Exanthem

in 1900, the physician Clement Dukes assigned a number for the known exanthems affecting the pediatric age group which are first disease (measles), second disease (scarlet fever), third disease (rubella), and fourth disease (filatove-dukes).{{Cite web |last=Ninkov |first=Tatiana |last2=Cadogan |first2=Mike |last3=Cadogan |first3=Tatiana Ninkov and Mike |date=2022-08-01 |title=Sixth disease |url=https://litfl.com/sixth-disease/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL |language=en-US}} In 1905, the Russian-French physician Léon Cheinisse added fifth disease which is now known as erythema infectiosum or slapped cheek syndrome.{{Cite book |last=Mahy |first=Brian W. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ksSkuSLzXJsC&pg=PA446 |title=The Dictionary of Virology |date=2009-02-26 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-092036-8 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Zuckerman |first=Arie J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6bqb6Z8MC8C&pg=PA710 |title=Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology |last2=Banatvala |first2=Jangu E. |last3=Pattison |first3=John R. |last4=Griffiths |first4=Paul |last5=Schoub |first5=Barry |date=2004-08-13 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-02096-8 |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Morens |first=David M. |date=1982-08-06 |title=Fifth Disease: Still Hazy After All These Years |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/376218 |journal=JAMA |volume=248 |issue=5 |pages=553–554 |doi=10.1001/jama.1982.03330050035026 |issn=0098-7484|url-access=subscription }} In 1909, sixth disease (roselola infantum or exanthem subitum) was introduced by John Zahorsky.{{Cite web |last=Ninkov |first=Tatiana |last2=Cadogan |first2=Mike |last3=Cadogan |first3=Tatiana Ninkov and Mike |date=2022-05-09 |title=John Zahorsky |url=https://litfl.com/john-zahorsky/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL |language=en-US}}

Of these six "classical" infectious childhood exanthems,{{cite journal |vauthors=Bialecki C, Feder HM, Grant-Kels JM |title=The six classic childhood exanthems: a review and update |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol |volume=21 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=891–903 |date=November 1989 |pmid=2681288 |doi=10.1016/s0190-9622(89)70275-9}} four are viral. Numbers were provided in 1905.{{DorlandsDict|nine/000952705|fifth disease}} {{Dead link|date=March 2021}}

The four viral exanthems have much in common, and are often studied together as a class. They are:

Scarlet fever, or "second disease", is associated with the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. Fourth disease, also known as "Dukes' disease" is a condition whose existence is not widely accepted today. It was described in 1900 and is postulated to be related to the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.

In 1979 and 2001 a possible "seventh disease" was postulated following reports of a condition in Japan also referred to as acute febrile infantile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS).{{Cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Mitesh|last2=Charlton|first2=Rodger|date=2015-07-27|title=First to seventh diseases: discarded diagnoses?|url=http://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.h3525|journal=BMJ|volume=351 |language=en|pages=h3525|doi=10.1136/bmj.h3525|s2cid=71125596 |issn=1756-1833|url-access=subscription}}

Many other common viruses apart from the ones mentioned above can also produce an exanthem as part of their presentation, though they are not considered part of the classic numbered list:

• Varicella zoster virus (chickenpox or shingles)
• Mumps
• rhinovirus (the common cold)
• unilateral laterothoracic exanthem of childhood
• Some types of viral haemorrhagic fever are also known to produce a systemic rash of this kind during the progression of the disease.
• Tick-borne diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever produce a rash that may become extensive enough so as to be classified as exanthemous in as many as 90% of children with the disease.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/r/rr5504.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}

• List of cutaneous conditions

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{{Medical resources

| DiseasesDB = 25831

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|38||a|30}}, {{ICD10|B|05||b|00}}-{{ICD10|B|09||b|00}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|034}}, {{ICD9|055}}-{{ICD9|057}}, {{ICD9|782.1}}

| ICDO =

| OMIM =

| MedlinePlus =

| eMedicineSubj =

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| MeshID = D005076

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• [http://dermatology.about.com/library/bldefexanthem.htm Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050917155222/http://dermatology.about.com/library/bldefexanthem.htm |date=2005-09-17 }} at About.com
• [http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6530 Definition at MedTerms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217081836/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6530 |date=2013-12-17 }}
• [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3225/is_4_62/ai_65106197 Differential diagnosis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924053207/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3225/is_4_62/ai_65106197 |date=2015-09-24 }}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060502100610/http://www.childsdoc.org/spring97/quiz/derm.asp Dermatology Quiz] Includes photo, diagnosis, and treatment of unilateral laterothoracic exanthem (ULE).

{{Numbered Diseases of Childhood}}

{{Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology}}

{{Exanthema}}

Category:Dermatologic terminology