Eye-rolling

Eye-rolling has been present in literature since at least the 16th century, according to the Oxford English Dictionary.{{Cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/167012#eid25215891|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|website=www.oed.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-28}} William Shakespeare periodically would use the gesture in his works to portray lust or passion for another character, as used in his poem The Rape of Lucrece.{{Cite web|url=http://shakespeare.mit.edu/Poetry/RapeOfLucrece.html|title=THE RAPE OF LUCRECE|website=shakespeare.mit.edu|access-date=2017-11-28}} In his time, eye-rolling was used commonly as an expression of desire or flirtation, and it continued to be used in his way in literature for centuries. Up until about the 1950s this same meaning was used in music and films, but began translating to the meaning known today.

File:Eyeroll.webm

Eye-rolling is one of the most common forms of non-verbal communication among humans.{{Cite journal|last=LaFrance|first=Adrienne|date=May 11, 2016|title=Why 13-Year-Old Girls Are the Queens of Eye-Rolling|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/05/puhlease/482154/|access-date=October 26, 2017|journal=The Atlantic}}{{cite journal|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/explainer/2013/01/eye_rolling_why_do_people_roll_their_eyes_when_they_re_annoyed.html|journal=Slate|title=Oh, Please: When did we start rolling our eyes to express contempt?|date=16 January 2013 |access-date=31 January 2013|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044855/http://www.slate.com/articles/life/explainer/2013/01/eye_rolling_why_do_people_roll_their_eyes_when_they_re_annoyed.html|url-status=bot: unknown |last1=Wickman |first1=Forrest }} A study of teenage girls in the eastern US found the eye-roll gesture to be their most common expression of displeasure. Thirteen-year-old girls use eye-rolling as the main sign of aggression towards their peers in social situations. Eye-rolling is often accompanied by crossing of the arms and throwing the head or body back in an increased effort to symbolise avoidance or displeasure.{{Cite journal|last1=Kahlbaugh|first1=Patricia E.|last2=Haviland|first2=Jeannette M.|title=Nonverbal communication between parents and adolescents: A study of approach and avoidance behaviours|journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour|volume=18|issue=1|pages=91–113|doi=10.1007/bf02169080|year=1994|s2cid=15487200 }}

A study conducted by John Gottman states that contemptuous behaviour like eye-rolling is the top factor of predicting divorce, followed by criticism, defensiveness, and stonewalling.{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/this-behaviour-is-the-top-predictor-of-divorce_us_572cc717e4b0bc9cb0468e06|title=This Behaviour Is The #1 Predictor Of Divorce, And You're Guilty Of It|last=Wong|first=Brittany|date=9 May 2016|work=Huffington Post|access-date=20 November 2017}} The gesture shows the other party that what they are doing is so undesirable that it is not even worth looking at or giving a thought, which is why many relationships can be damaged by excessive use of the action.

In 2010, members of the city council of Elmhurst, Illinois, wished to make a law outlawing eye-rolling.{{cite web|url=https://consumerist.com/2010/07/21/illinois-town-wants-to-outlaw-eye-rolling/|title=Illinois Town Wants To Outlaw Eye-Rolling|date=21 July 2010}}

In 2018, a Chinese journalist's eye-rolling became international news. She rolled her eyes while exasperated by another journalist's excessive obsequiousness towards a government official, and got censored as a result, with CNN reporting rumors that her press credentials were revoked because of the eye-rolling.{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/14/asia/china-viral-eye-roll-intl/index.html|title=Reporter's viral eye roll causes trouble with Chinese censors|author=Steven Jiang|date=14 March 2018 |publisher=CNN}}

There has been much speculation about the hypothesis that eye-rolling is an evolutionary trait of women, which would explain why it is performed more by females than their male counterparts. Psychologists suggest that it was developed as "a low-risk way to express aggression and disapproval". Women in the past were more motivated to use survival tactics that did not involve physical violence in conflict including cut-eye, or side-eye, likely related to maternal instincts.{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/an-anthropologist-explains-why-women-love-rolling-their-eyes-so-much/|title=Evolution Explains Why Women Love Rolling Their Eyes So Much|last=Bess|first=Gabby|date=18 February 2016|work=Broadly - Vice|access-date=20 November 2017}} The action of looking away in rejection or disapproval has been traced to many different cultures, who use eye-rolling for similar purposes, suggesting that it is a somewhat innate reaction to unpleasant stimuli.{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/explainer/2013/01/eye_rolling_why_do_people_roll_their_eyes_when_they_re_annoyed.html|title=When Did We Start Rolling Our Eyes to Express Contempt?|last=Wickman|first=Forrest|date=15 January 2013|work=Slate.|access-date=20 November 2017}}

• List of gestures

{{reflist}}

• {{Commons category-inline|Rolling eyes}}

Category:Facial expressions

Category:Gestures

Category:Human eye