Expendable launch system

{{Short description|Launch system that uses a single use launch vehicle}}

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An expendable launch system (or expendable launch vehicle/ELV) is a launch vehicle that can be launched only once, after which its components are destroyed during reentry or impact with Earth, or discarded in space. ELVs typically consist of several rocket stages that are discarded sequentially as their fuel is exhausted and the vehicle gains altitude and speed. As of 2024, fewer and fewer satellites and human spacecraft are launched on ELVs in favor of reusable launch vehicles.{{Cite web |last=Resource |first=K. D. C. |title=The Rise of Reusable Rockets: Transforming the Economics of Space Travel |url=https://www.kdcresource.com/insights-events/the-rise-of-reusable-rockets-transforming-the-economics-of-space-travel/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=KDC Resource |language=en-AU}} However, there are many instances where a ELV may still have a compelling use case over a reusable vehicle. ELVs are simpler in design than reusable launch systems and therefore may have a lower production cost. Furthermore, an ELV can use its entire fuel supply to accelerate its payload, offering greater payloads. ELVs are proven technology in widespread use for many decades.{{Cite web|url=http://spacetethers.com/elv.html|title=Expendable Launch Vehicles|website=spacetethers.com|access-date=2018-12-31}}

Current operators

=Arianespace=

=China=

=ISRO=

File:Indian carrier rockets.svg, ASLV, PSLV, GSLV, LVM 3]]

During the 1960s and 1970s, India initiated its own launch vehicle program in alignment with its geopolitical and economic considerations. In the 1960s–1970s, the country India started with a sounding rocket in the 1960s and 1970s and advanced its research to deliver the Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 and the more advanced Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), complete with operational supporting infrastructure by the 1990s.{{cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=S.C.|last2=Suresh|first2=B.N.|last3=Sivan|first3=K.|year=2007|title=Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_12_1697_1714_0.pdf|page=1697|journal=Current Science|volume=93|issue=12|location=Bangalore|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|access-date=17 March 2021|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806235710/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_12_1697_1714_0.pdf|url-status=live}}

=JAXA=

=Roscosmos=

=South Korea=

=United States=

Several governmental agencies of the United States purchase ELV launches. NASA is a major customer with the Commercial Resupply Services and Commercial Crew Development programs, also launching scientific spacecraft. The vast majority of launch vehicles for its missions, from the Redstone missile to the Delta, Atlas, Titan and Saturn rocket families, have been expendable. As its flagship crewed exploration replacement for the partially reusable Space Shuttle, NASA's newest ELV, the Space Launch System flew successfully in November 2022 after delays of more than six years. It is planned to serve in a major role on crewed exploration programs going forward.{{Cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |last2=Burghardt |first2=Thomas |date=2022-11-16 |title=SLS makes successful debut flight, sending Artemis I to the Moon |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/11/artemis-i-launch-nov/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}{{cite web |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/08/nasa-prepares-rocket-spacecraft-ahead-of-tropical-storm-nicole-re-targets-launch/ |title=NASA Prepares Rocket, Spacecraft Ahead of Tropical Storm Nicole, Re-targets Launch |work=NASA |date=8 November 2022 |access-date=8 November 2022}}

The United States Air Force is also an ELV customer, having designed the Titan, Atlas, and Delta families. The Atlas V from the 1994 Evolved ELV (EELV) program remains in active service, operated by United Launch Alliance.{{Cite web |url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=16790 |title=Boeing, Lockheed Martin to Form Launch Services Joint Venture {{!}} SpaceRef - Your Space Reference |access-date=2006-02-28 |archive-date=2012-12-09 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209234346/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=16790 |url-status=dead }} The National Security Space Launch (NSSL) competition has selected two EELV successors, the expendable Vulcan Centaur and partially reusable Falcon 9, to provide assured access to space.{{cite news |url=https://spacenews.com/pentagon-picks-spacex-and-ula-to-launch-national-security-satellites-for-next-five-years/ |last=Erwin|first=Sandra |title=Pentagon picks SpaceX and ULA to remain its primary launch providers |work=SpaceNews |date=7 August 2020 |access-date=24 August 2022}}

Expendable launch system

Current operators

=Arianespace=

=China=

=ISRO=

=JAXA=

=Roscosmos=

=South Korea=

=United States=

=Iranian Space Agency=

== Safir ==

== Simorgh ==

== Qoqnoos ==

= Israel Space Agency =

See also

References

External links