Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak

EAST followed China's first superconducting tokamak device, dubbed HT-7, built by the Institute of Plasma Physics in partnership with Russia in the early 1990s.{{fact|date=September 2021}} It was first proposed in 1996 and approved in 1998. According to a 2003 schedule,[http://202.127.205.62/IAC/disk/Design%20of%20the%20EAST(HT-7U) Project/6.doc] {{dead link|date=February 2016}} buildings and site facilities were to be constructed by 2003. Tokamak assembly was to take place from 2003 through 2005. Construction was completed in March 2006.{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182561.htm |title=China's New Thermonuclear Fusion Reactor Test Successful |publisher=China.org.net |date=September 29, 2006}}

According to official reports, the project's budget is CNY ¥300 million (approximately US$37 million), some 1/15 to 1/20 the cost of a comparable reactor built in other countries.{{cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200601/21/eng20060121_237208.html|title=China to build world's first "artificial sun" experimental device

| publisher=People's Daily Online|date=2006-01-21}}

EAST entered its first commissioning phase around March 2006. Shortly after, in-vessel components and diagnostics were assembled.https://fire.pppl.gov/iaea06_ov1_1_wan.pdf

During initial operation, EAST was able to successfully generate its first plasma on September 28, 2006 in a nearly three second long test, reaching an electric current of 200 kiloamperes. By January 2007, the reactor had progressed to creating a plasma that could last nearly five seconds and generate currents up to 500 kiloamperes.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100121032440/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/15/content_5608276.htm Xinhua article Jan 15, 2007 Chinese scientists conduct more tests on thermonuclear fusion reactor. 2007-Jan-15]

Three years later, EAST was able to achieve a key milestone on November 7, 2010, achieving an H-mode plasma by low hybrid wave (LHW) injection alone.{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2010-12-03 |title=EAST Tokamak achieves stationary H-mode plasmas |url=https://www.iter.org/node/20687/east-tokamak-achieves-stationary-h-mode-plasmas |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=ITER - the way to new energy |language=en}}{{Better source needed|date=December 2024 |reason=Currently, only a low-quality citation that doesn't mention LHW injection was able to be located.}} This was shortly followed by further success, where EAST became the first tokamak to successfully sustain H-Mode plasma for over 30 seconds at ~50 million Kelvin in May of 2011.

The second phase of EAST was formally entered through a ribbon-cutting ceremony for the EAST auxiliary heating system project, which was held on November 29, 2011.{{Cite web |title=Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy Of Scieneces |url=http://english.ipp.cas.cn/syxw/201112/t20111203_85861.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=english.ipp.cas.cn}}

After a nearly 20-month long upgrading break since September 2012, EAST commenced for the first round of experiments in May 2014. A year later, EAST was reporting currents of up to 1 Megaampere, as well as stable H-mode plasma for 6.4 seconds.[http://english.ipp.cas.cn/rh/east/ EAST at IPP-CAS] Then, almost two years later, EAST was able to break records when it managed to maintain a plasma pulse for 102 seconds at ~50 million °C (90 million °F). During this test, EAST was able to generate a Plasma with currents of 400 kiloamperes with a density of about 2.4 x 10¹⁹/m³. It was observed that the temperature was slowly increasing during this test.{{cite web |date=February 6, 2016 |title=That's cute, Germany – China shows the world how fusion is done |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/02/06/china_shows_how_fusion_is_done/ |publisher=The Register}} more data in screen shot

Building on this success, EAST became the first tokamak to successfully sustain H-Mode plasma for more than one minute at ~50 million °C (90 million °F) on November 2, 2016.{{cite web |url=http://english.ipp.cas.cn/syxw/201611/t20161115_170479.html |title=EAST Achieves Longest Steady-state H-mode Operations |publisher=EAST team |date=November 15, 2016}} In July of 2017, it was also the first tokamak to sustain said plasma for more than 100 seconds at the same temperature.{{cite web |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/caos-cs070517.php |title=China's 'artificial sun' sets world record with 100s steady-state high performance plasma |publisher=Chinese Academy of Sciences |date=July 5, 2017}} The following year, EAST reached a milestone of ~100 million °C (180 million °F) electron temperature on November 12, 2018.{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-11-chinese-fusion-tool-million-degrees.html|title=Chinese fusion tool pushes past 100 million degrees|publisher=Phys.org|date=November 15, 2018|access-date=August 10, 2020}} During May of 2021, it reached an electron temperature of 120 million °C electron temperature for 101 seconds.{{Citation|title=GLOBALink {{!}} "Chinese artificial sun" sets new world record| date=28 May 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IylinT7eKE8|language=en|access-date=2021-05-29}} On December 30, 2021, a long-pulse high-parameter plasma operation of 1056 seconds was realized, setting another world record for the operation of the Tokamak experimental device.{{Citation|title=GLOBALink {{!}} 中国"人造太阳"实现千秒级等离子体运行|url=http://www.news.cn/politics/2021-12/31/c_1128221002.htm|language=en|access-date=2021-12-31}}{{cite web|url=http://english.ipp.cas.cn/news/202112/t20211231_295486.html|title=1,056 Seconds, another world record for EAST|date=December 31, 2021}}

