Evangelism

{{About||the similarly named movement in Protestantism|Evangelicalism|the post-Vatican II Catholic understanding of "evangelization" |New evangelization|the 16th-century Italian reform movement|Spirituali}}

Image:Jakob Jordaens 002.jpg]]

Evangelism, or witnessing, is the act of sharing the Christian gospel, the message and teachings of Jesus Christ. It is typically done with the intention of converting others to Christianity.{{efn|Such intentions may be regarded as proselytising, which is illegal in many countries.}} Evangelism can take several forms, such as personal conversations, preaching, media, and is especially associated with missionary work.

Christians who specialize in evangelism are often known as evangelists, whether they are in their home communities or living as missionaries in the field, although some Christian traditions refer to such people as missionaries in either case. Some Christian traditions consider evangelists to be in a leadership position; they may be found preaching to large meetings or in governance roles. In addition, Christian groups who encourage evangelism are sometimes known as evangelistic or evangelist.

Etymology

The word evangelist comes from the Koine Greek word {{lang|grc|εὐανγέλιον}} (transliterated as euangelion) via Latinised evangelium as used in the canonical titles of the Four Gospels, authored by (or attributed to) Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John (also known as the Four Evangelists). The Greek word {{lang|grc|εὐαγγέλιον}} originally meant a reward given to the messenger for good news ({{lang|grc|εὔ}} = "good", {{lang|grc|ἀνγέλλω}} = "I bring a message"; the word "angel" comes from the same root) and later "good news" itself.

The verb form of euangelion,The 7 Principles of an Evangelistic Life, p. 32, Douglas M. Cecil, Moody Publishers (translated as "evangelism"), occurs rarely in older Greek literature outside the New Testament, making its meaning more difficult to ascertain. Parallel texts of the Gospels of Luke and Mark reveal a synonymous relationship between the verb euangelizo ({{lang|grc|εὑαγγελίζω}}) and a Greek verb kerusso ({{lang|grc|κηρύσσω}}), which means "to proclaim".[http://www.truevictories.com/2007/10/downloads.html Bible as a Second Language] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201171636/http://www.truevictories.com/2007/10/downloads.html |date=December 1, 2008 }}, webpage, retrieved November 5, 2008

Methods

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 194-0798-41, Düsseldorf, Veranstaltung mit Billy Graham.jpg in Düsseldorf (1954)]]

Common forms of spreading Evangelism include preaching or distributing bibles; in tracts, newspapers, and magazines; through the electronic media; and by street evangelists.Roswith Gerloff, Afe Adogame, Klaus Hock, Christianity in Africa and the African Diaspora: The Appropriation of a Scattered Heritage, Continuum, UK, 2011, p. 190George Thomas Kurian, James D. Smith III, The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature, Volume 2, Scarecrow Press, US, 2010, p. 95Martin I. Klauber, Scott M. Manetsch, Erwin W. Lutzer, The Great Commission: Evangelicals and the History of World Missions, B&H Publishing Group, US, 2008, p. 123 The Bible records that Jesus sent out his disciples to evangelize by visiting peoples homes in pairs of two believers (cf. {{Bibleverse|Luke|10:1–12|KJV}}).{{cite book |last1=Rainer |first1=Thom S. |title=Evangelism in the twenty-first century: the critical issues |date=1989 |publisher=H. Shaw Publishers |isbn=978-0-87788-238-1 |page=148 |language=English}} In the same text, Jesus mentioned that few people were willing to evangelize, despite there being many people who would be receptive to his Gospel message.{{cite book |last1=Muzorewa |first1=Abel Tendekayi |title=Evangelism That Decolonizes the Soul: Partnership with Christ |date=December 1, 2005 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-59752-445-2 |page=9 |language=English}}

