigma |url= https://powertodecide.org/news/sti-vs-std-overcoming-stigma |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=PowerToDecide.org |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220225153639/https://powertodecide.org/news/sti-vs-std-overcoming-stigma |url-status=live}}

Intellectually-disabled people were originally defined with words such as "morons" or "imbeciles", which then became commonly used insults. The medical diagnosis was changed to "mentally retarded", which morphed into the pejorative, "retard", against those with intellectual disabilities. To avoid the negative connotations of their diagnoses, students who need accommodations because of such conditions are often labeled as "special needs" instead, although the words "special" or "SPED" (short for "special education") have long been schoolyard insults.{{Cite web |last=Hodges |first=Rick |date=1 July 2020 |title=The Rise and Fall of 'Mentally Retarded' |url= https://humanparts.medium.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-mentally-retarded-e3b9eea23018 |access-date=13 February 2021 |website=Medium |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201207034556/https://humanparts.medium.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-mentally-retarded-e3b9eea23018 |url-status=live}}{{Better source needed|reason=A blog author's hearsay isn't reliable.|date=January 2022}} As of August 2013, the Social Security Administration replaced the term "mental retardation" with "intellectual disability".{{Cite web |date=1 August 2013 |title=Change in Terminology: 'Mental Retardation' to 'Intellectual Disability' |url= https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/08/01/2013-18552/change-in-terminology-mental-retardation-to-intellectual-disability |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Federal Register |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210308032555/http://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/08/01/2013-18552/change-in-terminology-mental-retardation-to-intellectual-disability |url-status=live}} Since 2012, that change in terminology has been adopted by the National Institutes of Health and the medical industry at large.{{Cite journal |last1=Nash |first1=Chris |last2=Hawkins |first2=Ann |last3=Kawchuk |first3=Janet |last4=Shea |first4=Sarah E. |date=17 February 2012 |title=What's in a name? Attitudes surrounding the use of the term 'mental retardation' |journal=Paediatrics & Child Health |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=71–74 |doi=10.1093/pch/17.2.71 |issn=1205-7088 |pmc=3299349 |pmid=23372396}} There are numerous disability-related euphemisms that have negative connotations.

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Call a spade a spade
• Code word (figure of speech)
• Dead Parrot sketch
• Distinction without a difference
• Dog whistle (politics)
• Double entendre
• Dysphemism
• Emotive conjugation
• Expurgation (often called bowdlerization, after Thomas Bowdler)
• Framing (social sciences)
• Minimisation
• Persuasive definition
• Polite fiction
• Political correctness
• Political euphemism
• Puns
• Sexual slang
• Spin (propaganda)
• Statistext
• Word play
• Word taboo

{{div col end}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |author1-link=Keith Allan (linguist) |last1=Allan |first1=Keith |author2-link=Kate Burridge |last2=Burridge |first2=Kate |title=Euphemism & Dysphemism: Language Used as Shield and Weapon |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1991 |isbn=0735102880}}
• {{cite book |author-link=Émile Benveniste |last=Benveniste |first=Émile |chapter=Euphémismes anciens and modernes |language=fr |title=Problèmes de linguistique générale |volume=1 |pages=308–314}} Originally published in: {{cite book |title=Die Sprache |volume=I |date=1949 |pages=116–122}}
• {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Euphemism |volume=9 |short=x}}
• {{cite book|title=Fair of Speech |first=D. J. |last=Enright |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1986 |isbn=0192830600 |author-link=D. J. Enright}}
• {{cite book |last=Fussell |first=Paul |title=Class: A Guide Through the American Status System |publisher=Touchstone / Simon & Schuster |date=1983 |isbn=0671792253}}
• {{cite book |first=R. W. |last=Holder |title=How Not to Say What You Mean: A Dictionary of Euphemisms |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2003 |isbn=0198607628|url=https://archive.org/details/hownottosaywhaty0000hold_e8p5}}
• {{cite book|first=Ralph |last=Keyes |title=Euphemania: Our Love Affair with Euphemisms |publisher=Little, Brown and Co. |date=2010 |isbn=9780316056564}}
• Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression. ISSN: 0363-3659. LCCN: 77649633. OCLC: 3188018.
• {{cite journal |last1=McGlone |first1=M. S. |last2=Beck |first2=G. |last3=Pfiester |first3=R. A. |date=2006 |title=Contamination and camouflage in euphemisms |journal=Communication Monographs |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=261–282|doi=10.1080/03637750600794296 }}
• {{cite book|last=Rawson |first=Hugh |title=A Dictionary of Euphemism & Other Doublespeak |edition=2nd |date=1995 |publisher=Crown Publishers |isbn=0517702010}}
• {{cite book|last=Smyth |first=Herbert Weir |date=1920 |title=Greek Grammar |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=0674362500 |page=678 |author-link=Herbert Weir Smyth}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Heidepeter |first1=Philipp |author2-link=Ursula Reutner |last2=Reutner |first2=Ursula |title=When Humour Questions Taboo: A Typology of Twisted Euphemism Use |journal=Pragmatics & Cognition |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=138–166 |issn=0929-0907 |date=2021|doi=10.1075/pc.20027.hei }}

• {{Wiktionary-inline|euphemism}}

{{Figures of speech}}

{{censorship}}

{{Media manipulation}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Censorship

Category:Connotation

Category:Figures of speech

Category:Linguistic controversies

Category:Propaganda techniques

Category:Self-censorship

Category:Taboo