EAST achieved the world's first 403-second steady-state H-mode plasma on April 12, 2023.{{cite web|url=https://english.cas.cn/newsroom/news/202304/t20230417_329388.shtml|title=Reliable 403 Seconds Stationary H-mode Plasmas Demonstrated on EAST|date=April 17, 2023}}

EAST then broke its record several years later on January 20, 2025, when it sustained plasma for 1066 seconds.{{Cite web |author1=Patrick Pester |date=2025-01-21 |title=China's 'artificial sun' shatters nuclear fusion record by generating steady loop of plasma for 1,000 seconds |url=https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/nuclear-energy/chinas-artificial-sun-shatters-nuclear-fusion-record-by-generating-steady-loop-of-plasma-for-1-000-seconds |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}

China is a member of the ITER consortium, and EAST is a testbed for ITER technologies.{{Cite journal|date=2015|title=Study of lower hybrid current drive towards long-pulse operation with high performance in EAST|series=AIP Conference Proceedings |volume=1689 |page=080002 |publisher=EURATOM|doi=10.1063/1.4936525|bibcode=2015AIPC.1689h0002D |doi-access=free |last1=Ding |first1=B. J. |last2=Li |first2=M. H. |last3=Li |first3=Y. C. |last4=Wang |first4=M. |last5=Shan |first5=J. F. |last6=Liu |first6=F. K. |last7=Wang |first7=S. L. |last8=Wei |first8=W. |last9=Xu |first9=H. D. |last10=Zhao |first10=L. M. |last11=Hu |first11=H. C. |last12=Jia |first12=H. |last13=Cheng |first13=M. |last14=Yang |first14=Y. |last15=Liu |first15=L. |last16=Xu |first16=G. S. |last17=Zang |first17=Q. |last18=Zhao |first18=H. L. |last19=Peysson |first19=Y. |last20=Decker |first20=J. |last21=Goniche |first21=M. |last22=Cesario |first22=R. |last23=Amicucci |first23=L. |last24=Tuccillo |first24=A. A. |last25=Baek |first25=G. S. |last26=Parker |first26=R. |last27=Bonoli |first27=P. T. |last28=Yang |first28=C. |last29=Zhao |first29=Y. P. |last30=Qian |first30=J. P. |journal=Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas |issue=1 |display-authors=1 }}

EAST was designed to test:

• Superconducting Niobium-titanium poloidal field magnets, making it the first tokamak with superconducting toroidal and poloidal magnets
• Non-inductive current drive
• Pulses of up to 102 seconds with 0.5 MA plasma current
• Schemes for controlling plasma instabilities through real-time diagnostics
• Materials for diverters and plasma facing components
• Operation with β_N = 2 and confinement factor H₈₉ > 2

{{Portal|Nuclear technology|Energy|China}}

• ASDEX Upgrade
• China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR)
• HL-2M
• List of fusion experiments
• ITER
• Joint European Torus
• JT-60
• KSTAR

{{reflist|33em}}

• {{official website|http://east.ipp.ac.cn/}} - Official website of EAST Fusion Facility - Chinese Academy of Science
• [http://english.people.com.cn/200601/21/eng20060121_237208.html People's Daily article]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060617021121/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/02/content_4247782.htm Xinhua article Mar 1 2006] - Note that EAST is not the "world's first experimental nuclear fusion device".
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901043025/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/24/content_4341563.htm Xinhua article Mar 24, 2006 Nuke fusion reactor completes test]

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