Explorer S-56 (satellite)
{{Short description|American air density research satellite launched in 1960}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Explorer S-56
| names_list = NASA S-56
| image = Explorer 9.jpg
| image_caption = The identical Explorer 9 satellite
| image_size = 300px
| mission_type = Air density research
| operator = NASA
| Harvard_designation =
| COSPAR_ID = EXS-56
| SATCAT =
| mission_duration = Failed to orbit
| spacecraft = Explorer S-56
| spacecraft_type = Air Density Explorer
| spacecraft_bus = S-56
| manufacturer = Langley Research Center
| launch_mass = {{cvt|7|kg}}
| dimensions = {{cvt|3.66|m}} diameter
| power = solar cells and
rechargeable batteries
| launch_date = 4 December 1960,
21:14 GMT
| launch_rocket = Scout X-1 (ST-3)
| launch_site = Wallops Flight Facility, LA-3
| launch_contractor = Vought
| entered_service =
| last_contact =
| destroyed = Failed to orbit
| decay_date =
| orbit_reference = Geocentric orbit (planned)
| orbit_regime = Medium Earth orbit
| orbit_periapsis = {{cvt|545|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{cvt|2225|km}}
| orbit_inclination = 38.91°
| orbit_period = 118.6 minutes
| apsis = gee
| programme = Explorer Program
| previous_mission = Explorer 8
| next_mission = Explorer 9
}}
Explorer S-56 was a NASA satellite launched on 4 December 1960, at 21:14 GMT as part of the Explorer program.{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/s-56.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228062305/http://astronautix.com/s/s-56.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2016|title=S-56|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|date=2019|access-date=3 November 2021}} The satellite was composed of a {{cvt|3.66|m}} diameter inflatable sphere, and was intended to study the density of the upper atmosphere. The Scout X-1 rocket used to launch Explorer S-56 failed in flight, and the satellite never reached orbit.{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_ad.htm|title=AD A, B, C / DAD B (S-56 / Explorer (9), 9, 19, 24, 39, (57))|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|date=8 April 2020|access-date=3 November 2021}}
Spacecraft design
The spacecraft consisted of alternating layers of aluminium foil and Mylar polyester film. Uniformly distributed over the aluminium surface were {{cvt|5.1|cm}}-diameter dots of white paint for thermal control. The sphere was packed in a tube {{cvt|21.6|cm}} in diameter and {{cvt|48.3|cm}} long and mounted in the nose of the fourth stage of its Scout X-1 launch vehicle.
Upon separation of the fourth stage, the sphere will be inflated by a nitrogen gas bottle, and a separation spring will eject it out into its own orbit. The two hemispheres of aluminium foil will be separated with a gap of Mylar at the spacecraft's equator and will serve as the antenna. A 136 MHz, 15 mW beacon will be carried for tracking purposes, the beacon and the SAO Baker-Nunn camera network will be relied upon for tracking. Power will be supplied by solar cells and rechargeable batteries.
Launch
Explorer S-56 was launched, at 21:14 GMT on 4 December 1960, from Launch Area 3 at the Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), atop a Scout X-1 launch vehicle with the serial number ST-3. It was the first attempt to place a satellite in orbit using an all-solid propellant launch vehicle and the first orbital attempt made from NASA's Wallops Island facility. It was the first spacecraft launched from Wallops Island, but failed to reach orbit due to the second stage not igniting and impacting in the Atlantic Ocean, at {{cvt|130|km}} at east of Wallops Island.{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=EXS-56|title=Display: S-56 EXS-56|publisher=NASA|date=28 October 2021|access-date=4 November 2021}} {{PD-notice}} It was replaced by the identical Explorer 9 (1961-004A) spacecraft.{{cite web|url=https://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Catalog|first=Jonathan |last=McDowell|publisher=Jonathan's Space Report|date=21 July 2021|access-date=3 November 2021}}
The first of six identical air density research satellites to be launched.
See also
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}