The child evangelism movement, which focuses on evangelizing children between the ages of 4 and 14 years old, originated in the 20th century.{{cite web|url=http://www.4to14window.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/4-14-Window-Golden-Age-of-Opportunity-Brochure.pdf |title=4/14 Window – a Golden Age of Opportunity |author=Luis Bush |publisher=4/14 Movement |date=June 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014194751/http://www.4to14window.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/4-14-Window-Golden-Age-of-Opportunity-Brochure.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-14 }} Beginning in the 1970s, a group of Christian athletes known as The Power Team spawned an entire genre of Christian entertainment based on strong-man exploits mixed with a Christian message and usually accompanied by an opportunity to respond with a prayer for salvation.{{Cite web|url=http://journalstar.com/lifestyles/faith-and-values/coming-on-strong-power-team-lifts-weights-and-spirits/article_dbe77b67-99ce-59f4-b994-d0c0e5891228.html|title=Coming on strong: Power Team lifts weights and spirits|last1=Reeves|first1=Bob|website=Lincoln Journal Star|date=July 30, 2004 }} New opportunities for evangelism have been provided in recent decades by increased travel opportunities and by instant communications over the internet.Dulles SJ, Avery. Evangelization for the Third Millennium (Kindle Locations 781–782). Paulist Press.

File:Francisco Papa Jornada Mundial de la Juventud Rio de Janeiro Julio 2013 A.JPG, an evangelistic event, in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2013.]]

Missionary work

=Catholicism=

=Protestantism=

In 1831, the Presbyterian Mission Agency was founded by the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.{{cite web |last=Parker |first=Michael |title=History of World Mission |url=http://www.history.pcusa.org/history-online/topics-note/history-world-mission |website=Presbyterian Historical Society |year=2012 |access-date=June 7, 2014}}

== Evangelicalism ==

File: Georgia Dome - Passion Conference.JPG, a music and evangelism festival at Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, in 2013]]

Various evangelical mission organizations have specialized in evangelism throughout history. In 1792, BMS World Mission was founded in Kettering, England by William Carey.Robert E. Johnson, A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. 99J. Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, US, 2010, p. 292 In 1814, the American Baptist International Ministries was founded by the American Baptist Churches USA in United States.George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 63 In 1865, OMF International was founded by Hudson Taylor in England.Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 148 In 1893, in Lagos in Nigeria, SIM was founded by Walter Gowans, Rowland Bingham, and Thomas Kent.J. Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2738 Samuel E. Hill, John H. Nicholson, and William J. Knights founded Gideons International, an organization which distributes free Bibles to hotels, motels, hospitals, military bases, prisons, schools, and universities, in Janesville in Wisconsin, United States, in 1899.George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 962

In 1922, Canadian evangelical evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson, founder of the Foursquare Church, was the first woman to use radio to reach a wider audience in the United States.Christopher H. Sterling, Biographical Encyclopedia of American Radio, Routledge, USA, 2013, p. 253 In 1951, producer Dick Ross and Baptist evangelist Billy Graham founded the film production company World Wide Pictures, which would make videos of his preaching and Christian films.John Lyden, The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film, Taylor & Francis, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2009, p. 82

In 1960, more than half of the Protestant American missionaries were evangelical.Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson, Encyclopedia of Religion in the South, Mercer University Press, USA, 2005, {{p.|304}} American and European Pentecostal missionaries are also numerous, Pentecostalism can develop independently by non-foreign residents in various regions of the world, notably in Africa, South America, and Asia.Allan Anderson, An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity, Cambridge University Press, Royaume-Uni, 2013, p. 175 Youth with a Mission was founded in 1960 in United States by Loren Cunningham and his wife Darlene.Brian Stiller, Evangelicals Around the World: A Global Handbook for the 21st Century, Thomas Nelson, USA, 2015, p. 22Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley, The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3 , Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 2003, p. 584

The Christian Broadcasting Network was founded in 1961 in Virginia Beach, United States, by Baptist minister Pat Robertson.Randall Herbert Balmer, Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition, Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 157

In 1974, Billy Graham and the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization organized the First International Congress on World Evangelization in Lausanne.Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 451

In July 1999, TopChrétien, an evangelical Christian web portal and social network, was launched by Éric Célérier, pastor of the Assemblies of God of France and Estelle Martin.Michel Béghin, [https://www.christianismeaujourdhui.info/2015/02/15/ce-jour-la-le-15-juillet-1999-nait-le-top-chretien/ Ce jour-là, le 15 juillet 1999, naît le Top Chrétien] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004212827/https://www.christianismeaujourdhui.info/2015/02/15/ce-jour-la-le-15-juillet-1999-nait-le-top-chretien/ |date=October 4, 2021 }}, christianismeaujourdhui.info, Switzerland, February 15, 2015

