Exsphere (polyhedra)

In geometry, the exsphere of a face of a regular polyhedron is the sphere outside the polyhedron which touches the face and the planes defined by extending the adjacent faces outwards. It is tangent to the face externally and tangent to the adjacent faces internally.

It is the 3-dimensional equivalent of the excircle.

The sphere is more generally well-defined for any face which is a regular

polygon and delimited by faces with the same dihedral angles

at the shared edges. Faces of semi-regular polyhedra often

have different types of faces, which define exspheres of different size with each type of face.

Parameters

The exsphere touches the face of the regular polyedron at the center

of the incircle of that face. If the exsphere radius is denoted {{math|r_ex}}, the radius of this incircle {{math|r_in}}

and the dihedral angle between the face and the extension of the

adjacent face {{math|δ}}, the center of the exsphere

is located from the viewpoint at the middle of one edge of the

face by bisecting the dihedral angle. Therefore

: $\tan\frac{\delta}{2} = \frac{r_{\mathrm{ex}}}{r_{\mathrm{in}}}.$

{{math|δ}} is the 180-degree complement of the

internal face-to-face angle.

= Tetrahedron =

Applied to the geometry of the Tetrahedron of edge length {{math|a}},

we have an incircle radius {{math|r_in {{=}} a/(2{{radic|3}})}} (derived by dividing twice the face area {{math|(a²{{radic|3}})/4}} through the

perimeter {{math|3a}}), a dihedral angle {{math|δ {{=}} π - arccos(1/3)}}, and in consequence {{math|r_ex {{=}} a/{{radic|6}}}}.

= Cube =

The radius of the exspheres of the 6 faces of the Cube

is the same as the radius of the inscribed

sphere, since {{math|δ}} and its complement are the same, 90 degrees.

= Icosahedron =

The dihedral angle applicable to the Icosahedron is derived by

considering the coordinates of two triangles with a common edge,

for example one face with vertices

: $(0,-1,g), (g,0,1), (0,1,g),$

the other at

: $(1,-g,0), (g,0,1), (0,-1,g),$

where {{math|g}} is the golden ratio. Subtracting vertex coordinates

defines edge vectors,

: $(g,1,1-g), (-g,1,g-1)$

of the first face and

: $(g-1,g,1), (-g,-1,g-1)$

of the other. Cross products of the edges of the first face and second

face yield (not normalized) face normal vectors

: $(2g-2,0,2g) \sim (g-1,0,g)$

of the first and

: $(g^2-g+1,-g-(g-1)^2,1-g+g^2) = (2,-2,2)\sim (1,-1,1)$

of the second face, using {{math|g²{{=}}1+g}}.

The dot product between these two face normals yields the cosine

of the dihedral angle,

: $\cos\delta = \frac{(g-1)\cdot 1+g\cdot 1}{\sqrt{(g-1)^2+g^2} \sqrt{3}} =\frac{2g-1}{3} =\frac{\surd 5}{3}\approx 0.74535599.$ {{OEIS2C|A208899}}

: $\therefore \delta \approx 0.72973 \,\mathrm{rad} \approx 41.81^\circ$

: $\therefore \tan\frac{\delta}{2} = \frac{\sin\delta}{1+\cos\delta}
=\frac{2}{3+\surd 5} \approx 0.3819660$ {{OEIS2C|A132338}}

For an icosahedron of edge length {{math|a}}, the incircle radius of the triangular faces is {{math|r_in {{=}} a/(2{{radic|3}})}}, and finally the radius of the 20 exspheres

: $r_{\mathrm{ex}} = \frac{a}{(3+\sqrt{5})\sqrt 3} \approx 0.1102641 a.$

External links

{{cite journal

|first1=Leon

|last1=Gerber

|title=Associated and skew-orthologic simplexes

|year=1977

|journal=Trans. Am. Math. Soc.

|volume=231

|number=1

|pages=47–63

|jstor=1997867

|mr=0445393

|doi=10.1090/S0002-9947-1977-0445393-6

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|first1=Mowaffaq

|last1=Hajja

|title=The Gergonne and Nagel centers of an n-dimensional simplex

|journal=J. Geom.

|doi=10.1007/s00022-005-0011-3

|volume=83

|number=1–2

|pages=46–56

|year=2005

|s2cid=123076195

}}

Category:Geometry