Exposure fusion

By using different exposure parameters on the same scene, a wider dynamic range can be represented and later merged into an image with better dynamic range. After correcting for small shifts that may inadvertently happen with hand-held devices, the full-image can be fused in two ways:{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Greg |title=Fast, Robust Image Registration for Compositing High Dynamic Range Photographs from Hand-Held Exposures |journal=Journal of Graphics Tools |date=6 April 2012 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=17–30 |doi=10.1080/10867651.2003.10487583 |s2cid=17984464 |url=http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/jgtpap2.pdf}}

• A higher dynamic range raw image can be reassembled and tone-mapped like usual HDR images,{{cite web |last1=Luijk |first1=Guillermo |title=Zero Noise Virtual RAW |url=http://www.guillermoluijk.com/article/virtualraw/index_en.htm |website=Zero Noise Photography |accessdate=11 May 2019}}{{cite web |title=What is HDRMerge? |url=https://jcelaya.github.io/hdrmerge/documentation/2014/05/24/what-is-hdrmerge.html |website=HDRMerge Documentation |accessdate=11 May 2019 |language=en |quote=HDRMerge merges raw images directly, without development. In fact, it can safely assume a linear response function of the camera.}} or more commonly:
• A blended image can be directly produced without reconstructing a higher bit-depth.{{cite journal| title = Exposure Fusion | url = https://mericam.github.io/exposure_fusion/index.html | year = 2007 | journal = Pacific Graphics | last1 = Mertens| first1 = Tom | last2 = Kautz | first2 = Jan | last3 = Van Reeth| first3 = Frank | accessdate = 2011-01-21}}

The former method assumes a linear response from the camera, which may be provided by DNG or other raw formats. Some variants can take developed images, but the process of reconstructing the intensities is complicated and noisy, compromising the effective dynamic range.

The latter method [Mertens-Kautz-Van Reeth (MKVr)] only cares about aligning features and taking the best parts, automatically (by contrast, saturation, and proper exposure) or manually, so it is immune to this drawback. However, it cannot be considered a true HDR technique because no HDR image is ever created. The image does look better on displays, but the resulting bit depth of the image is equal to the input depth, unlike on a true HDR image where a greater bit depth allows storing more detailed intensity changes. Flexibility being its strength, this method can be extended to perform focus stacking by using contrast as the sole criteria.{{cite web |last1=Mihal |first1=Andrew |last2=Spiel |first2=Christoph |title=Combining Multiple Images with Enfuse 4.2 |url=http://enblend.sourceforge.net/enfuse.doc/enfuse_4.2.xhtml/enfuse.html |website=enblend.sourceforge.net |accessdate=11 May 2019}}

In photomicrography, the exposure fusion is often the only way to acquire properly exposed images from stereomicroscopes. One of the software solutions designed for photomicrography is the [http://www.promicra.com/products-hdr.php HDR module for QuickPHOTO microscopy software]. This module can be also combined with [http://www.promicra.com/products-deepfocus.php Deep Focus] focus stacking module to solve another problem, which is shallow depth of field of stereomicroscopes.

Similar imaging techniques are used in other fields. For example, in THz computational imaging, due to the weak signal of THz radiation, synchronous amplifiers coupled with a detector are used. The spatial distribution of THz radiation reflected from the object under study has large brightness differences that do not allow it to be registered by a single ADC. To solve this problem, two ADCs are connected to the synchronous amplifier, allowing two sets of data to be received simultaneously. ADCs have complementary sensitivity settings: one ADC allows measuring weak signals at the noise level on the periphery of the registration area, and information from the second ADC with the settings allows registering powerful signals is used in the central areas, where intense THz radiation reflected from the object prevails.{{Cite journal|title = Terahertz phase retrieval imaging in reflection |url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.397935 |journal = Optics Letters |date = 2020-07-20|pages = 4168–4171|volume = 45|doi = 10.1364/OL.397935|first1 = N. V.|last1 = Petrov|first2 = J.-B.|last2 = Perraud|first3 = C|last3 = Adrien|first4 = J.-P.|last4 = Guillet|first5 = O. A.|last5 = Smolyanskaya|first6 = P.|last6 = Mounaix|issue = 15 |pmid = 32735250 |bibcode = 2020OptL...45.4168P }}

• Enfuse

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• Focus stacking, the process of merging images with different focus to create a larger depth-of-field

• [http://software.bergmark.com/enfuseGUI/Main.html Enfuse], an open-source software for HDR fusion. Part of Hugin.
• [https://jcelaya.github.io/hdrmerge/ HDRMerge], an open-source application for creating an HDR RAW from many RAWs.

Category:Image processing