In 2004, South Korea became the second-largest source of missionaries in the world, after the United States and ahead of England.{{cite web|author-first1=Norimitsu|author-last1=Onishi|author-link=Norimitsu Onishi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/01/world/asia/korean-missionaries-carrying-word-to-hardtosway-places.html|title=Korean Missionaries Carrying Word to Hard-to-Sway Places|website=The New York Times|date=1 November 2004}}Quentin J. Schultze, Robert Herbert Woods Jr., Understanding Evangelical Media: The Changing Face of Christian Communication, InterVarsity Press, USA, 2009, p. 244

In January 2007, GodTube, a site for sharing videos related to Christianity, especially evangelical, was founded by Christopher Wyatt of Plano, Texas, in the United States, then a student at Dallas Theological Seminary.Heidi Campbell, When Religion Meets New Media, Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2010, p. 191

In 2007, there were over 10,000 Baptist missionaries in overseas missions around the world.William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 391

Controversies

Some consider evangelism to be proselytising, which is protected in the United States but illegal in some countries,Galina Lindquist, Don Handelman (2012). Religion, Politics, and Globalization: Anthropological Approaches, p. 224. while others where it is suppressed argue it is merely free speech.La Croix, "[https://www.la-croix.com/Urbi-et-Orbi/Documentation-catholique/Actes-du-pape/Le-pape-Francois-denonce-confusion-entre-evangelisation-proselytisme-lapproche-mois-missionnaire-extraordinaire-2019-08-02-1201038923 Le pape François dénonce la confusion entre évangélisation et prosélytisme à l'approche du mois missionnaire extraordinaire]", France, August 1, 2019.Jean-Paul Willaime et Flora Genoux, "[https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2012/02/03/pour-les-evangeliques-l-idee-reste-qu-etre-croyant-cela-doit-se-voir_1637267_3224.html Pour les évangéliques, l'idée reste qu'être croyant, cela doit se voir]", lemonde.fr, France, February 3, 2012.Loup Besmond de Senneville, "[https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Actualite/Les-protestants-evangeliques-revendiquent-d-avoir-le-droit-de-dire-leur-foi-2015-01-25-1272632 Les Protestants évangéliques revendiquent d'avoir le droit de dire leur foi]", la-croix.com, France, January 25, 2015. The fact that evangelicals speak about their faith in public is sometimes criticized by the media and it is often associated with proselytism. According to the evangelicals, freedom of religion and freedom of expression allow them to discuss their faith like they would discuss other topics.

Christian films made by American evangelical production companies are also regularly associated with proselytism.Barry Hertz, "[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/film-reviews/miracles-from-heaven-religious-film-has-an-insulting-and-forced-message/article29247658/ Miracles from Heaven: Religious film has an insulting and forced message]", The Globe and Mail, Canada, April 18, 2014.Nick Schager, "[https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/overcomer-review-1203311425/ Film Review: 'Overcomer']", Variety, US, August 22, 2019. According to Sarah-Jane Murray, screenwriting teacher at the US Film and Christian Television Commission United, Christian films are works of art, not proselytism.Carl Hoover, "[https://www.wacotrib.com/entertainment/accesswaco/has-hollywood-finally-found-religion-faith-based-films-here-to/article_f3fd04e5-9c4f-5984-8e29-42820f7590e5.html Has Hollywood finally found religion? Faith-based films here to stay]", Waco Tribune-Herald, US, April 18, 2014. For Hubert de Kerangat, communications manager at SAJE Distribution, a distributor of these American Christian films in France, if Christian films are considered proselytism, all films are a form of proselytism, since films of all genres could each be said to carry a message.Thomas Imbert, "[http://www.allocine.fr/article/fichearticle_gen_carticle=18678077.html SAJE Distribution : rencontre avec ce distributeur centré sur la foi]", allocine.fr, France, January 9, 2019.