Euryapsida

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Image:Skull euryapsida 1.svg

Euryapsida is a polyphyletic (unnatural, as the various members are not closely related) group of sauropsids that are distinguished by a single temporal fenestra, an opening behind the orbit, under which the post-orbital and squamosal bones articulate. They are different from Synapsida, which also have a single opening behind the orbit, by the placement of the fenestra. In synapsids, this opening is below the articulation of the post-orbital and squamosal bones. It is now commonly believed that euryapsids (particularly sauropterygians) are in fact diapsids (which have two fenestrae behind the orbit) that lost the lower temporal fenestra. Euryapsids are usually considered entirely extinct, although turtles might be part of the sauropterygian clade{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=M. S. Y. |date=2013 |title=Turtle origins: insights from phylogenetic retrofitting and molecular scaffolds |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=2729–2738 |doi=10.1111/jeb.12268|doi-access=free |pmid=24256520 }} while other authors disagree.{{Cite journal |last1=Simões |first1=Tiago R. |last2=Kammerer |first2=Christian F. |last3=Caldwell |first3=Michael W. |last4=Pierce |first4=Stephanie E. |date=2022-08-19 |title=Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=8 |issue=33 |pages=eabq1898 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abq1898 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=9390993 |pmid=35984885|bibcode=2022SciA....8.1898S }} Euryapsida may also be a synonym of Sauropterygia sensu lato.{{Cite journal |last=Rieppel |first=Olivier |date=1989-01-04 |title=A new pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1989.0001 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=323 |issue=1212 |pages=1–73 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1989.0001 |bibcode=1989RSPTB.323....1R |issn=0080-4622}}

The ichthyosaurian skull is sometimes described as having a metapsid (or parapsid) condition instead of a truly euryapsid one. In ichthyosaurs, the squamosal bone is never part of the fenestra's margin.{{Cite journal |last=Maisch |first=M. |date=2010 |title=Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria – the state of the art |journal=Palaeodiversity |volume=3 |pages=151–214|s2cid=87979321 |language=en}} Parapsida was originally a taxon consisting of ichthyosaurs, squamates, protorosaurs, araeoscelidans and pleurosaurs.

Historically, a variety of reptiles with upper fenestrae, either alone or with a lower emargination, have been considered euryapsid or parapsid, and to have had their patterns of fenestration originate separately from those of diapsids. This includes araeoscelidans, mesosaurs, squamates, pleurosaurids,{{Cite book |last=Williston |first=Samuel Wendell |title=Osteology of the Reptiles |year=1925}} weigeltisaurids, protorosaurs, and trilophosaurs.{{Cite book |last=Romer |first=Alfred Sherwood |title=Osteology of the Reptiles |year=1956}}{{Cite book |last=Romer |first=Alfred Sherwood |title=Vertebrate Paleontology |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1966 |edition=3rd |location=Chicago |language=en}} With the exception of mesosaurs, which only have the lower temporal opening, all of these are universally agreed to be diapsids which either secondarily closed the lower opening (araeoscelids, trilophosaurs) or lost the lower bar (squamates, pleurosaurs, protorosaurs).

Euryapsida was proposed by Edwin H. Colbert as a substitute for the earlier term Synaptosauria, originally created by Edward D. Cope for a taxon including sauropterygians, turtles and rhynchocephalians. Baur removed the rhynchocephalians from Synaptosauria and Williston later resurrected the taxon, including only Sauropterygia (Nothosauria and Plesiosauria) and Placodontia in it.

Image:Skull parapsida 1.png

The terms Enaliosauria and Halisauria have also been used for a taxon including ichthyosaurs and sauropterygians.{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Enaliosauria|title=Enaliosauria|dictionary=Merriam-Webster|access-date=22 December 2021}}{{Cite book |last=Haeckel |first=Ernst |title=Die systematische Phylogenie (Dritter Theil/Systematische Phylogenie der Wirbelthiere (Vertebrata)) |publisher=Georg Reimer |year=1895 |volume=3}}

Some 21st century studies have found that ichthyosaurs, thalattosaurs and sauropterygians were close relatives, either as stem-archosaurs{{Cite journal |last1=Wolniewicz |first1=Andrzej S |last2=Shen |first2=Yuefeng |last3=Li |first3=Qiang |last4=Sun |first4=Yuanyuan |last5=Qiao |first5=Yu |last6=Chen |first6=Yajie |last7=Hu |first7=Yi-Wei |last8=Liu |first8=Jun |date=2023-08-08 |editor-last=Ibrahim |editor-first=Nizar |editor2-last=Perry |editor2-first=George H |editor3-last=Benton |editor3-first=Michael |title=An armoured marine reptile from the Early Triassic of South China and its phylogenetic and evolutionary implications |journal=eLife |volume=12 |pages=e83163 |doi=10.7554/eLife.83163 |doi-access=free |issn=2050-084X |pmc=10499374 |pmid=37551884}} or as stem-saurians.{{Cite journal |last1=Neenan |first1=James M. |last2=Klein |first2=Nicole |last3=Scheyer |first3=Torsten M. |date=2013-03-27 |title=European origin of placodont marine reptiles and the evolution of crushing dentition in Placodontia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2633 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1621 |doi=10.1038/ncomms2633 |pmid=23535642 |bibcode=2013NatCo...4.1621N |issn=2041-1723}}{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Baoyu |last2=He |first2=Yiming |last3=Elsler |first3=Armin |last4=Wang |first4=Shengyu |last5=Keating |first5=Joseph N. |last6=Song |first6=Junyi |last7=Kearns |first7=Stuart L. |last8=Benton |first8=Michael J. |date=2023 |title=Extended embryo retention and viviparity in the first amniotes |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=1131–1140 |doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02074-0 |issn=2397-334X |pmc=10333127 |pmid=37308704|bibcode=2023NatEE...7.1131J }}