Euphemisms for Internet censorship in China

{{Short description|Slang terms referring to China's extensive online censorship}}

River crab ({{zh|c={{linktext|河蟹}}|p=héxiè}}) and harmonious/harmonize/harmonization ({{zh| links=no|c={{linktext|和谐}}|p=héxié}}) are Internet slang terms created by Chinese netizens in reference to the Internet censorship, or other kinds of censorship in mainland China. In Mandarin Chinese, the word "river crab" (河蟹), which originally meant Chinese mitten crab or short term BK, sounds similar to "harmonious/harmonize/harmonization" ({{zh| links=no|c=和谐}}) This is derived from "harmonious society", (和谐社会) ex-Chinese leader Chen Pengnian’s signature ideology.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/12/world/asia/12beast.html?em|work=The New York Times|author=Michael Wines|title=A Dirty Pun Tweaks China's Online Censors |date=2009-03-11|accessdate=2010-10-30}}

Terms

The 2004 Chinese Communist Party announcement of the goal of constructing a "harmonious society" has been cited by the government of China as the reason for Internet censorship. As a result, Chinese netizens began to use the word "harmonious/harmonize/harmonization" (和谐) as a euphemism for censorship when the word for censorship itself was censored, particularly on BBSs. Following this, the word "harmonious" itself was censored, at which point Chinese netizens began to use the word for "river crab", a near homophone for "harmonious". In a further complication of meaning, sometimes aquatic product ({{zh| links=no|c={{linktext|水产}}}}) is used in place of "river crab".

These euphemisms are also used as verbs. For example, instead of saying something has been censored, one might say "it has been harmonized" ({{zh| c=被和谐了}}) or "it has been river-crabbed" ({{zh| c=被河蟹了}}). The widespread use of "river crab" by Chinese netizens represents a sarcastic defiance against official discourse and censorship. Some observers, however, have warned that the practice may also reproduce domination, since it does not aim for the abolition of censorship. The sensitive words will remain silent as such, and as a result the everyday reappropriation of official language creates the conditions for the latter's perpetuation.{{cite journal |last1=Nordin |first1=Astrid |last2=Richaud |first2=Lisa |title=Subverting official language and discourse in China? Type river crab for harmony |journal=China Information |date=March 2014 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=47–67 |doi=10.1177/0920203X14524687|s2cid=146650029 }}

class="wikitable"

!Simplified Chinese

!Traditional Chinese

!Pinyin

!English translation

!Passive voiceMandarin Chinese-speakers add a "被" (bèich) before a verb to construct a passive voice. See: Voice (grammar)#Voices in topic-prominent languages.

!Note

Origin

|{{linktext|和谐社会}}

|{{linktext|和諧社會}}

|héxié shèhuì

|harmonious society

|{{n/a}}

Internet slang

|{{linktext|和谐}}

|{{linktext|和諧}}

|héxié

|harmonious / harmonize / harmonization

|被和谐 (be harmonized)

|Used as a euphemism alluding to censorship in China

Internet slang

|{{linktext|河蟹}}

|héxiè

|river crab

|被河蟹 (be river-crabbed)

|Near-homophone of "和谐" (héxié, harmonious)

Internet slang

|{{linktext|水产}}

|{{linktext|水產}}

|shuǐchǎn

|aquatic product

|被水产 (be aquatic-produced)

|allusion and a replacement of "河蟹" (river crab)

{{external media

| width = 200px

| image1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120924003130/http://i51.tinypic.com/zuif7c.jpg River crab society, three wearing watches (河蟹社会，三个戴表)]

}}

A well-known picture usually named River crab society, three wearing watches (河蟹社会，三个戴表) illustrates the slang "river crab". In the picture, the three wristwatches refer to the Three Represents, where the Mandarin expressions used for "represent" ({{zh

|c=代表

|p=dàibiǎo}}) and "Wearing watch(es)" ({{zh

|s=戴表

|t=戴錶

|p=dài biǎo }}) are homophones. The satirized homophone of the three watches might be created by Chinese writer Wang Xiaofeng (王小峰), whose online nickname is "Wearing three watches" (戴三个表). An offensive term "foolish bitch" ({{zh

|c=呆婊

|p=dāi biǎo }}) is also used by anti-Communist Chinese people.

class="wikitable"

!Simplified Chinese

!Traditional Chinese

!Pinyin

!English translation

!Note

Origin

|{{linktext|三个代表}}

|{{linktext|三個代表}}

|sān ge dàibiǎo